不同干燥与提取方式处理的人源胎盘防治贫血活性差异研究

目的 评价经不同干燥与提取方式处理后的人源胎盘样品对斑马鱼贫血模型的影响。方法 取健康产妇新鲜胎盘，经-40℃冷却后于真空冷冻干燥机中冷冻干燥，研磨成粉，制成胎盘冻干粉；取健康产妇的新鲜胎盘，于90℃热风循环烘箱中烘干，研磨成粉，制成胎盘烘干粉。胎盘冻干粉或烘干粉分别经胰蛋白酶酶解提取、梯度溶剂（依次为水、50%乙醇水、无水乙醇、二氯甲烷）提取。发育至56 h（56 hpf）的健康野生型AB系斑马鱼分为对照组、模型组、给药组，对照组给予斑马鱼养殖水，模型组给予0.1 μg·mL^-1苯肼溶液制备贫血模型，给药组给予苯肼与胎盘冻干粉或烘干粉各提取样品，样品质量浓度分别为10、20、50、100 μg·mL^-1，培养至3 dpf，采用O-dianisidine染色法对斑马鱼进行红细胞染色。结果 与对照组比较，模型组红细胞染色积分吸光度显著下降（P＜0.001）。与模型组比较，胎盘冻干粉酶解样品100 μg·mL^-1组，水提样品10、20、50、100 μg·mL^-1组，醇提样品20、100 μg·mL^-1组，50%醇提样品10、20 μg·mL^-1组，二氯甲烷提取样品10、20、50、100 μg·mL^-1组红细胞染色积分吸光度显著增加（P＜0.05、0.001）；胎盘冻干粉酶解样品20 μg·mL^-1组，水提样品10、20 μg·mL^-1组，醇提样品20、50、100 μg·mL^-1组，二氯甲烷提取样品50、100 μg·mL^-1组红细胞染色积分吸光度显著增加（P＜0.05、0.01、0.001）。经酶解、水提取及二氯甲烷提取的胎盘冻干粉样品和经水提取、醇提取及二氯甲烷提取的胎盘烘干粉样品作用呈浓度相关性，其中冻干粉水提取样品100 μg·mL^-1效果最佳，染色后的红细胞积分吸光度达到对照组的94.77%。结论 人源胎盘样品处理方式可优先选择冻干技术结合水提取方式。     

基于斑马鱼的香青兰总黄酮整体发育急性毒性评价研究

目的 利用模式生物斑马鱼研究香青兰总黄酮（TFDM）整体发育急性毒性。方法 采用发育至48 h的斑马鱼暴露于5、10、20、40、42、44、46、48、50、100 μg·mL^-1的TFDM,分别于暴露后24、48 h（24、48 hpe）,计算死亡率、半数死亡浓度（LC₅₀）值;测量每组斑马鱼幼鱼的体长,进行形态学观察并评分;显微镜下观察斑马鱼心脏形态并拍照,记录心率,使用Image-Pro Plus 5.1测量斑马鱼静脉窦-动脉球（SV-BA）距离;显微镜下观察各组斑马鱼是否有体侧水肿来判断TFDM对肾脏的影响并拍照;应用肝脏标记绿色荧光的转基因斑马鱼Tg （L-FABP∶EGFP）,通过检测肝脏荧光强度和面积,观察TFDM对肝脏毒性的影响。结果 TFDM的24 hpe LC₅₀为50 μg·mL^-1,48 hpe LC₅₀为48 μg·mL^-1,100 μg·mL^-1 TFDM组斑马鱼幼鱼全部死亡。与空白对照组比较,20 μg·mL^-1以下的TFDM对斑马鱼的形态和心、肝、肾各脏器无影响;20 μg·mL^-1浓度的TFDM处理斑马鱼48 h导致个别斑马鱼鱼鳔体积减小或缺失,对其他脏器无显著影响;40 μg·mL^-1的TFDM导致斑马鱼出现轻微的心包水肿,处理48 h以后斑马鱼体长显著减小（P＜0.01）,形态评分显著下降（P＜0.01）,斑马鱼的肝脏形态出现轻微变化,但肝脏荧光强度和肝脏荧光面积无显著性变化,对肾脏无影响;暴露在50 μg·mL^-1的TFDM中24 h,斑马鱼出现心包水肿,心率显著下降（P＜0.05）,肝脏荧光强度和面积显著减小（P＜0.05）,肾脏无明显变化。结论 TFDM对斑马鱼的毒性较小,低浓度（≤10 μg·mL^-1）的TFDM对斑马鱼无毒性;中浓度（20 μg·mL^-1）下TFDM对斑马鱼的毒性微弱,仅导致部分斑马鱼鱼鳔体积减小或缺失,对其他各脏器无毒性;高浓度（≥40 μg·mL^-1及以上）下有轻微的心脏毒性和肝脏毒性,在临床应用中有必要合理控制用量。     

UHPLC测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分含量及化学模式分析

目的 建立UHPLC波长切换法同时测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分的含量方法。方法 采用Agilent Ecilipse C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;检测波长：327,237,320,345,278,254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量2 μL;并采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对含量测定结果进行主成分分析与聚类分析。结果 绿原酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、栀子苷、甘草苷、阿魏酸、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷线性范围分别为4.30~68.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）、6.66~106.56 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、7.67~122.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、4.88~78.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、2.37~37.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、6.50~103.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、8.85~141.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、0.88~14.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.74~11.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率（n=9）均在99.42%~103.10%,RSD均<2.0%。主成分分析与聚类分析均可将不同生产厂家的芎菊上清丸很好地分类,且分类结果一致。结论 所建立的多成分方法快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于芎菊上清丸的质量控制。     

GC同时测定藏药七味铁屑丸中4种物质的含量

目的 建立同时测定藏药七味铁屑丸中土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、去氢木香内酯和木香烃内酯的GC法。方法 HP-5毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;FID检测器;柱温箱温度140℃,进样口温度220℃,检测器温度250℃;载气为氮气,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,空气流速450 mL·min^-1,氢气流速45 mL·min^-1;进样量1 μL;分流比20︰1。结果 土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、去氢木香内酯和木香烃内酯的线性范围分别为7.120 2~71.202 2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.998 4）;5.478 5~54.785 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 1）;8.195 3~98.344 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.996 7）;6.395 4~76.744 8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 2）;平均回收率分别为98.11%（RSD=1.04%）,98.12%（RSD=1.09%）,98.39%（RSD=1.26%）,97.52%（RSD=1.25%）。结论 本方法可有效可靠地对七味铁屑丸中藏木香和木香进行定量控制。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定参苏宣肺丸中的6种成分

目的 建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定参苏宣肺丸中咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、大豆苷的含量。方法 采用ZOBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相A为甲醇-乙腈（1：1）,流动相B为0.1%冰醋酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;咖啡酸和迷迭香酸的检测波长为320 nm,3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素和大豆苷的检测波长为250 nm;进样量为20 μL。结果 咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、大豆苷的浓度与峰面积分别在2.32~46.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、3.06~61.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）、4.45~89.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、14.48~289.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、4.86~97.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、3.69~73.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）内具有较好的线性关系,平均加样回收率和相应的RSD分别为99.0%（1.6%）,97.5%（0.6%）,99.3%（0.9%）,98.6%（1.3%）,97.6%（1.3%）,97.0%（0.9%）。结论 方法操作准确、简便,可用于参苏宣肺丸的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的 建立通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Welch Ultimate XD-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测（282,305 nm）,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 丹参素、丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、葛根素和阿魏酸的线性范围分别为3.117~62.33 μg·mL^-1（r=0.998 7）,4.044~80.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9985）,1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 9）,7.964~159.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.992 8）,1.980~39.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为101.6%（RSD=1.62%）,99.7%（RSD=1.76%）,97.4%（RSD=1.19%）,99.9%（RSD=1.52%）,102.2%（RSD=1.56%）。结论 该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定消疲灵颗粒中的7种成分

目的 建立同时测定消疲灵颗粒中7种成分含量的HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱方法。方法 采用Venusil MP-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,流速为0.9 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱,柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 牡荆素葡萄糖苷、牡荆素鼠李糖苷、牡荆素、金丝桃苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素检测浓度分别在2.56~51.20 μg·mL^-1,14.87~297.40 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,3.16~63.20 μg·mL^-1,3.80~76.00 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,4.81~ 96.20 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 1）,平均回收率97.0%~100.0%,RSD 0.55%~1.67%,精密度和重复性良好,供试品溶液在室温条件下12 h内稳定。结论 该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于消疲灵颗粒中7种有效成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素、脱水穿心莲内酯）的方法。方法 采用phenomonex^®-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.4%的磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为330 nm（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、芹菜素）和254 nm（穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯）。结果 绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素和脱水穿心莲内酯检测浓度分别在3.042~121.7 μg·mL^-1、2.558~102.3 μg·mL^-1、14.11~564.4 μg·mL^-1、2.835~113.4 μg·mL^-1、23.86~954.3 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r ≥ 0.999 6）,平均加样回收率为97.90%~101.75%,RSD为0.89%~1.66%,仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性良好。结论 本试验所建立的方法准确可靠、重复性好,可为消炎利胆片的质量控制提供科学的依据。     

基于斑马鱼模型的水溶性姜黄素制剂抗血栓和抗炎活性研究

目的 基于斑马鱼模型探究水溶性姜黄素制剂对血栓形成和炎症消退的作用。方法 随机挑选受精后3 d的斑马鱼分为对照组、模型组、阳性药对照组、水溶性姜黄素制剂（姜黄素质量分数为10%，125、250、500、1 000、2 000 μg·mL^-1）组、普通姜黄素（姜黄素质量分数为95%，125、250、500、1 000、2 000 μg·mL^-1）组，每组30尾。除对照组外，其余组使用花生四烯酸、脂多糖、五水合硫酸铜分别诱导建立血栓、细菌性炎症和神经性炎症模型。通过观察分析斑马鱼红细胞染色强度和炎症部位中性粒细胞个数来评价水溶性姜黄素制剂抑制血栓形成和抗炎作用。结果 与对照组比较，模型组斑马鱼心脏红细胞染色强度明显减少（P<0.001）、炎症部位中性粒细胞个数明显增多（P<0.001）；与模型组比较，水溶性姜黄素制剂≥250 μg·mL^-1质量浓度时能显著抑制血栓形成、消退炎症，主要表现为斑马鱼心脏红细胞染色强度显著升高（P<0.001）、炎症部位中性粒细胞个数明显减少（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）；姜黄素在≥1 000 μg·mL^-1时能显著抑制血栓形成（P<0.01、0.001），≥500 μg·mL^-1时能显著消退炎症（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）。姜黄素为水溶性姜黄素制剂给药浓度2～8倍的条件下，才能达到相同的抑制血栓和炎症形成的效果。结论 与普通姜黄素组比较，在相同给药浓度下，水溶性姜黄素制剂具有更好的抑制血栓形成和抗炎作用。     

金橙II及金胺O的体外遗传毒性评价

目的 使用基于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的Ames波动试验和小鼠淋巴瘤细胞（L5178Y）的体外微核试验评价2种染料金橙Ⅱ和金胺O的遗传毒性风险。方法 在-/+S9处理下,不同质量浓度的金橙Ⅱ和金胺O（0.625~10.000 μg·mL^-1）分别与鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株TA98和TA100混合后接种于96孔板中,37℃下孵育72 h后判断其对细菌回复突变的影响;在体外微核试验中,在-/+S9处理下,金橙Ⅱ（10~50 μg·mL^-1）和金胺O（0.6~1.2 μg·mL^-1）分别与L5178Y细胞作用4 h或24 h,并在给药后24 h收集细胞进行流式细胞术检测。结果 金橙II自2.50 μg·mL^-1起可引起-S9和+S9处理组的TA98回复性突变孔数显著增加（P<0.05、0.01）,代谢活化后增加幅度更为明显;自5 μg·mL^-1起可引起-S9处理组的TA100回复性突变孔数显著性增加（P<0.01）,作用均呈浓度相关性。10 μg·mL^-1金胺O可引起-S9处理组的TA98回复性突变孔数显著增加（P<0.01）;自0.625 μg·mL^-1起即可引起+S9处理组的TA98回复性突变孔数显著增加（P<0.05、0.01）,且存在浓度相关性;自2.5 μg·mL^-1起可引起+S9处理组的TA100回复性突变孔数显著性增加（P<0.05、0.01）,且存在浓度相关性。在-S9处理组中,30~50 μg·mL^-1金橙Ⅱ可引起L5178Y细胞微核率显著增加（P<0.01）,且存在浓度相关性; 0.9~1.2 μg·mL^-1金胺O可引起L5178Y细胞微核率显著增加（P<0.01）,且存在浓度相关性。在+S9处理组中,10~50 μg·mL^-1金橙Ⅱ可导致L5178Y细胞微核率显著增加（P<0.05、0.01）。30~50 μg·mL^-1金橙Ⅱ可导致S期的L5178Y细胞比例增加;金胺O自0.6 μg·mL^-1起即可导致L5178Y细胞亚二倍体细胞核率增加。结论 金橙Ⅱ和金胺O均存在一定的遗传毒性风险。     

Effects of cannabidiol and of diphenylhydantoin on the hippocampus and on learning

Cannabidiol (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation of evoked responses in rats, such, as had been reported before for diphenylhydantoin. Both diphenylhydantoin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and cannabidiol blocked the increase of hippocampal RNA concentration caused by afferent stimulation, and depressed the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. Neither drug affected the retention of such response when given by posttrial injection, nor the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. The effects of both agents may be explained by the interference they have been previously shown to produce with the release of K⁺ from the hippocampus during stimulation. In fact, hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation and the RNA response to stimulation have been shown to be phenomena which depend on this K⁺ release, and have been attributed a role in learning.     

妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿影响的分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿的影响。方法 对1999年1月～2004年12月73例在剖宫产术中发现的子宫肌瘤进行分析。结果 妊娠合并肌瘤的胎位异常（臂位）率、产后出血率分别为17．8％、20．54％,而对照组分别为3．18％和8．97％;低体重儿发生率12、33％,而对照组为6．07％,有显著差异。结论 子宫肌瘤增加了母儿并发症的可能性;合并黏膜下肌瘤也有望使妊娠过程成功。     

β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂的研究进展

摘要β     

朱砂及含朱砂制剂的肝肾毒性研究

目的 探讨朱砂、含朱砂制剂（柏子养心片）及甲基汞对大鼠的体内外毒性,为其临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法 ①对比甲基汞、朱砂及柏子养心片体外对人肝HL-7702细胞和人肾近曲小管上皮HK2细胞的毒性,计算半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）。②SD大鼠随机分为对照组,朱砂组0.1 g/kg,柏子养心片0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg组,甲基汞组0.001 g/kg,每天ig 1次,连续给药90 d后,取血及肝、肾组织;试剂盒法检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、肌酐（CREA）、尿素氮（BUN）水平,测汞仪固体直接进样法检测肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量,并对大鼠肝脏和肾脏做组织病理学检查。结果 体外试验表明,朱砂、柏子养心片及甲基汞对HL-7702细胞的IC₅₀分别为7.852、6.035、0.009 5 g/L;对HK2细胞的IC₅₀分别为6.297、4.484、0.008 9 g/L。亚慢性毒性试验表明,甲基汞组大鼠肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量及血清中ALT、AST、CREA、BUN值均显著高于对照组,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照组比较均没有显著性差异;甲基汞组大鼠肝脏呈现肝细胞变性,肾脏可见明显肾小管损伤,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照比较没有明显差异。结论 朱砂及柏子养心片的体内外毒性均显著低于甲基汞,在目前药典规定的临床用量下使用安全性较好。     

丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效及其对一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的观察丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛（UA）的疗效及其对血清一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）水平的影响。方法 60例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。对照组给予常规抗心绞痛治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用丹参多酚酸盐注射液。观察比较2组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善和药物不良反应情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2组均未发生药物不良反应。结论丹参多酚酸盐可明显改善UA患者的临床症状和心电图ST-T改变,要提高血清NO水平的同时降低ET水平。     

Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on blood pressure and on renin formation and release

Summary I.v. injection of 40 mg/kg or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin reliably induced diabetes in female Sprague-Dawley rats, but failed to induce hypertension within the following 42 days. In most animals injected with the higher dose and in some animals injected with the lower dose, the tail blood flow was permanently impaired so that no blood pressure signals could be obtained by tail plethysmography. This phenomenon occurred also when the drug was injected into the jugular vein and thus was not due to a local effect of streptozotocin. 15 days after 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, the mean arterial pressure of the rats was similar to that of controls, when measured in the awake state (carotid cannula) or under ether anaesthesia. 42 days after streptozotocin, under pentobarbital anaesthesia, the blood pressure was again normal in the animals given 40 mg/kg of the drug and depressed in the animals given 65 mg/kg of the drug 42 days previously. The increase of blood pressure induced by 1 g/kg (–)-noradrenaline i.v. was similar in the latter group of animals and in controls.The renal cortical renin concentration was much lower than in controls 42 days after either dose of streptozotocin, while the plasma renin activity was normal (40 mg/kg) or increased (65 mg/kg). The low renal renin content may have been due to the diabetic state, rather than to the drug itself. Adrenal medullary dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was increased 42 days after the higher dose of streptozotocin.Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant Nr. 3.410.078     

Effect of ranitidine on ileal myenteric plexus preparation and on acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase

Ranitidine at concentrations from 1 microM to 0.1 mM brought about a dose-dependent potentiation of the twitch responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the ileal myenteric preparation. At higher concentrations (0.3-3 mM) ranitidine also caused irregular slow contractions of the unstimulated ileal preparation which were potentiated by eserine and blocked by atropine and tetrodotoxin. In order to identify the mechanism of these apparently cholinomimetic actions, the effects of ranitidine on AChE and BuChE were studied. Ranitidine showed an instantaneous and promptly reversible inhibitory action at concentrations between 0.5 and 30 microM. Double reciprocal plots were prepared and equilibrium dissociation constants calculated. It appears that ranitidine exerts an inhibition of the "mixed" type on both AChE and BuChE, but the dissociation constants for BuChE were markedly higher than those for AChE. Since AChE inhibition occurs in the same concentration range potentiating the twitch responses on the ileal myenteric preparation, it may explain the cholinomimetic effect of ranitidine.     

Effects of H-Phe-Ile-Tyr-His-Ser-Tyr-Lys-OH on passive and active avoidance behavior and on open-field activity of rats

The action of H-Phe-Ile-Tyr-His-Ser-Tyr-Lys-OH on the passive and active avoidance behavior and open-field activity of rats was studied after peripheral and intracerebroventricular administration. When applied before the test session, intracerebroventricular administration increased the avoidance latency of passive avoidance behavior. Subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular administration of the peptide delayed the extinction of active avoidance behavior. Both subcutaneous and intracerebroventricula administration increased the grooming activity of the rats. The data suggest that H-Phe-Ile-Try-His-Ser-Tyr-Lys-OH is able to influence memory, acting mainly on the retrieval processes, ad to modify open-field activity.     

Effects of sunitinib and bevacizumab on VEGF and miRNA levels on corneal neovascularization

Aim: To evaluate the effects of sunitinib (0.5?mg/ml) and bevacizumab (5?mg/ml) on VEGF-A, VEGFR-2 and microRNA (miRNA) levels on corneal neovascularization (CNV).

Methods: In this study, CNV was induced by silver nitrate application to the cornea, and 40 Albino male rats were equally divided into four subgroups:

Group 1 (sunitinib): After silver nitrate application to the cornea, 0.5?mg/ml sunitinib eyedrop was administered twice daily for two weeks (n?=?10).

Group 2 (bevacizumab): After silver nitrate application to the cornea, 5?mg/ml bevacizumab eyedrop was administered twice daily for two weeks (n?=?10).

Group 3 (control): After silver nitrate application to the cornea, normal saline eyedrop was administered twice daily for two weeks (n?=?10).

Group 4 (vehicle): After silver nitrate application to the cornea, 1% DMSO eyedrop was administered twice daily for two weeks (n?=?10).

After two weeks from the silver nitrate application, corneas were evaluated by hand-held biomicroscope for their vascularization status. Then, corneas were excised and the expression levels of VEGFR-2, VEGF-A and the common miRNA markers for neovascularization (miR-15?b, miR-16, miR-23a, miR-126, miR-188, miR-210, miR-221, miR-222, miR-410 and miR-423) were evaluated by real-time PCR.

Results: It was seen that the CNV was decreased in sunitinib- and bevacizumab-administered groups compared to the control and DMSO groups. Also, in comparison with the control group; VEGF-A expression was downregulated by nearly 0.75 times in sunitinib group and nearly 0.52 times in bevacizumab group. VEGFR-2 expression was downregulated by 0.89 times in sunitinib group and 0.68 times in bevacizumab group, compared to the control group. miR-15?b, miR-16 and miR-126 levels were statistically lower in sunitinib and bevacizumab groups, but miR-188 and miR-410 levels were two-fold higher compared to the control group. The miR-210 level was found higher only in sunitinib group compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant changes in miR-23a, miR-221, miR-222 and miR-423 levels among the groups.

Conclusion: Topical application of bevacizumab (5?mg/ml) and sunitinib (0.5?mg/ml) decreases the levels of VEGFR-2 and VEGF-A in CNV. Further studies are needed for detailed analysis of genes which are targeted by up- or downregulated miRNAs in this study.     

新药研发成本评估的必要性与现实性初探

目的探讨开展新药研发成本预测的必要性与现实性。方法综合国内外行业报告数据,寻求成本发展趋势,表明成本预测的必要性;列举成本预测方法,阐释成本预测的现实性。结果国内企业药品研发成本控制环节比较薄弱,目标成本不明确,导致资金浪费,需要建立成本预测体系。结论新药研发项目成本预测体系的建立是成本管理的基础,会使资金运营更合理,为压缩成本寻求途径;企业明确目标成本及研发投入与产出,将获得更强的研发动力。