CGRP对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的上调作用

目的：探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和磷酸化CREB（p-CREB）表达的影响。方法:用线栓法阻塞大鼠右大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，应用免疫组织化学、Western blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达少于假手术组，CGRP组大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组（P<0.05）。假手术组右侧顶叶皮质p-CREB表达很少，缺血再灌注组顶叶皮质p-CREB表达多于假手术组，CGRP组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组（P<0.05）。结论:CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠右侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达，CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达的上调作用

为探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响,用线栓法制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、WesternBlotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠缺血侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组(P<0.05);NGF组CREB和p-CREB表达高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明NGF明显上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过上调CREB和p-CREB的表达来实现。     

CGRP及NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠右侧大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果缺血再灌注组海马CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组(P<0.05);CGRP组和NGF组CA1区的CREB和p-CREB表达均高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05);CGRP与NGF联合应用时CREB和p-CREB表达分别高于CGRP组和NGF组(P<0.05)。结论CGRP及NGF上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP与NGF联合应用则作用更强,CGRP及NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的,CGRP与NGF对缺血神经元的保护有协同作用。     

神经生长因子及降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)mRNA表达的影响。方法:用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达。结果:缺血再灌注组右侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质神经元CREB mRNA表达比假手术组减少,NGF组及CGRP组的CREB mRNA表达均高于缺血再灌注组,NGF与CGRP联合应用时CREB mRNA的表达分别高于NGF组和CGRP组。结论:NGF及CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达,NGF与CGRP联合应用则作用更强,NGF和CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过激活CREB基因转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB的上调作用

目的:探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB(p- CREB)表达的影响。方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型实验组并给予CGRP,应用免疫组织化学、Western印迹和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,CGRP组CA1区的CREB表达高于缺血再灌注组。缺血再灌注组CA1区p-CREB表达高于假手术组,CGRP组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组。结论:CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内CREB mRNA表达的影响

探讨外源性神经生长因子(nervegrowthfactor,NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内的cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cyclicAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREB)mRNA表达的影响。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,运用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质内CREBmRNA的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREBmRNA阳性反应产物平均光密度(OD)比假手术组减少(P<0.05),NGF组CA1区和顶叶皮质内的CREBmRNA阳性产物平均光密度高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示NGF可以上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质缺血神经元CREBmRNA的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB表达的上调作用

目的探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化的CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、W estern B loting和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和磷酸化CREB表达。结果假手术组海马CA1区CREB有明显表达,缺血再灌注组CA1区表达较假手术组减少,NGF组CA1区的CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。假手术组海马CA1区p-CREB表达很少,缺血再灌注组p-CREB表达多于假手术组,NGF组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论NGF上调海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,对缺血神经元起保护作用,CREB和p-CREB参与NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用机制。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑cAMP反应元件结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)mRNA表达的影响.方法 用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达.结果 假手术组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA有明显表达,缺血再灌注组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA阳性产物吸光度值减少,CGRP组缺血侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达的吸光度值比缺血再灌注组增高(P＜0.05).结论 CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现.     

神经生长因子及降钙素基因相关肽减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化

目的:探讨外源性神经生长凶子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、免疫印迹法和图像分析方法检测大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达,以及NGF与CGRP对tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.结果:缺血再灌注组同侧顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Scr199'202位点磷酸化水平和总tau蛋白明显升高;NGF组及CGRP组大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在scr199'202位点磷酸化水平明显低于缺血再灌注组,总tau蛋白也下降;NGF与CGRP合用组顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化水平进一步降低,分别低于NGF组和CGRP组.结论:NGF及CGRP明显减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑tau蛋白磷酸化程度.两者合用作用更强.     

NGF和CGRP对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大鼠皮质CHOP蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大鼠顶叶皮质神经元CHOP蛋白表达的影响及其作用机制。方法用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,应用免疫组织化学方法,免疫印迹法(W estern B lotting)测定CHOP蛋白表达;M etamoph图像分析系统对结果进行分析。结果假手术组大鼠顶叶皮质未见CHOP蛋白表达;缺血组CHOP蛋白在缺血再灌注后12 h明显表达,24 h达高峰,72 h显著下降,缺血组较假手术组CHOP蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.01);NGF组和CGRP组CHOP蛋白表达分别弱于缺血组(P<0.01);NGF和CGRP合用组CHOP蛋白表达明显弱于缺血组(P<0.01),也分别弱于NGF组和CGRP组(P<0.01)。结论NGF和CGRP能分别下调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CHOP蛋白表达,联合应用则作用更强,二者对保护脑缺血神经元可能有协同作用。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。