二分髌骨小块骨骨折不愈合1例

患者男性,16岁.因右膝外伤后疼痛3年入院.患者于3年前右膝被书桌撞伤,当时明显肿痛,行走不便.行对症治疗,未作特殊检查,约10天后肿胀消退,疼痛减轻.但长距离行走或跑步时疼痛加重.查体:一般情况好,膝关节无肿胀,右髌骨外上角处略突起,局部明显压痛.关节活动无障碍,右膝X线检查显示二分     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎并内翻畸形一例

<正>患者男性,65岁,农民,因"右膝关节疼痛3年,加重伴活动受限2个月。"入院。体格检查:一般情况良好,右膝关节无红肿,右膝内翻畸形(图1);膝关节内侧压痛;膝关节活动范围:伸0°~屈115°;膝外翻试验阳性,前后抽屉实验阴性;右足背动脉搏动好,末梢血运良好。X线检查示右膝关节内翻畸形(图2),右膝内侧间隙变窄(图3);MRI检查示膝关节前、后交叉韧带完好,内侧副韧带略迂曲(图4,5)。     

髌前滑膜血管瘤1例

患者,男,58岁,因右膝关节前侧肿胀7d于2012年4月2日入院。自诉入院前7d于田间长时间蹲位劳作后感觉右膝关节肿痛,未在意,未及时就诊。经休息右膝关节肿胀未见减轻,遂来我院就诊。入院查体:右髌骨前方明显肿胀,可触及一约8cm×6cm×3cm囊性肿物,质软,有波动感,深压痛明显,     

关节外截骨矫形并同期单髁置换术治疗关节外畸形继发单间室膝关节骨关节炎1例

正患者,女,50岁,30年前股骨干骨折后畸形愈合,无明显诱因下出现右膝关节反复疼痛4年余,活动受限,行走及上下楼梯时疼痛加重,期间自行服用药物,未见明显好转,近期膝关节活动后疼痛加重,活动严重受限,于2015年4月13日入院。入院查体:跛行,右膝关节肿痛,活动受限,行走及上下楼梯时疼痛加重,休息后稍缓解,右膝内翻屈曲挛缩畸形,关节内侧局部明显压痛,肤色、肤温正常;右膝活动度15°~100°,髌骨活动度稍差,髌骨研磨试验(+-),浮髌试     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫疝1例

患者　女,41岁。因行走时左膝关节反复疼痛1年加重3个月入院。检查:一般情况好,右膝关节无肿胀,关节屈曲时髌韧带外侧有包块突出,伸膝时包块可自行还纳,关节屈伸活动时有明显摩擦感,髌骨外缘压痛。Ｘ线片示右膝关节无明显异常改变。ＣＴ片示:右膝外侧副韧带变薄。入院后考虑:①右膝髌下脂肪疝出;②右膝髌骨软化症;③右膝骨关节炎。在持硬麻下行手术治疗。术中见:右膝髌下脂肪垫肥厚,髌韧带外侧关节囊变薄,使髌下脂垫由此疝出,故手术切除部伤髌下脂肪垫,关节囊薄弱处重叠缝合。术后右膝关节疼痛消失,随访2年右膝关节疼痛未再复发。该类病例临…     

以腘窝囊肿为表现的色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎1例

<正>患者,女,51岁,无意中发现右膝后方包块3年余,一直未予以重视,包块渐增大至鸡蛋大小,行走时轻度肿胀感,于2016年4月来我院就诊。查体:右膝关节无肿胀,皮温不高,右膝关节后内侧可触及一约4.0 cm×4.0 cm包块,边缘欠清晰,质韧,压痛(+/-),浮髌实验(-),右膝关节屈伸活动尚可。右膝关节X线片:骨质未见明显异常,关节间隙正常。右膝关节MRI(见图1):腘窝内     

膝关节骨性关节炎合并髌下脂肪垫骨化1例

笔者于2014-07对1例膝关节骨性关节炎合并髌下脂肪垫骨化患者进行手术治疗,报道如下。1病例报道患者,女,66岁,右膝关节外伤后疼痛伴伸直受限20年,加重3年入院。患者于入院前20年外出劳动时不慎跌倒以右膝部着地,当时右膝肿胀明显,在家卧床休息（未予任何检查及治疗）。后右膝关节疼痛伴伸膝受限,3年前上述症状加重,伸膝受限。查体：右膝无红肿及窦道,右膝髌下及膝眼处可扪及骨性包块,包块质硬如岩,活动度差。深压痛（＋）,     

膝关节内侧副韧带止点撕脱骨折误诊1例

患者,男,61岁,既往体健,因"车祸致头颈、胸部、双下肢肿痛流血、活动受限4h"收入院.入院查体见右膝关节肿胀、疼痛明显,主被动活动受限,韧带稳定性因患者疼痛而无法检查.X线片提示右胫骨平台骨折,内侧关节间隙变宽(图1).初步诊断为:全身多发骨折,右膝关节脱位.住院期间完善右膝关节MRI提示右膝前后交叉韧带断裂、内侧副...     

梅毒性关节炎致膝关节脱位1例

1病例资料患者,男,48岁。右膝关节畸形、活动障碍1年余,于2011年5月11日入院。患者曾于院外卫生院考虑"膝关节脱位"行复位并保守治疗,症状无好转。查体:右膝关节肿胀明显,向外侧脱位,皮肤无破溃,关节周围无压痛及叩击痛,可触及反常活动,关节过伸及屈曲度明显增大;X线片示:右膝关节脱位,股骨     

儿童血友病性关节病合并骨折或脱位2例

<正>1病例资料病例1:患儿,男,11岁。因不慎跌倒致右膝关节肿胀、疼痛及畸形20 h入院。患儿入院前20 h不慎跌倒,出现右膝关节肿胀、疼痛、畸形、活动受限。门诊摄X线片示:右股骨髁上骨折。出生2岁时诊断为血友病甲型,间断使用凝血因子Ⅷ替代治疗,但无家族血友病史。专科检查:全身皮肤无出血点。右膝关节肿胀明显、畸形、压痛明显,局部皮温正常。皮肤颜色青紫,浮髌试验阳性。右膝关节处于屈膝30°     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.