Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 channels are involved in ginsenoside Rg3-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells

Ginsenosides play a role in a number of physiological and pharmacological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to clarify the potential role for transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels in ginsenoside Rg3-inhibited growth and survival of AGS cells, the most common human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line. The AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of Rg3. Sub-G1 analysis, caspase-3 activity and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage analysis were conducted to determine whether AGS cell death occurs by apoptosis. TRPM7 channel blockers (La(3+) or 2-APB) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used in this study to confirm the role of TRPM7 channels. Furthermore, TRPM7 channels were over-expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells to identify the role of TRPM7 channels in AGS cell growth and survival. The addition of Rg3 to the culture medium inhibited AGS growth and survival. Experimental results showed sub-G1 was markedly increased, caspase-3 activity was elevated, and degree of PARP cleavage was increased. TRPM7 channel blockade, either by La(3+) or 2-APB or by suppressing TRPM7 expression with siRNA, blocked the Rg3-induced inhibition of cell growth and survival. Furthermore, TRPM7 channel over-expression in HEK 293 cells exacerbated Rg3-induced cell death. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits the growth and survival of gastric cancer cell which is because of the blockade of TRPM7 channel activity. Therefore, TRPM7 channels may play an important role in the survival of gastric cancer.     

CagA基因对胃粘膜上皮细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的 观察幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）及其ＣａｇＡ基因对细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,进而探讨Ｈｐ增加胃癌发生危险性的机制。方法 研究对象为１１９例慢性胃炎患者,其中Ｈｐ阳性６８例,Ｈｐ阴性５１例。应用ｋｉ－６７免疫组化技术评价胃幽门窦上皮细胞增生,用切口末端标记法（ＴＵＮＥＬ）检测胃上皮细胞凋亡,应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测Ｈｐ的ＣａｇＡ基因。结果 Ｈｐ阳性患者的增殖指数（ＬＩ）和凋亡指数（ＡＩ）显著高于Ｈ     

人参皂苷Rg3对人胃癌细胞Pim-3及Bad凋亡蛋白表达的影响

目的研究人参皂苷Rg3对人胃癌细胞株MKN28中Pim-3及磷酸化Bad蛋白pBad（Ser112）,pBad（Ser136）表达的影响。方法用浓度为0,10,20,40和80μmol/L的人参皂苷Rg3处理MKN28细胞24h后。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）方法检测人参皂苷Rg3对MKN28细胞增殖的抑制作用,倒置显微镜和流式细胞术观察人参皂苷Rg3对MKN28细胞凋亡的诱导作用,Westernblot方法检测经不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3处理后MKN28细胞中Pim-3,pBad（Ser112）和pBad（Ser136）的表达情况。结果10,20,40和80μmo1/L的人参皂苷Rg3对MKN28细胞增殖的抑制率分别为18.70,34.06,54.49,69.28%。10～80μmol/L的人参皂苷Rg3处理细胞呈现明显的凋亡形态学改变,80μmol/L人参皂苷Rg3处理MKN28细胞24h后,凋亡细胞占（12.23±2.1）%,处理组比正常对照组（3.28±1.7）%凋亡明显增加,差异有统计意义（P〈0.01）。Bad总蛋白表达没有明显影响。pim-3和pBad（Ser112）的表达均随人参皂苷Rg3浓度的增加而逐渐减弱。pBad（Ser136）不表达。结论人参皂苷Rg3的抗癌活性与其调节Pim-3以及磷酸化Bad蛋白表达有关;Pim-3可磷酸化Bad抑制胃癌细胞的凋亡。     

Heat shock factor 1 confers resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors through p62/SQSTM1 expression and promotion of autophagic flux

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has an important role in many cancers. Biochemical inhibitors of Hsp90 are in advanced clinical development for the treatment of solid and hematological malignancies. At the cellular level, their efficacy is diminished by the fact that Hsp90 inhibition causes activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). We report a mechanism by which HSF1 activation diminishes the effect of Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG, tanespimycin). Silencing HSF1 with siRNA or inhibiting HSF1 activity with KRIBB11 lowers the threshold for apoptosis in geldanamycin and 17-AAG-treated cancer cells. Autophagy also mitigates the actions of Hsp90 inhibitors. Blocking autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1, or beclin 1 siRNA also lower the threshold for apoptosis. Exploring a potential relationship between HSF1 and autophagy, we monitored autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in control and HSF1-silenced cells. Results show HSF1 is required for autophagy in Hsp90 inhibitor-treated cells. The reduced autophagy observed in HSF1-silenced cells correlates with enhanced cell death. To investigate how HSF1 promotes autophagy, we monitored the expression of genes involved in the autophagic cascade. These data show that sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), a protein involved in the delivery of autophagic substrates and nucleation of autophagosomes, is an HSF1-regulated gene. Gene silencing was used to evaluate the significance of p62/SQSTM1 in Hsp90 inhibitor resistance. Cells where p62/SQSTM1 was silenced showed a dramatic increase in sensitivity to Hsp90 inhibitors. Results highlight the importance of HSF1 and HSF1-dependent p62/SQSTM1 expression in resistance Hsp90 inhibitors, underscoring the potential of targeting HSF1 to improve the efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors in cancer.     

Increased expression of Lewis X and Y antigens on the cell surface and FUT 4 mRNA during granzyme B-induced Jurkat cell apoptosis

Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells play key roles in cell-mediated cytotoxicity and can induce apoptosis in virus-infected and malignant cells by releasing cytotoxic granules. In the current study, apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells, a human T cell line, by delivering granzyme B into the cells using BioPORTER, a cationic lipid formulation. During granzyme B-induced apoptosis, there was an increase in the cell surface expression of Lewis X and Y antigens. To clarify the roles of initiator and executioner caspases in the expression of Lewis X and Y antigens, we treated Jurkat cells with granzyme B in the presence of caspase 3, 8, and 9 inhibitors. The results indicated that delivery of granzyme B into Jurkat cells induces apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and that caspase 3 but not caspase 8 and 9 plays a key role in enhancing the expression of Lewis X and Y antigens. Real-time PCR revealed that expression of the mRNAs for alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases FUT4 was increased at 3 h during granzyme B-induced apoptosis, while FUT9 mRNA expression gradually increased after 12 h. This increased expression of FUT4 mRNA occurred downstream of caspase 3 activation and resulted in the increased cell surface expression of Lewis X and Y antigens.     

人参皂苷Rg1可能通过丝裂素活化蛋白激酶途径抑制细胞凋亡人参皂苷Rg1可能通过丝裂素活化蛋白激酶途径抑制细胞凋亡

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对MPP⁺诱导细胞凋亡保护作用的可能信号传导途径。方法用吖啶橙-溴化乙锭染色观察SHSY5Y细胞凋亡率,流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧ROS水平,Western Blotting法检测JNK(c-jun NH₂-terminal kinase)激酶活性,免疫细胞化学染色法检测裂解的Caspase-3阳性细胞的表达率。结果经10 μmol·L^-1 Rg1或2.5 mmol·L^-1 N-乙酰半胱氨酸预处理后,MPP⁺诱导的SHSY5Y细胞凋亡受到明显抑制,同时细胞内ROS下降,JNK激酶的活性减弱,裂解的Caspase-3阳性细胞表达率下降。结论Rg1可抑制MPP⁺诱导的SHSY5Y细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能是通过清除ROS、减弱JNK激酶的活性,从而减少Caspase-3的激活     

人参皂甙Rg3对乳腺癌MCF-7线粒体凋亡途径的影响

目的探讨20(R)–人参皂甙Rg3(SPG-Rg3)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的诱导凋亡作用及其可能机制。方法人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞株分为空白对照组、实验对照组及SPG-Rg3多个浓度组。利用MTT法观察人参皂甙Rg3对MCF-7细胞生长的抑制作用,并计算出IC-50,进一步确定其有效浓度;流式细胞术检测人参皂甙Rg3作用后MCF-7细胞周期的变化;利用AnnexinV-EGFP/PI双染法,检测人参皂甙Rg3诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡情况;免疫细胞化学染色检测MCF-7细胞凋亡与Fas、FasL蛋白表达的关系。结果 SPG-Rg3作用48h的IC-50为244.54μg/mL。流式细胞仪检测Rg3使MCF-7的S期细胞比率明显增加(P<0.01),凋亡率明显增加(P<0.01)。免疫细胞化学显示Rg3能使MCF-7细胞胞浆内细胞色素C增加(P<0.01)。结论 SPG-Rg3能诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡,其机制可能与诱导线粒体释放细胞色素C有关。     

CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori: a hijacker of gastric epithelial cell signaling

Epidemiological study has shown strong correlation between the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastric carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which H. pylori induces gastric carcinogenesis is not known. In this review, we focused on the product of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), one of the important virulence factors of H. pylori. H. pylori injects CagA protein into the host gastric epithelial cells through its needle-like structure, type IV secretion system. Injected CagA hijacks physiological signal transduction and causes pathological cellular response such as increased cell proliferation, motility, apoptosis and morphological change through different mechanisms. H. pylori has been shown to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected gastric mucosa. Although the main source of ROS production is possibly host neutrophil, we propose novel source of ROS production in this review; CagA itself can induce ROS production in gastric epithelial cell. Excessive ROS production in gastric epithelial cells can cause DNA damage and thus might involve in gastric carcinogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis is important for developing new strategies against gastric cancer.     

人参皂甙 Rg1 抗神经细胞凋亡作用机制的研究

研究人参皂甙Rg1对神经细胞凋亡的抑制作用。用原代培养的大鼠脑皮层神经细胞为实验模型。结果表明,Rg1能增强细胞活性,降低LDH的释放,减轻细胞核形态的改变,减少DNA断裂,增加细胞膜流动性,抑制细胞凋亡。提示细胞凋亡与细胞膜流动性关系密切;Rg1的抗衰老作用与抗凋亡作用有关。     

人参皂甙Rg1对抗多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

目的:探讨外源性多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡以及人参皂甙Rg1保护作用的分子机制。方法:流式细胞仪定量测定PC12细胞的凋亡和Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达;电子显微镜观察PC12细胞的形态;凝胶电泳评价DNA的断裂;荧光分光光度计法测定caspase-3的活力;半定量RT-PCR分析bcl-2和bax mRNA的表达。结果:多巴胺(浓度为0.15、0.30、0.45和0.60mmol/L)诱导PC12细胞凋亡,各剂量组细胞凋亡率分别从对照组1.1％±0.4％增加到41％±3％,46.4％±2.7％,53％±3％和64.5％±2.7％;人参皂甙Rg1 10μmol/L预处理24h后,较多巴胺0.45mmol/L单独处理时,PC12细胞的凋亡率和caspase-3的活力分别从53％±3％和683±8(平均荧光强度)下降到1.9％±0.6％和325±5,Bcl-2蛋白阳性率从14.3％±1.1％增加到25.9％±1.6％,Bax蛋白阳性率从48％±3％下降到35％±3％。结论:人参皂甙Rg1通过抑制cas-pase-3的激活并调节Bcl-2和Bax两者间蛋白的比值对抗多巴胺对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1对抗多巴胺对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用

通过测定细胞的凋亡率 ,内源性NO的水平和iNOSmRNA的表达及半胱天冬酶 3的活性 ,探讨人参皂苷Rg1对抗多巴胺对PC12细胞凋亡诱导作用的可能机理 .结果表明多巴胺 (0 .15～ 0 .60mmol·L- 1)可诱导PC12细胞凋亡 ,预先经过 10 μmol·L- 1Rg 1处理后 ,PC12细胞的凋亡率显著下降 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,同时NO2- 水平和iNOSmRNA表达水平及半胱天冬酶 3活力较单纯多巴胺处理组明显降低(P <0 .0 0 1) .结果提示 ,Rg1减少细胞内源性NO的生成及抑制半胱天冬酶 3的活化可能是Rg1对抗多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的重要机理 .     

CDK4，pRB和E2F1参与人参皂片Rg1对淀粉样β蛋白诱导的大鼠皮层神经元凋亡的抑制作用

AIM: To explore the possible mechanism of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons and the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1. METHODS: AO-EB staining was used to quantify the apoptotic cells. DNA fragmentation was observed by gel electrophoresis. The levels of cyclin-dependent kinases-4 (CDK4) and phosphorylated pRB were detected by Western blot. RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of E2F1 mRNA. RESULTS: Treatment with Abeta1-40 at the concentration of 20, 40, 80 mg/L for 48 h induced rat cortical neuron apoptosis from 12.5 %+/-1.5 % (control) to 22.3 %+/-1.4 %, 38.8 %+/-1.3 %, 36.7 %+/-1.4 %, respectively. Pretreatment with Rg1 at the dose of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 micromol/L for 24 h, then treatment with Abeta1-40 40 mg/L for 24 h, the percentage of apoptotic neurons decreased from 38.8 %+/-1.3 % to 14.5 %+/-1.3 %, 13.3 %+/-1.0 %, 11.6 %+/-0.29 %, 11.8 %+/-1.0 %, 6.2 %+/-0.8 %, 5.8 %+/-0.8 %, respectively. After treatment with Abeta1-40 40 mg/L for 24 h, there were transient increases in CDK4 and phosphorylated pRB protein level, as well as the expression of E2F1 mRNA. However, the above levels decreased markedly after pretreatment with Rg1 8 micromol/L for 24 h. CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuated Abeta1-40-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons via inhibiting the activity of CDK4, decreasing the phosphorylation of pRB and downregulating the expression of E2F1 mRNA.     

一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及人参皂苷Rg1的保护作用

目的　探讨一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及人参皂苷Rg1保护作用的可能机制。 方法　DNA凝胶电泳观察DNA的断裂情况 ,流式细胞仪检测线粒体跨膜电位 ,West ernblotting检测胞浆细胞色素C和活化型半胱氨酸蛋白水解酶caspase 3P2 0 水平。结果　一氧化氮供体SNAP(5 0 0μmol·L-1)可诱导PC12细胞凋亡 ,细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显下降、胞浆细胞色素C水平增加及caspase 3得到激活 ;预先经过 5 0、10和 2 0 μmol·L-1等浓度人参皂苷Rg1处理后 ,SNAP诱导的PC12细胞凋亡明显减少 ,同时明显减弱SNAP对细胞线粒体跨膜电位、胞浆细胞色素C水平及cas pase 3激活的影响。 结论　人参皂苷Rg1可抑制一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡 ,其作用机制可能与其稳定细胞线粒体跨膜电位、减少线粒体细胞色素C向胞浆释放及抑制cas pase 3的激活有关     

人参皂苷Rg3抗肝癌作用研究进展

2018年GLOBOCAN数据显示,肝癌发病例数位居恶性肿瘤第4位,死亡例数位居第2位。中晚期肝癌患者推荐中医中药辅助肝癌的治疗。人参皂苷Rg3是一种四环三萜达玛烷型稀有人参皂苷,存在20（R）和20（S）两种对映异构体。以人参皂苷Rg3单体为主要成分的抗癌新药参一胶囊于2003年上市,主要应用于肺癌、肝癌的辅助治疗。人参皂苷Rg3体内外研究均证实其有良好的抗肝癌活性。人参皂苷Rg3抗肝癌的作用机制是多方面的,包括诱导肝癌细胞凋亡、调控自噬逆转耐药、抑制细胞侵袭及转移、抑制血管生成。本文就人参皂苷Rg3治疗肝癌的临床前及临床研究进展进行综述,以期对后续研究提供参考。     

人参皂苷Rg3对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的 观察人参皂苷Rg3对雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖和侵袭的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖能力,流式细胞仪分析细胞周期分布以及凋亡比率,通过Transwell小室观察细胞侵袭力,RT-PCR法检测细胞中的MMP-9 mRNA的表达。结果 与对照组相比,人参皂苷Rg3能显著抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖;G₀/G₁期及S期细胞比例减少,而G₂/M期细胞比例显著增加;同时细胞凋亡比率亦明显提升,而细胞侵袭指数降低,且呈现良好的剂量、时间依赖性。同时人参皂苷Rg3还能显著抑制细胞中MMP-9 mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。结论 人参皂苷Rg3能抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖和侵袭,其作用机制可能与其能降低MMP-9基因的表达有关。     

Impairment of preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development through intrinsic apoptotic processes by ginsenoside Rg1 in vitro and in vivo

Ginsenoside Rg1, which is the most abundant compound found in Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), has demonstrated various pharmacological actions, including neuroprotective, immune‐stimulatory, and antidiabetic effects. Pregnant women, especially in the Asian community, consume ginseng as a nutritive supplement. Thus, the effects of ginsenoside‐Rg1 on embryonic development need to be investigated, such as in a mouse model. As previous investigations have found that ginsenoside Rg1 appears to either trigger or prevent apoptosis in different cell lines, the effects of this agent on apoptosis remain to be clarified. In this study, we investigated whether ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a hazardous effect on mouse blastocysts and/or affects subsequent embryonic development in vitro and in vivo. Blastocysts treated with 25–100 μM ginsenoside Rg1 exhibited significant induction of apoptosis and a corresponding decrease in the inner cell mass (ICM) cell number. Importantly, the implantation rate was lower among ginsenoside Rg1‐treated blastocysts compared to untreated controls. Moreover, embryo transfer assays revealed that blastocysts treated with 100 μM ginsenoside Rg1 exhibited increased resorption of postimplantation embryos and decreased weight among surviving fetuses. In vivo, intravenous injection of mice with ginsenoside Rg1 (2, 4, or 6 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 days was associated with increased apoptosis of blastocyst‐stage embryos and negatively impacted early embryonic development. Further experiments revealed that these effects may reflect the ability of ginsenoside Rg1 to trigger oxidative stress‐mediated intrinsic apoptotic signaling. Our in vitro results indicate that ginsenoside Rg1 treatment increases intracellular oxidative stress, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, and activates caspase‐9 and caspase‐3, but not caspase‐8. Taken together, our study results strongly suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 induces apoptosis and impairs the early preimplantation and postimplantation development of mouse embryos, both in vitro and in vivo.