白术对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑瘤作用及肿瘤凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达的影响

探讨白术对小鼠S180 肉瘤的抑瘤作用及肿瘤凋亡相关基因bcl - 2表达的影响。用病理形态学及荧光免疫组织化学法 ,通过光镜进行形态学观察 ,共聚焦显微镜观察并计数表达bcl- 2基因的瘤细胞数。结果表明 :白术各剂量组对小鼠S180肉瘤组织具有抑制作用 ,细胞形态学观察显示 ,白术可促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡及坏死 ,并引发相应的炎细胞反应。而且 ,白术各剂量组能明显降低小鼠S180 肉瘤凋亡相关基因bcl- 2的表达。白术可能通过调控肿瘤细胞凋亡抑制基因bcl - 2的表达而实现抑瘤作用。     

复方抗瘤冲剂抑制小鼠S180肉瘤生长的机理研究

目的探讨复方抗瘤冲剂对S180肉瘤的作用及机制。方法通过体内给药,测定抑瘤率及应用流式细胞仪测定S180肉瘤细胞的凋亡率、细胞内Bax及细胞黏附分子CD54的表达量。结果不同剂量复方抗瘤冲剂均有抑瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为19.76％、26.85％和29.94％,抑瘤率与剂量有正相关性,并且对肿瘤细胞有诱导凋亡的作用。Bax的表达水平用药后有明显升高,细胞周期用药前后没有显著改变。复方抗瘤冲剂对CD54表达也有明显的抑制作用。结论复方抗瘤冲剂的抑瘤活性与其诱导细胞凋亡有关,实验结果表明凋亡是通过上调Bax的表达水平来实现的。     

香菇多糖调节荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能

目的:探讨香菇多糖对肿瘤的作用效果及其对荷瘤S180鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:昆明小鼠分为正常盐水对照组,肿瘤模型组,环磷酰胺对照组,香菇多糖实验组.通过对小鼠体质量、瘤重及抑瘤率,脾重及脾指数,外周血血细胞分析,流式细胞仪检测外周血及脾细胞悬液T细胞亚型等,观察香菇多糖的抑瘤效果及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果:香菇多糖实验组小鼠的脾指数比其他3组均有明显上升.同时香菇多糖有显著的抑瘤作用,抑瘤率为34.97%;香菇多糖实验组外周血白细胞总数增加,特别是淋巴细胞数显著增加,与其余各组比较均有统计学意义;肿瘤模型组外周血CD4+/CD8+比值增大,应用环磷酰胺后更为明显,而香菇多糖可以逆转这种状况,与肿瘤模型组和环磷酰胺组比较,差异均有统计学意义;香菇多糖实验组脾细胞悬液CD4+/CD8+比值完全倒置,与各组比较,差异有统计学意义.结论:香菇多糖能使荷瘤小鼠脾指数增加,具有恢复和保护睥功能的作用;能改善骨髓造血机能,使外周血淋巴细胞数量显著增加,增强机体免疫功能;能影响荷瘤机体T细胞亚群的比例,具有明显的免疫调节作用.     

参杞合剂对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能及细胞周期的影响

目的：研究参杞合剂(SQ)对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞免疫功能及细胞周期的影响。方法：用参杞合剂对荷瘤鼠进行连续胃饲治疗10天，观察其抑瘤率及免疫学指标的改变。流式细胞仪结合电镜观察其细胞周期的改变。结果：荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率为65.68％，SQ能增强荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能(P＜0．05)；流式细胞仪检测肿瘤细胞形成S期阻滞。病理可见大片坏死，电镜可见坏死及凋亡。结论：参杞合剂可显著抑制肿瘤生长，其机理与提高机体免疫功能，阻滞肿瘤细胞增殖有关。     

中药复方抑瘤饮影响荷S180瘤小鼠免疫功能的动态研究

研究荷S180瘤小鼠灌服中药复方抑瘤饮(简称抑瘤饮)不同时间点脾细胞免疫功能的动态变化,揭示其体内抗瘤的免疫机制。于BALB/c小鼠右腋皮下接种S180细胞,24 h后,抑瘤饮组开始每日灌服抑瘤饮,对照组灌服等量凉开水。分别于灌服第0、10、20、30、40天处死动物,称取体重和瘤重;无菌获取脾细胞,MTT法检测NK细胞杀伤活性、ConA诱导转化及IL-2诱生活性,流式细胞仪检测CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞百分率。结果显示,抑瘤饮对小鼠体内S180移植肿瘤的生长,有明显的渐增性抑制作用;抑瘤饮能够明显逆转S180移植肿瘤对小鼠脾细胞的NK细胞杀伤率、转化指数、IL-2诱生活性、CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞百分率的抑制作用,且逆转作用呈时间依赖性增强。表明抑瘤饮体内能够渐增地上调被S180移植肿瘤抑制的免疫功能,从而发挥抗瘤作用。     

三取代型钛钨硅酸盐体内抑瘤效应的免疫机制探讨

目的:探讨三取代型钛钨硅酸盐(WT)体内抑瘤效应的免疫机制。方法:建立荷H22肝癌小鼠模型,WT连续灌胃10d,取出肿瘤称重测定抑瘤率。用MTT比色法测定荷H22肝癌小鼠淋巴细胞转化的活性及NK细胞的杀伤活性。通过形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测WT诱导BEL-7402细胞的凋亡。结果:WT可显著抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长(P<0.05),提高荷瘤小鼠淋巴细胞转化的活性及NK细胞的杀伤活性(P<0.05),并诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡。结论:WT的抑瘤作用与机体免疫功能的增强有关。     

龙牙楤木多糖抗肿瘤活性及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨龙牙楤木多糖(AEPS)抗肿瘤活性及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:以S180肉瘤为肿瘤模型,检测龙牙楤木多糖对肿瘤生长的抑制活性;MTT法检测龙牙楤木多糖对S180肉瘤细胞、A549肺癌细胞、SMMC-7721肝癌细胞的体外抑制活性;以其对荷瘤小鼠免疫器官、血液淋巴细胞数量及淋巴细胞增殖影响、巨噬细胞活性和NK细胞杀伤活性来评价AEPS对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的作用。结果:AEPS对S180肉瘤生长有显著的抑制作用,其中75 mg/(kg.d)剂量组抑瘤率最高达57.68%;AEPS对S180肉瘤细胞、A549肺癌细胞、SMMC-7721肝癌细胞生长的最高抑制率均达60%以上;AEPS显著提高荷瘤小鼠脾脏和胸腺质量以及血液淋巴细胞数量,促进淋巴细胞增殖反应,增加NK细胞杀伤活性和巨噬细胞活性。结论:AEPS有显著的抗肿瘤活性,并能直接作用于肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤生长,其抑瘤作用与机体免疫功能的增强有关。     

流式细胞术检测肉桂酸锗诱导小鼠U14瘤细胞凋亡的研究

目的 :从分子水平探讨肉桂酸锗对小鼠U14瘤细胞的抑制效应及其作用机制。方法 :荷瘤U14 小鼠模型共分 4组 :生理盐水组、肉桂酸组、肉桂酸锗组和环磷酰胺组 ,灌胃给药 10d ,通过检测瘤重、抑瘤率 ;应用流式细胞仪检测瘤细胞凋亡率 ,细胞周期变化 ;显微镜观察各组瘤细胞形态变化等 ,以探讨肉桂酸锗对U14 瘤的抑瘤机制。结果 :肉桂酸、肉桂酸锗及环磷酰胺各组瘤重减轻 ,各组抑瘤率分别为 4 0 83%、4 6 6 7%、5 8 33%。流式细胞仪检测肉桂酸、肉桂酸锗、环磷酰胺诱导U14 瘤细胞凋亡率分别为 17 98%、2 2 0 9%、2 0 6 1%。肉桂酸锗对瘤细…     

参杞合剂对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞株H22细胞周期及凋亡的影响

目的：观察参杞合剂(SQ)在体内、外对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞株(HcaF16A3)细胞周期及凋亡的影响。方法：用SQ对荷瘤小鼠连续胃饲治疗10d，观察其NK细胞／Mφ的杀伤活性及细胞周期的改变。用流式细胞仪检测SQ对HcaF16A3细胞增殖的抑制作用与诱导凋亡的作用。结果：SQ的抑瘤率为65．68％。流式细胞仪检测发现，SQ可使肿瘤细胞的细胞周期阻滞到S期，并在体外诱导其凋亡。结论：SQ在体内、外均有抑瘤作用，其机制与细胞周期阻滞继而诱发凋亡有关。     

香菇多糖对荷瘤小鼠胸腺、脾和肿瘤的影响

目的:探讨香菇多糖不同给药次数对小鼠S180肉瘤的作用及其机制.方法:制备S180荷瘤小鼠动物模型,于接种肿瘤后第2日始分别隔日腹腔注射生理盐水或香菇多糖,按给药3次和7次后分刖处死各组小鼠,观察小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数、肿瘤指数等各项指标以及肿瘤组织的病理改变.结果:给药7次组与同时期荷瘤生理盐水组相比,胸腺指数、脾指数明显增加,且肿瘤生长缓慢,肿瘤重量明显降低,抑瘤率达到47.85%;而给药3次组各项指标的差别与同时期小鼠相比无统计学意义;病理学观察显示香菇多糖给药7次组肿瘤组织中的细胞间质显著增多,瘤细胞周围有较多的淋巴细胞浸润.结论:腹腔注射7次合适剂量的香菇多糖能明显抑制S180荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长,其作用机制可能是通过增强荷瘤小鼠自身免疫功能来实现.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.