逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的评价逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对25例足踝部软组织缺损的患者采用逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中,以腓动脉终末穿支的升支为蒂19例,以其降支为蒂6例。软组织缺损大小10cm×9cm～4cm×3cm,皮瓣面积11cm×9.5cm～6cm×5cm。结果 23例皮瓣完全存活,另2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无瘀血。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,蒂部无臃肿。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、质地优良,是修复足、踝软组织缺损的良好选择。     

Various applications of the medial plantar flap to cover the defects of the plantar foot,posterior heel,and ankle

The medial plantar fasciocutaneous flap provides structurally similar tissue to plantar foot, posterior heel, and ankle defects with its thick glabrous plantar skin, shock-absorbing fibrofatty subcutaneous tissue, and plantar fascia. During the past 4 years, 24 patients (20 men, 4 women) with skin and soft-tissue defects over the plantar foot, posterior heel, or ankle were treated. They ranged in age from 20 to 42 years (mean, 24 y). The medial plantar flap was transposed to the defects in four different ways: proximally pedicled sensorial island flaps (N = 18), reverse-flow island flaps (N = 2), free flaps (N = 2), and cross-foot flaps (N = 2). Flap size varied from a width of 2 to 5.5 cm and a length of 5 to 7.5 cm. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 18 months (mean, 9 mo). Partial flap loss was observed in one free flap and one reverse-flow island flap. Partial skin graft lost in the donor site required regrafting in one patient. Durable, sensate coverage of the defects was achieved in all patients.     

应用穿支皮瓣治疗下肢远端慢性骨髓炎并皮肤缺损

目的 探讨游离或带蒂穿支皮瓣在治疗下肢远端慢性骨髓炎并皮肤缺损创面修复中的应用价值.方法 应用穿支皮瓣游离或带蒂移位修复胫前及足踝部慢性骨髓炎并皮肤缺损28例.游离移植13例:采用股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复胫前2例,踝前3例,足背2例,足跟2例;小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复足背4例.带蒂移位15例:胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复胫前4例,修复内踝2例;腓动脉外踝后上穿支皮瓣修复足跟6例,外踝及足背各1例;第1跖背动脉穿支皮瓣修复近节(足母)趾背侧1例.抗生素液灌流伤口7例,万古霉素明胶海绵残腔填塞8例.结果 1例胫后动脉穿支皮瓣出现静脉回流不足,表浅坏死,自行愈合,其余皮瓣无坏死.随访6个月～2年,2例复发,分别经1次和2次手术后愈合,其余均一期愈合,皮瓣外形满意.3例行二期骨移植.最后一次随访时,患者可行走,患肢完全负重,按足部疾患治疗效果标准评定平均为84.5分.结论 游离或带蒂穿支皮瓣血供良好,可用于治疗残腔不大的慢性骨髓炎并皮肤缺损.     

Distally based perforator sural flaps for foot and ankle reconstruction

Distally based perforator sural flaps from the posterolateral or posteromedial lower leg aspect are initially a neurofasciocutaneous flap that can be transferred reversely to the foot and ankle region with no need to harvest and sacrifice the deep major artery. These flaps are supplied by a perforating artery issued from the deep peroneal artery or the posterior tibial artery, and the chain-linked adipofascial neurovascular axis around the sural/saphenous nerve. It is a versatile and reliable technique for soft-tissue reconstruction of the heel and ankle region with 180-degrees rotation. In this paper, we present its developing history, vascular basis, surgical techniques including flap design and elevation, flap variations in pedicle and component, surgical indications, and illustrative case reports with different perforating vessels as pivot points for foot and ankle coverage.     

小腿双岛皮瓣联合修复两处皮肤缺损

目的 探讨同时修复小腿两处皮肤缺损的方法。方法 设计小腿胫前动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣与胫后动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣联合、内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣与小腿后侧岛状筋膜皮瓣联合、内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣与胫前动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣联合，分别修复3例小腿两处皮肤缺损。结果 所有皮瓣全部成活，创面闭合。结论 用双岛状皮瓣修复小腿两处皮肤缺损是一个安全、有效、简单的方法。     

小腿外侧皮瓣修复胫前和足软组织缺损

目的 报道应用小腿外侧皮瓣修复胫前和足软组织缺损的方法和临床效果。方法 1999年8月～2004年12月应用小腿外侧岛状皮瓣顺行修复胫前软组织缺损5例，逆行修复足跟、足背软组织缺损10例，游离小腿外侧皮瓣修复足背软组织缺损3例。结果 术后皮瓣全部成活。其中2例术后出现动脉危象，经拆除蒂部缝线，注射利多卡因注射液，危象解除；1例因术中意外损伤腓静脉出现皮瓣静脉危象，术后切开皮瓣边缘皮肤放血并局部滴注肝素液1周，皮瓣成活。本组均获随访2个月～1年，皮瓣无臃肿，弹性好。结论 小腿外侧皮瓣具有血管解剖恒定、厚薄适中、供区隐蔽等优点，是修复胫前和足软组织缺损的有效方法。     

胫前动脉逆行皮瓣重建足部供区

目的 (足母)趾移植、足背皮瓣、第二足趾移植和趾关节移植等进行手再造后,应用同侧小腿胫前逆行皮瓣进行一期足部供区重建.方法 总结33例临床病例,详细介绍病例选择、皮瓣设计和手术方法.结果 临床应用33例,全部从同一胫前血管系统获得两个串联皮瓣,其中一个游离皮瓣进行手重建,另一个逆行岛状瓣覆盖供区缺损.全部存活,足部供区一期愈合,外观良好,功能满意.结论 常规足部供区植皮时常发生伤口延迟愈合、疤痕增生和挛缩,影响供区美观和步态.应用同侧小腿胫前逆行皮瓣重建供区,可使供区获得一期愈合,有良好的外观和功能,降低了并发症发病率,使手术局限在一侧下肢完成.     

胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复踝部软组织缺损

目的：探讨胫后动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用疗效。方法采用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣以螺旋桨式旋转修复或以滑行推进的方式修复内踝软组织缺损6例,前踝软组织缺损3例,足跟后侧的软组织缺损13例。结果22例移植组织成活21例,1例皮瓣尖端坏死,经换药二期植皮后成活,成活率95.5%。术后经3～20个月随访,皮瓣外观、质地良好,痛温觉有一定的恢复。结论胫后动脉穿支皮瓣是修复内踝、前踝、足跟后侧软组织缺损的较佳方法。     

隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣在足跟部瘢痕修复中的应用

目的：探讨应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕的疗效。方法：应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支为蒂的复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕共11例。设计的皮瓣面积为6cm×8cm～9cm×16cm。结果：11例患者皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合,术后随访患者3～24个月,均取得满意效果。结论：隐神经一大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣相对较长,血供可靠,皮瓣可切取面积大,是修复足跟部瘢痕的理想皮瓣。     

远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣转移术蒂部减张皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探讨在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣的可行性和临床应用效果.方法 临床应用胫后动脉内踝上皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复9例,胫后动脉小腿内侧穿支远端蒂皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉外踝上皮穿支逆行岛状皮瓣修复8例,腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复4例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复3例,掌背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复2例.蒂部减张瓣呈梭形或圆形,面积为1.0 am×1.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 28例皮瓣术后血运良好,无肿胀、淤血,全部成活,随访皮瓣质地良好,外形美观,供区均一期愈合,疗效满意.结论 在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣是可行的.可有效地防止蒂部血管受压或血管网破坏而影响皮瓣的血运,是一种可靠的预防远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣血供障碍的新方法.     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的感觉重建

目的 探讨逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣切取后皮瓣与足外侧的感觉重建方法和临床疗效.方法 对足跟软组织缺损病例13例,应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复的同时,将皮瓣内的腓肠神经近端与腓浅神经吻合,重建皮瓣和足外侧感觉,术后9～15个月随访,测试皮瓣和足外侧的痛觉、触觉、温度觉和两点辨别觉恢复情况.结果 13例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣血运良好,修复创面一期愈合,随访9～15个月,皮瓣感觉恢复优良率为53.85%,足背外侧皮肤恢复保护性感觉,感觉恢复优良率61.54%.结论 应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足跟软组织缺损时,将腓肠神经近端与腓浅神经吻合,可改善皮瓣和足背外侧皮肤感觉功能恢复.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the method of sensory reconstruction after the operation of reversed island pedicled sural flap and evaluate its therapeutic effect of clinical application. Methods Thirteen clinical cases with traumatic soft tissue defects in heel had recepted the treatment of reversed island pedicled sural flap. All flaps were innervated by anastomosing the distal end of the sural nerve in the flaps and the recipient nerve (superficial peroneal nerve) in end to end or end to side. All patients were evaluated at 9-15 months on the postoperative follow-up parameters, including flap contour, flap stability, locomotor activity,touch sensation, pain sensation, static two-point discrimination, thermal sensibility, and the skin sensory recovery level in lateral dorsutn of foot. Results Thirteen cases flaps had good blood supply and primary healing. All cases were followed up 9-15 months, the rate of good sensory recovery was 53.85%. All pa tients had protective sensory in lateral dorsum of foot, the rate of good sensory recovery was 61.54%. Conclusion Anastomosing the proximal end of sural nerve and superficial peroneal nerve together will be good for the sensory recovery in flap and lateral foot in repairing soft tissue defects in heel with reversed island pedicled sural flap.     

Changes in the peroneal flap and its use in reconstructive surgery of the lower limb. Apropos of an experience of 10 cases]

A peroneal fasciocutaneous flap supplied by the peroneal septocutaneous vessels and raised from the lateral side of the lower leg was reported by Yoshimura in 1983. This flap which can be used as a proximally or distally pedicled or free flap is very useful for leg skin coverage. This flap has a great potential for skin cover and composite reconstruction of the lower limb due to its multiple structural facets (cutaneo-aponevrotic or composite flap), its possible extensions to other vascular territories and the variable geometry of its mode of transfer. 8 reconstructions have been performed. Their indications are described: 4 proximally pedicled flaps (3 with the fibula), 4 reverse-flow island flaps (1 with Soleus and Peroneus longus muscles). The authors stress the importance of preoperative assessment of the feasibility of a given flap which may be limited by post-traumatic, surgical or anatomic modifications. In particular, the uppermost septocutaneous artery which corresponds inconstantly to the "circumflex peroneal artery" can only be visualized by preoperative arteriography. This artery supplies a proximal peroneal flap which can be used as an island or a free flap. We have used this new variety as a free flap in 2 cases and were satisfied with the results. These various clinical applications without any significant complication or flap failure confirm the biological performance and the safe procedure of peroneal flaps.     

胫前动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣接力腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复足踝部创面

目的探讨胫前动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣接力腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复足踝部创面的疗效。方法2014年10月-2018年10月,收治18例足踝部创面患者。男12例,女6例。年龄8~56岁,平均32.8岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤11例,高处坠落伤3例,重物砸伤4例。创面部位:足背部9例,足跟4例,外踝5例。受伤至皮瓣修复时间7~34 d,平均19 d。创面范围6.0 cm×2.5 cm^11.0 cm×6.0 cm。采用大小为6 cm×3 cm^18 cm×7 cm的腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复足踝部创面,其供区以胫前动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣(8 cm×3 cm^16 cm×6 cm)修复。结果术后1例腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣出现瘀血肿胀,经对症处理后成活。其余皮瓣均顺利成活,供受区创面均Ⅰ期愈合。18例患者均获随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均12.5个月。末次随访时,两皮瓣外形、色泽、质地和厚度与受区基本一致,供区仅遗留线性瘢痕。腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣两点辨别觉为10~12 mm,平均11 mm。根据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分评价,获优15例、良3例,优良率为100%。结论应用胫前动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣接力腓动脉终末前穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复足踝部创面,不需要牺牲主干血管,还能避免供区植皮,踝关节功能恢复满意。     

The venoneuroadipofascial pedicled distally based sural island myofasciocutaneous and muscle flaps: anatomical basis of a new concept.

Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, the heel and the foot remains a challenge. The distally based sural neurocutaneous flap has been used effectively to resurface these defects. However, the paucity of bulk in this flap makes it inadequate for complex post-traumatic or post-ablative soft-tissue reconstruction. We dissected 20 freshly amputated lower limbs after injecting them with a mixture of lead oxide and gelatin. We found muscular branches of the accompanying artery of the sural nerve to the gastrocnemius muscle in all 20 limbs. This led us to conceptualise the distally based venoneuroadipofascial pedicled island sural myofasciocutaneous and muscle flaps. These flaps are useful for the reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, the heel and the foot.     

跨区供血腓动脉外踝上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足前部缺损

目的 探讨改良腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足前部缺损的手术方法及临床效果.方法 对足前部皮肤软组织缺损创面,设计切取以外踝上穿支或其降支为蒂,经其升支、胫前动脉皮穿支及腓浅动脉跨区供血的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复.结果 2005年2月至2008年2月,于临床应用17例,最远修复至第2、3趾基底部及第5跖骨头负重区,最大切取面积20 cm×8 cm;皮瓣均全部成活,术后随访6～12个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与足踝功能恢复满意.结论 该皮瓣神经血管丛粗大而丰富,蒂部供血确切,旋转修复距离可达足趾,适用于涉及足前部的足背中、大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复.     

带皮穿支血管的皮神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨带皮穿支血管与皮神经营养血管相结合的皮瓣手术方法及临床应用效果。方法以深部知名血管发出的皮肤穿支为皮瓣转轴点,切取皮神经营养血管带蒂皮瓣或岛状皮瓣,转位修复肢体远端皮肤软组织缺损创面。结果临床已应用43例,其中腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣13例,面积30 cm×12 cm~16 cm×8 cm;胫后血管穿支隐神经营养血管皮瓣9例,面积17 cm×9 cm~5 cm×4 cm;以骨间前血管腕背穿支前臂背侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣8例,面积16 cm×6 cm~10 cm×4 cm;以掌指动脉指蹼穿支手背皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣13例,皮瓣面积6.0 cm×3.5 cm~2.5 cm×1.5 cm;皮瓣完全成活42例,1例因静脉回流障碍远端1/4坏死。随访6~24个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意。结论该术式结合了穿支蒂皮瓣与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,扩大了皮瓣切取面积与修复范围,皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,血供可靠,是修复肢体皮肤软组织缺损的一种可取的方法。     

内踝上皮支皮瓣修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨内踝上皮支皮瓣修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法设计“球拍状”的内踝上皮支皮瓣,修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损13例。结果皮瓣全部存活。随访3～14个月,皮瓣外观良好,感觉恢复。结论该皮瓣血运可靠,切取简便,可设计为交腿皮瓣;在前足、足跟损伤时也可采用。     

Medial and lateral malleolar perforator flaps for repair of defects around the ankle

Reconstruction for defects around the ankle continues to be challenging. Repairs have been effected with the dorsalis pedis flap, the medial plantar flap, and with reverse-flow island flaps using the anterior and posterior tibial systems and the peroneal system. However, sacrifice of the major vessels of the lower leg and wide and long scars at the donor site are disadvantages of these flaps. To overcome these disadvantages, the authors developed island lateral and medial malleolar flaps with the perforators located close to the ankle. These flaps are easy to elevate, involve a short operating time, require no sacrifice of major vessels or muscles of the lower legs, and the use of these adipofascial flaps makes donor scars more acceptable. Malleolar perforator flaps are suitable for the repair of small ankle defects.     

穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损

目的 探讨应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损的临床疗效.方法 2006年3月至2009年12月,应用下肢4种穿支皮瓣游离移植修复20例足部创面缺损患者,男15例,女5例;年龄18～61岁,平均28.5岁;左侧7例,右侧13例.缺损创面部位:足背12例,足跟足底部5例,足踝部3例;创面大小为2.0 cm×3.5 cm～12.0 cm×18.0 cm.皮瓣选择:股前外侧穿支皮瓣5例,股前内侧穿支皮瓣7例,腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣5例,腓动脉穿支皮瓣3例. 结果 本组20例患者皮瓣全部成活,术中2例患者出现血管危象,经及时处理后血运恢复.20例患者术后获3～6个月(平均5.2个月)随访,皮瓣质地、外观均良好,其中13例吻合皮神经恢复了保护性感觉,供区愈合可,功能无影响.结论 应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损,临床效果满意,是修复此类创面的较理想选择.     

Die Musculus-soleus-Lappenplastik

Objective

Defect coverage especially in exposed bone of the lower leg by pedicled muscle flaps in association with a split-thickness skin graft. Defect coverage oropharyngeal or at the upper extremity by free soleus flaps.

Indications

Defects of the proximal and middle thirds of the anterior lower leg for the proximally pedicled soleus flap; defects of the middle and distal third of the anterior lower leg for the distally pedicled soleus flap. The free flap is almost ubiquitously useable.

Contraindications

Primary diseases that makes a 2-h operation impossible, relevant affection of supplying vessels (the posterior tibial artery and/or the peroneal artery). Inadequate perfusion of the lower leg due to angiopathy, extensive soft-tissue infection, and wound contamination.

Surgical technique

Medial, longitudinal incision, slightly posterior to the tibia, according to the desired flap elevation (distally or proximally pedicled). Preparation of relevant vessels, mobilization of the muscle and transposition into local defects or use as a free graft. The pedicled flaps usually need a split-thickness skin graft to cover.

Postoperative management

Close monitoring of blood flow, temperature and swelling situation (hourly). Pressure-free wound-dressing of the leg, no circular or constricting dressings. Bedrest for 10 days, then start of flap training with intermittent circular compression, thrombosis prophylaxis, nicotine abstinence, physiotherapy, which depends on the bony situation, compression stocking after 3 weeks.

Results

Reliable results achieved at the middle and distal lower leg.