胎儿十二指肠浆肌层、黏膜下层血管构筑的形态学研究

目的　补充胎儿十二指肠浆肌层及黏膜下层的血管形态学资料。方法　采用组织透明揭层铺片、组织切片及微血管铸型扫描电镜观察三种方法 ,观测 6 0例足月新鲜胎儿十二指肠壁浆肌层及黏膜下层的血管构筑形态。结果　浆膜及纵行肌层毛细血管网主要由直动脉的长支、短支及参与构成黏膜下毛细血管丛第一级血管网的小微动脉发出的返支构成 ;环形肌层毛细血管较稀疏 ,相互连接成长条形血管网 ,毛细血管局部可膨大为窦状 ;黏膜下层毛细血管丛由三级血管网构成。结论　黏膜下层的小动脉为十二指肠器官内血液供应的枢纽     

足月胎儿胃贲门部及胃底部血管的微细分布和立体构筑

用血管铸型，标本透明及组织切片法，在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了胃贲门部和胃底的血管的微细分布和立体构筑，胃壁血管由浆膜下，肌织膜，粘膜下及粘膜血管丛组成。胃粘膜动脉在粘膜层固有膜的深侧分以形成毛细血管网，胃腺间的毛细血管网最为密集，在胃膜粘膜表层，毛细血管围绕腺体的开口形成较大的毛细血管环，胃贲门部和胃底部毛细管的构筑有所不同。     

胎儿结肠粘膜下层的微血管构筑

用墨汁灌注组织透明辅片及组织切片光镜方法,观测了30例足月新鲜胎儿结肠粘膜下层的微血管构筑。粘膜下血管分支复杂形态各异,吻合方式多样,呈“层状”分布,形成三级血管网,其中一级血管网为结肠器官内血管三维空间联系的交通枢纽,其分支分别参与构成浆肌丛、环行肌丛及粘膜丛。不同结肠段和不同部位血管网的网眼密度均有差异。网眼密度由壁外向壁内逐渐增加。     

舌粘膜及粘膜下血管网的构筑及其临床意义

本研究应用手术显微镜和扫描电镜观察了人舌粘膜的微血管构筑。舌深动脉长支和舌背动脉终支在舌粘膜下形成一完整的致密动脉网,跨越界沟和舌正中线,成为一整体。由动脉网发出微动脉支进入舌粘膜内,形成粘膜内的毛细血管网和各种乳头毛细血管丛。另外,还讨论了舌粘膜下馓血管构筑和舌瓣设计与临床舌诊的关系。     

用注射复型扫描电镜方法观察足月胎儿胆囊微血管的构筑

用甲基丙烯酸甲酯铸型方法,将胎儿胆囊壁微血管制成铸型扫描电镜样品,脱水、干燥后,用EIKO IB-3型离子镀膜仪镀膜,在扫描电镜下观察。胆囊壁微血管明显分为三层,即浆膜层血管、肌层血管和粘膜层血管。其中浆膜和肌层血管与肠管壁相应层次的血管结构类似。而粘膜层血管则被分为两部分,一部分紧贴上皮细胞下,有一层丰富的毛细血管网;另一部分在固有膜内有管径粗大的静脉丛。毛细血管网与静脉丛之间直接以毛细血管相连。微动脉的数量相对较少,穿行于静脉丛之间,并逐级分支延续于毛细血管网。本文未见有动、静脉吻合。但在微动脉与静脉丛之间,常见有构成功能性毛细血管短路的毛细血管性交通支。     

空肠和回肠微血管分布特点及其临床意义

目的:为小肠疾病的病机和手术治疗以及小肠移植提供微血管构筑的解剖基础。方法:对30例正常成人尸体小肠标本动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖剥离,体视显微镜下观察入壁动脉形态并测量其管径;6例新鲜成人游离空回肠标本墨汁灌注,组织揭层透明铺片及组织切片,光镜下观察粘膜下层微动脉配布规律并测量毛细血管密度。结果:①空肠和回肠前后长入壁动脉入肌点位置和管径均不同;②入壁动脉终支-粘膜下动脉形成三级动脉网,并分别向肌层和粘膜层发出返支和分支,构成粘膜层和肌层动脉网。结论:入壁动脉是肠壁动脉主干,粘膜下动脉则是肠壁的血供枢纽。     

空回肠器官内各层微血管构筑特点及相互关系

目的:为空回肠疾病的机制、手术治疗以及肠移植等提供微血管构筑的解剖学基础.方法:通过墨汁灌注、组织切片、揭层透明、微血管铸型扫描电镜等方法,观察空、回肠肠壁各层微血管构筑特点并探讨其相互关系.结果:空、回肠直动脉进入肠壁后分别向浆膜和肌层发出分支,其中浆膜层微血管较稀疏;肌层微动脉走行与肌纤维方向一致,相互间吻合成网;黏膜下动脉分别向肌层和黏膜层发出返支和分支,构成黏膜层和肌层动脉网;黏膜层微血管形态大体与肠绒毛的轮廓和肠腺窝结构相似;空肠在环肌层、黏膜下层和黏膜层毛细血管密度均大于回肠.结论:黏膜下动脉是肠壁的血供枢纽;空肠壁内各层血供均优于回肠.     

成人和胎儿回肠器官内微血管构筑

目的探讨成人和胎儿回肠微血管构筑的异同,为回肠生理机能和病理改变提供解剖学依据。方法通过墨汁灌注、揭层透明、微血管铸型扫描电镜等方法,观察成人和胎儿回肠肠壁各层微血管构筑情况。结果回肠直动脉进入肠壁后分别向浆膜和肌层发出分支,其中浆膜层微血管较稀疏;肌层微动脉走行与肌纤维方向一致,相互间吻合成网;黏膜下动脉分别向肌层和黏膜层发出返支和分支,构成黏膜层和肌层动脉网;黏膜层微血管形态大体与肠绒毛的轮廓和肠腺窝结构相似。结论黏膜下动脉是回肠肠壁的血供枢纽,成人和胎儿回肠微血管形态基本一致。     

胃的器官内淋巴管

1.在40个足月胎儿、新生儿及2-4岁小儿的胃上,用器官内淋巴管注射方法观察了胃壁各层淋巴管的配布情况及其相互间的联系。 2.在胃粘膜层存有腺间圆锥及一层毛细淋巴管网。腺间圆锥存于胃腺之间的结缔组织内,向下注入粘膜层毛细淋巴管网。毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜层固有膜的深侧,胃腺底和粘膜肌之间,井和粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网相通。在足月胎儿及新生儿胃的粘膜层未见到腺间圆锥。 3.粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜肌的直下方,注入居同一平面上的粘膜下层淋巴管丛。在胃上号处,由粘膜下层淋巴管丛发出的淋巴管走向胃小弯或责门,下号的向胃大弯,斜过胃的肌层至浆膜下,和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,而注入局部淋巴结。 4.在胃的三层肌内存有毛细淋巴管网,其管是存于肌纤维束间的结缔组织内。各网间可相交通。起自肌层的毛细淋巴管网的淋巴管,可注入通过肌层的粘膜下层淋巴管,或直向胃大、小弯及贡门,至浆膜下和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,或值入局部淋巴结。胃肌层淋巴管走行的方向和该部粘膜下层淋巴管的方向相同。 5.在浆膜的深层存有毛细淋巴管网及淋巴管丛。淋巴管紧贴胃的纵肌层;毛细淋巴管网多居淋巴管丛的浅侧,并注入淋巴管丛。由丛发出的淋巴管的走行方向,和该部的粘膜下层淋巴管或肌层淋巴管一致。浆膜下淋巴管在走行中相互吻合,或和粘膜下层及肌层的淋巴管吻合,而入局部淋巴结。     

直肠的器官内淋巴管

本文对40个足月胎儿、新生儿及1～2岁婴儿的新鲜直肠,用器官内淋巴管注射的方法,观察了直肠各层淋巴管的配布情况及其相互间的联系。在直肠粘膜层固有膜的深部,于腺底与粘膜肌之间,存有一层毛细淋巴管网,可与粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网相通。在直肠粘膜层固有膜淋巴小结的周围,有毛细淋巴管包绕,但毛细淋巴管不进入结内。粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜肌的直下方,注入粘膜下淋巴管丛;该丛位于毛细淋巴管网的深侧。由淋巴管丛发出较粗大的淋巴管,穿过肌层走向局部淋巴结。在直肠环肌层、纵肌层的肌纤维束间及纵肌与环肌之间的结缔组织内,存有毛细淋巴管网。各网间相互交通。由肌层毛细淋巴管网发出的淋巴管,注入通过肌层的粘膜下层淋巴管,或直接注入局部淋巴结。直肠各部粘膜层及粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网的网眼形状及大小不同。在直肠壶腹部,网眼最大,多呈四边形,其长径多与直肠的长轴斜交;在肛柱及肛窦网眼较小,多为椭圆形,其长径与直肠长轴平行,即与肛柱方向一致。齿状线上方的粘膜层及粘膜下层的毛细淋巴管可与齿状线下方的浅、深层毛细淋巴管相通在,齿状线处并不存在界限。     

胎儿十二指肠黏膜层毛细血管构筑

目的　通过对十二指肠黏膜层毛细血管的定性、定量研究 ,为十二指肠黏膜层微循环提供形态学基础。方法　采用组织透明揭层铺片、组织切片及微血管铸型扫描电镜观察 3种方法 ,观测了 2 0例足月胎儿十二指肠壁黏膜层的毛细血管构筑。结果　黏膜层内有腺底毛细血管网和腺周毛细血管网 ,绒毛接受黏膜下微动脉及腺周毛细血管丛发出的交通支的血液。十二指肠球部黏膜层血管出入缘与前后壁毛细血管的网眼密度值及面密度值有差异 ,其余 3部此层无显著性差异。结论十二指肠球部血管出入缘血液循环贫乏可能是该区易发生溃疡穿孔和术后易发生吻合口瘘的原因之一     

Distribution of enteric nerve cell bodies and axons showing immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the guinea-pig intestine

Immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has been localized in neurons in the guinea-pig ileum, colon and stomach. In the ileum, 2.5% of the nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus and 45% of those of the submucous plexus showed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity. Varicose axons containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ramified amongst the nerve cell bodies of both plexuses and in some cases formed rings of varicosities around non-reactive nerve cells. Axons were traced from the myenteric plexus to the circular muscle and deep muscular plexus. There were numerous positive axons running in fine strands within the circular muscle, parallel to the muscle bundles. Axons containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were associated with mucosal blood vessels, but few supplied the vascular network of the submucosa; some immunoreactive axons also contributed to the periglandular plexus of the mucosa. There were no changes in the distribution of axons in the ileum after extrinsic denervation.The results are discussed in relation to the possible functional roles of neurons that contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the intestine: the distribution of such nerve cells in the myenteric plexus and of axons in the circular muscle and sphincters is consistent with this polypeptide being a transmitter of enteric inhibitory neurons; it is also possible that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is the enteric vasodilator transmitter.     

Architecture of blood vessels in human fetal gastric corpus: a corrosion casting study.

Vascular architecture of the gastric corpus was investigated in 16-24 wk human fetuses using a corrosion casting technique and the scanning electron microscopy. The general distribution of blood vessels seen in adults has already been established in the fetus, with three major vascular plexuses located in the serosa, submucosa and mucosa. The serosal plexus, supplied and drained by large extramural vessels, contained anastomosing, arcade-like arrays of arteries and veins with their branches piercing the muscularis and communicating with the compact submucosal plexus. Vertical arterioles and capillaries were sent by submucosal arteries to supply a very dense capillary plexus which surrounded the gastric pits and consisted of wide, sinusoidal vessels showing morphological manifestations of angiogenesis by intussusceptive growth. The plexus was drained by vertical venules emptying into submucosal veins. In contrast to the richly vascularized upper half of the mucosa, the lower half showed a relative paucity of blood vessels, probably due to the thinness of the fetal mucosa allowing an effective diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the upper half. Neither arteriovenous anastomoses, nor end-arteries were found in the fetal stomach. Results of this study support one of the two existing models of mucosal vascularization in the human stomach: i.e. the model postulating the presence of short and long arterioles and two distinct, albeit interconnected capillary networks in the upper and lower zones of the mucosa respectively. In human fetuses, the latter network is absent; it probably develops by remodelling of the preexisting vertical capillaries in the last phase of pregnancy, prior to the onset of gastric gland function.     

Angioarchitecture of the rabbit extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder

The angioarchitecture of extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder of the miniature rabbit was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. Light microscopy of Masson-stained, paraffin-embedded transverse tissue sections served to attribute cast vascular structures to defined layers of bile ducts and gallbladder. In all segments of the bile tract, a mucosal and a subserosal vascular network was found. In glandular segments, the mucosal network was composed of a meshwork of subepithelial and circumglandular capillaries, which serve the mucosal functions. Differences in the angioarchitectonic patterns existed only in the subserosal networks as hepatic ducts own one supplying arteriole only, while the common bile duct owns a well-defined rete arteriosum subserosum. A well-developed dense subserosus venous plexus was present throughout the bile tract. Vascular patterns of the gallbladder body resembled those of the bile duct, whereby the dense subserous venous plexus was located close to the mucosal capillary network. The subserosal network in the neck of the gallbladder resembled that of the cystic duct. Spatial changes of the mucosal vascular network during volume changes of the gallbladder were documented. Measurements from tissue sections revealed bile tract diameters of 220-400 microm (extrahepatic ducts), 500-650 microm (cystic duct), and 4-6 mm (common bile duct). Data gained from high-powered SEM micrographs of vascular corrosion casts revealed vessel diameters of 200 microm (cystic artery), 90-110 microm (cystic vein), 30-40 microm (feeding arterioles), and 25-110 microm (subserosal venules). Crypt diameters in the filled gallbladder were 300-1,500 mum; those in the contracted organ were 100-600 microm.     

成人小肠绒毛血管构筑

用ＡＢＳ血管铸型剂对４例正常成人新鲜小肠标本作血管腐蚀性铸型,进行双目立体解剖显微镜及电镜观测,结果显示：成人小肠绒毛血管丛构型不同于传统理论,它由输入小动脉,毛细血管网及输出小静脉组成。输入小动脉既可从肠腺周围血管丛发生,也可直接由粘膜下动脉发出,输入小动脉呈现直小血管特征,部分具有门静脉性质。小肠绒毛输入小动脉管径存在解剖部位差异。     

食管壁内淋巴管的微细分布

用半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片电镜观察 ,研究了家兔食管壁内淋巴管的微细分布及各层淋巴管的分布密度。结果显示 :食管粘膜层固有膜内有毛细淋巴管 ,粘膜下层存在有毛细淋巴管及淋巴管。肌束间见有淋巴管 ,但肌束内未见淋巴管 ,外膜存有淋巴管。本研究作了淋巴管的检出率 :粘膜层占 15 % ,粘膜下层占 2 4% ,肌层占 40 % ,外膜占 2 0 %。     

神经型一氧化氮合酶与血红素氧合酶-2在应激后大鼠结肠的表达

目的探讨神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）与血红素氧合酶-2（HO-2）在应激后大鼠结肠的表达.方法采用水浸-束缚应激（WRS）动物模型,用免疫组织化学SABC法检测nNOS和HO-2在大鼠结肠中的表达,并通过图像分析系统进行定量测定.结果对照组大鼠nNOS主要表达于结肠黏膜下神经丛和肌间神经丛的神经元,HO-2主要表达于结肠黏膜固有层黏膜肌、肌层环行肌及黏膜下层的血管内皮和平滑肌.应激组黏膜下神经丛和肌间神经丛的nNOS阳性神经元的平均灰度值较对照组明显增加,阳性神经元的平均数高于对照组,且在黏膜上皮细胞、固有层淋巴细胞也有nNOS表达;应激组HO-2阳性黏膜肌的平均灰度值较对照组增加,环行肌阳性单位（PU）明显高于对照组,在部分大肠腺也有HO-2表达.与应激组比较,应激＋L-NAME组的nNOS阳性神经元的平均灰度值减少,阳性神经元的平均数下降,应激＋ZnPP组HO-2阳性黏膜肌平均灰度值减少,环行肌PU下降.结论一氧化氮（NO）和一氧化碳（CO）均是结肠重要的气体信号分子和神经递质,两者在应激所致的结肠功能失调中可能具有协同作用.