胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口出血与胰管内置管留置空肠长度的关系

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口出血与胰肠套入捆扎吻合后胰管内置管留置空肠长度的关系.方法 2006年8月至2011年8月行胰十二指肠切除术63例,均采用Child消化道重建方式,胰肠吻合重建分为A、B、C三组.A组22例,胰肠吻合采用胰腺残端套入空肠捆扎法吻合,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度15 cm;B组21例,吻合方法同A组,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度为5 cm;C组20例,采用胰腺残端与空肠黏膜吻合,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度为5 cm.结果 A组2例(9.1％)发生胰肠吻合口出血,经非手术治疗均痊愈.B组8例(38.1％)发生胰肠吻合口出血,其中2例因出血病死,3例行二次手术止血治愈,3例经非手术治疗痊愈.C组无一例发生胰肠吻合口出血.A组和B组患者发生出血的时间均在术后15 d左右,A、B两组胰肠吻合口出血发生率的差异具有统计学意义(x2=9.428,P=0.009).结论 胰肠套人捆扎吻合术后发生胰肠吻合口出血与胰管内支撑管留置空肠的长度过短有关.     

直接胰管镜下活检及胰管内射频消融诊治混合型胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤1例（含视频）

不能耐受或拒绝外科手术的主胰管型/混合型胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm，IPMN）目前缺乏有效的治疗方式。报道一例既往未确诊病因的复发性胰腺炎患者，经直接胰管镜观察及活检确诊混合型IPMN，并进行多次胰管内射频消融姑息性治疗，术后随访20个月，未再发胰腺炎，疾病较前无进展。直接胰管镜下活检及胰管内射频消融治疗作为IPMN的姑息性内镜治疗方式存在巨大的潜在价值。     

根据胰管直径等因素选择不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响

目的:探究根据胰管直径等因素选择不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响.方法:采取回顾性的方法对2010-01/2014-01遵义医学院第三附属医院接收治疗的进行胰十二指肠切除术的108例患者的临床资料进行分析.其中胰管直径≥3 mm的患者42例,给予其胰管空肠黏膜吻合术进行治疗,为胰管空肠黏膜吻合组.胰管直径<3 mm的患者66例,其中28例患者的胰腺残端比较粗大,且较空肠管径大的患者给予改良Child胰肠吻合术进行治疗,为改良Child胰肠吻合组,其余38例患者胰腺残端直径<空肠管径,给予其套入加捆绑式胰肠吻合术进行治疗,为套入加捆绑式胰肠吻合组.对比不同胰肠吻合方式患者的术后并发症发生率,并对其临床疗效进行评价.结果:3组患者中胰管空肠黏膜吻合组患者的胰管直径最大,与其他两组相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).3组患者中改良Child胰肠吻合组患者的胰腺残端直径最大,与其他两组相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).比较3种手术方式的术中出血量、胰肠吻合时间、手术总时间之间的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05).3组患者共发生9例胰瘘,总胰瘘发生率为8.33%.比较3组患者的术后腹腔出血、胰瘘、消化功能异常、腹腔感染、死亡和平均住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:在进行Wipple术时,根据患者的胰管直径、空肠管径和胰腺残端直径选择合理的胰肠吻合方式对患者术后的恢复有一定的促进作用.     

胰管结石的手术治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的手术治疗方法。方法23例慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石患者,14例行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en—Y吻合术（2例有黄疸者加做胆管内引流术）,4例行胰体尾切除术（其中2例加做胰肠’吻合术）,1例行胰管成型取石术。4例因胰头肿大行胰十二指肠切除术（2例术后证实为胰头癌）。其中16例术中应用激光碎石。结果术中见23例主胰管直径0．8～2．0cm,多发结石17例、单发结石6例。手术均成功,行激光碎石者碎石率100％。无手术并发症。术后随访,20例术前有上腹痛者,17例术后腹痛消失,3例减轻;9例合并糖尿病者,4例血糖恢复正常,2例胰岛素用量减少,3例糖尿病未得到控制;术后第3年出现糖尿病1例;5例合并脂肪泻者,2例脂肪泻消失,1例减轻,2例无明显变化。2例合并胰头癌患者分别于术后1a2个月、1a8个月死亡。结论手术治疗胰管结石疗效较好,但应合理选择适应证和手术方式。     

胰管结石影像特点及临床处理策略

目的 探讨胰管结石影像学特点及选择治疗策略。方法 对43例胰管结石的影像学特点进行回顾性分析，总结结石分布部位、大小、胰管形态学特点、诊断方法和内科保守治疗方法、ERCP取石以及外科手术治疗方法的选择。结果 43例胰管结石经影像学诊断42例，1例术中探查发现；其中B超确诊20例，CT10例，ERCP12例。结石位于胰头部10例，胰体、尾部29例，广泛分布4例。对20例位于胰体、尾部的单发胰管结石患者行内科保守治疗；6例结石位于胰头部者行ERCP乳头切开取石；17例患者胰管结石为多发，且广泛分布，大小在0．8～2．5cm，并伴有胰管形态学改变，经手术治疗痊愈。结论B超、CT或ERCP是确诊胰管结石较理想的方法，根据结石的特点选择治疗方案和手术术式在胰管结石治疗中具有重要意义。     

胰管良恶性狭窄的内镜治疗

目的 探讨内镜治疗胰管狭窄的临床疗效。方法 36例影像学检查确诊的胰管狭窄患者,病因包括慢性胰腺炎、胰腺分裂症、胰头癌、胰腺假性囊肿等,分别在内镜逆行胰胆管造影基础上行内镜治疗,包括胰管支架置入、气囊扩张、探条扩张以及经内镜胰管括约肌切开术（EPS）、经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）,同时观察术后症状缓解情况（如腹痛缓解率）、并发症发生率以及近期与远期疗效。结果36例分别进行了胰管支架引流术、气囊扩张、探条扩张、EPS和EST,术后腹痛症状有不同程度的改善,并发症发生率较低。随访1个月～36个月,平均15个月。术后近期（≤3个月）腹痛缓解率为72.2％（26/36）,长期（>3个月）随访显示47.2％（17/36）的患者腹痛缓解无复发,63.9％（23/36）的患者体重增加,生活质量改善。高淀粉酶血症、出血的发生率分别为13.9％（5/36）和5.6％（2/36）,均经一般内科治疗于3日内缓解。支架阻塞、支架脱落的发生率分别为12.5％（3/24）和4.2％（1/24）。结论 经内镜治疗胰管狭窄是安全而有效的方法。     

内镜超声引导下胰管引流

通常,胰管高压的患者以腹痛为主要症状,常见于慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石、胰空肠吻合口狭窄及胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）的患者,主要解决方式为外科手术或内镜下减压,如括约肌切开术、逆行胰管支架置入术、胰管狭窄扩张术等。一项随机试验显示,慢性胰腺炎导致胰管阻塞的治疗中外科介入的有效性优于内镜介入,然而并未考虑患者主观接受程度与创伤大小。一些由于一般条件不允许行外科手术或拒绝行手术治疗的患者会选择内镜介入治疗,但对于有解剖结构改变者,如Whipple术后患者,经典的ERCP术往往不能成功。     

胰管内支架治疗慢性胰腺炎

目的 探讨胰管内支架引流术治疗慢性胰腺炎的临床疗效。方法 对１４例临床及影像学检查确诊的慢性胰腺炎伴胰管狭窄患者在内镜下进行了胰管内支架引流术，并对术后腹痛缓解率、胃纳、脂肪泻、体重变化及并发症发生率作了近期及远期了随访观察。结果 １４例患者均在内镜下内支架一次性置入成功，支架规格为５～１０Ｆ，术后随访２８～５２０ｄ，平均２１０ｄ，１４例患者术后近期（〈３个月）腹痛缓解率为９２．９％（１３／１４）     

超声内镜在胰管结石诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声内镜对胰管结石的诊断价值及相关治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月间我院收治的4例胰管结石的临床资料。结果 4例患者超声内镜检查均有慢性胰腺炎的影像学表现,胰腺内点状或弧形强回声,伴声影,胰管壁不规则,胰管扩张或囊性扩张。2例合并胰腺癌,1例合并壶腹癌,1例单纯胰管结石。治疗方法：1例行胰十二指肠切除术;1例行胆肠吻合术;1例行全麻下胰管切开取石,胰肠吻合术;1例行ERCP＋EST＋支架植入术。结论影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要手段,且超声内镜更具优势;胰管结石易合并胰腺癌,应该加以重视;治疗方法应根据具体情况采取不同的措施。     

彭氏捆绑式胰肠吻合术的临床应用

0引言胰十二指肠切除术(Pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)手术范围较大,危险性较高,并发症多.其中胰肠吻合口漏为PD手术后最常见、最严重的并发症之一.据统计,目前胰肠吻合口漏的发生率仍高达13%左右,大约是17%PD手术患者的直接死亡原因.为了预防,文献报道有20种方法,大体上包括胰腺残端(胰管)结扎、胰管栓塞或外引流、全胰切除、胰腺断面的浆膜化、胰胃吻合[1,2]、胰空肠6-8针间断缝合[3]、胰空肠套入吻合[4]、胰管与空肠黏膜吻合[5]和没有胰管与空肠黏膜吻合的胰管外造瘘术[6].虽然胰肠吻合方法多种多样,但无一能完全避免胰肠吻合口漏的发…     

Management of mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual management of mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas. A systematic review was performed in December 2009 by consulting PubMed MEDLINE for publications and matching the "pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm", "pancreatic mucinous cystic tumour", "pancreatic mucinous cystic mass", "pancreatic cyst", and "pancreatic cystic neoplasm" to identify English language articles describing the diagnosis and treatment of the mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. In total, 16 322 references ranging from January 1969 to December 2009 were analysed and 77 articles were identified. No articles published before 1996 were selected because MCNs were not previously considered to be a completely autonomous disease. Definition, epidemiology, anatomopathological findings, clinical presentation, preoperative evaluation, treatment and prognosis were reviewed. MCNs are pancreatic mucinproducing cysts with a distinctive ovarian-type stroma localized in the body-tail of the gland and occurring in middle-aged females. The majority of MCNs are slow growing and asymptomatic. The prevalence of invasive carcinoma varies between 6% and 55%. Preoperative diagnosis depends on a combination of clinical features, tumor markers, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasound with cyst fluid analysis, and positron emission tomography-CT. Surgery is indicated for all MCNs.     

Pancreatic cancer: A review of clinical diagnosis,epidemiology, treatment and outcomes

This review aims to outline the most up-to-date knowledge of pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes, while identifying gaps that aim to stimulate further research in this understudied malignancy. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal condition with a rising incidence, predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer death in some regions. It often presents at an advanced stage, which contributes to poor five-year survival rates of 2%-9%, ranking firmly last amongst all cancer sites in terms of prognostic outcomes for patients. Better understanding of the risk factors and symptoms associated with this disease is essential to inform both health professionals and the general population of potential preventive and/or early detection measures. The identification of high-risk patients who could benefit from screening to detect pre-malignant conditions such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms is urgently required, however an acceptable screening test has yet to be identified. The management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is evolving, with the introduction of new surgical techniques and medical therapies such as laparoscopic techniques and neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, however this has only led to modest improvements in outcomes. The identification of novel biomarkers is desirable to move towards a precision medicine era, where pancreatic cancer therapy can be tailored to the individual patient, while unnecessary treatments that have negative consequences on quality of life could be prevented for others. Research efforts must also focus on the development of new agents and delivery systems. Overall, considerable progress is required to reduce the burden associated with pancreatic cancer. Recent, renewed efforts to fund large consortia and research into pancreatic adenocarcinoma are welcomed, but further streams will be necessary to facilitate the momentum needed to bring breakthroughs seen for other cancer sites.     

胰腺结核误诊为胰腺癌1例

结核累及胰腺非常罕见，临床症状有时不典型，术前诊断困难，现将中山医院收治的1例术前误诊为胰腺癌的胰腺结核报道如下。     

胰腺癌患者胰液中端粒酶活性表达及临床意义

采用 DCR- ELISA和 PCR- SSCP两种方法检测胰腺癌患者胰液中端粒酶的活性。结果 31例胰腺癌患者中 ,19例端粒酶活性阳性 ;3例胰腺良性肿瘤患者中 ,1例端粒酶活性阳性 ;6例非胰腺疾病患者的端粒酶活性均为阴性。另外检测了 4例胰腺癌患者癌细胞株的端粒酶活性 ,结果均呈阳性。结果显示 ,胰腺癌患者胰液中端粒酶活性呈高表达 ,与胰腺良性肿瘤及非胰腺疾病相比差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5)。提示胰液中端粒酶活性检测可作为胰腺癌诊断和鉴别诊断的重要依据     

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head: a focus on current diagnostic and surgical concepts

Complete surgical resection still remains the only possibility of curing pancreatic cancer, however, only 10% of patients undergo curative surgery. Pancreatic resection currently remains the only method of curing patients, and has a 5-year overall survival rate between 7%-34% compared to a median survival of 3-11 mo for unresected cancer. Pancreatic surgery is a technically demanding procedure requiring highly standardized surgical techniques. Nevertheless, even in experienced hands, perioperative morbidity rates (delayed gastric emptying, pancreatic fistula etc.) are as high as 50%. Different strategies to reduce postoperative morbidity, such as different techniques of gastroenteric reconstruction (pancreatico-jejunostomy vs pancreatico-gastrostomy), intraoperative placement of a pancreatic main duct stent or temporary sealing of the main pancreatic duct with fibrin glue have not led to a significant improvement in clinical outcome. The perioperative application of somatostatin or its analogues may decrease the incidence of pancreatic fistulas in cases with soft pancreatic tissue and a small main pancreatic duct (< 3 mm). The positive effects of external pancreatic main duct drainage and antecolic gastrointestinal reconstruction have been observed to decrease the rate of pancreatic fistulas and delayed gastric emptying, respectively. Currently, the concept of extended radical lymphadenectomy has been found to be associated with higher perioperative morbidity, but without any positive impact on overall survival. However, there is growing evidence that portal vein resections can be performed with acceptable low perioperative morbidity and mortality but does not achieve a cure.     

Enzyme replacement improves survival among patients with pancreatic cancer: Results of a population based study

Background

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) and malnutrition are prevalent among patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) can correct PEI but its use among patients with pancreatic cancer is unclear as are effects upon survival. This population-based study sought to address these issues

Value of ultrasound examination in differential diagnosis of pancreatic lymphoma and pancreatic cancer

AIM： To investigate the value of clinical manifestations and ultrasound examination in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic lymphoma and pancreatic cancer. METHODS： The clinical and ultrasonic characteristics of 12 cases of pancreatic lymphoma and 30 cases of pancreatic cancer were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS： Statistically significant differences were found in the course of disease, back pain, jaundice, carcino-embryonic antigen （CEA） and CA19-9 increase, palpable abdominal lump, superficial lymph node enlargement, fever and night sweats, lesion size, bile duct expansion, pancreatic duct expansion, vascular involvement, retroperitoneal （below the renal vein level） lymph node enlargement, and intrahepatic metastasis between pancreatic lymphoma and pancreatic cancer. There were no significant differences in age of onset, gender ratio, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, lesion position, the echo of the lesion, and the blood flow of the lesion. CONCLUSION： Pancreatic lymphoma should be considered for patients with long lasting symptoms, superficial lymph node enlargement, palpable abdominal lump, fever and night sweats, relatively large lesions, and retroperitoneal （below the level of the renal vein） lymph node enlargement. A diagnosis of pancreatic cancer should be considered more likely in the patients with relatively short disease course, jaundice, back pain, CEA and CA19-9 increase, relatively small lesions, bile duct expansion, obvious pancreatic duct expansion, peripheral vascular wrapping and involvement, or intrahepatic metastases.     

Effect of endogenous cholecystokinin on the course of acute pancreatitis in rats

AIM: To examine the effects of pancreatic rest, stimulation and rest/stimulation on the natural course of recovery after acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis(AP) was induced in male rats by intraductal infusion of 40 μl/100 g body weight of 3% sodium taurocholate. All rats took food ad libitum. At 24 h after induction of AP, rats were divided into four groups: control(AP-C), pancreas rest(AP-R), stimulation(AP-S), and rest/stimulation(AP-R/S). Rats in the AP-C, AP-R and AP-S groups received oral administration of 2 ml/kg body weight saline, cholecystokinin(CCK)-1 receptor antagonist, and endogenous CCK release stimulant, respectively, twice daily for 10 d, while those in the AP-R/S group received twice daily CCK-1 receptor antagonist for the first 5 d followed by twice daily CCK release stimulant for 5 d. Rats without any treatment were used as control group(Control). Biochemical andhistological changes in the pancreas, and secretory function were evaluated on day 12 at 24 h after the last treatment. RESULTS: Feeding ad libitum(AP-C) delayed biochemical, histological and functional recovery from AP. In AP-C rats, bombesin-stimulated pancreatic secretory function and HOMA-β-cell score were significantly lower than those in other groups of rats. In AP-R rats, protein per DNA ratio and pancreatic exocrine secretory function were significantly low compared with those in Control rats. In AP-S and AP-R/S rats, the above parameters recovered to the Control levels. Bombesinstimulated pancreatic exocrine response in AP-R/S rats was higher than in AP-S rats and almost returned to control levels. In the pancreas of AP-C rats, destruction of pancreatic acini, marked infiltration of inflammatory cells, and strong expression of α-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were seen. Pancreatic rest reversed these histological alterations, but not atrophy of pancreatic acini and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells. In AP-S and AP-R/S rats, the pancreas showed almost normal architecture. CONCLUSION: The favorable treatment strategy for AP is to keep the pancreas at rest during an early stage followed by pancreatic stimulation by promoting endogenous CCK release.     

Pancreatic stenting for malignant ductal obstruction

Pain is a major issue of palliative treatment in many patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. 'Obstructive'-type pain identified by correlation with meals, back radiation and dilation of main pancreatic duct upstream the stricture may be treated by endoscopic stent placement into the pancreatic duct in order to by-pass the stricture. The clinical experience reported in the literature shows that pancreatic plastic stenting for 'obstructive' pain may provide complete relief of pain in about 60% of patients and partial relief in 25%.     

Effects of Acute Pancreatic Duct Obstruction on Pancreatic Perfusion: Implication of Acute Pancreatic Duct Decompression

Background: Acute pancreatitis can result in pancreatic ischaemia and necrosis. Pancreatic duct (PD) obstruction may be the first step causing ischaemia in acute pancreatitis. Nitric oxide donors can attenuate acute pancreatitis through improvement in compromised pancreatic perfusion (PP). In this study, we determined if (1) PD obstruction altered PP and (2) PD decompression or L-arginine administration reversed this change. Methods: Fifteen Australian possums were randomly assigned to two groups: Animals in group A ( n = 6) were subjected to 30 min of PD obstruction and 60 min of PD decompression. Animals in group B ( n = 9) were subjected to 120 min PD ligation and 60 min PD decompression. A subset group B ( n = 6) were subjected to intravenous L-arginine (100 μg/kg) at the end of 120 min of ligation and at the end of PD decompression. The PP (Laser Doppler fluxmetry), PD pressure and blood pressure were continuously monitored. Results: PD pressure increased from 2.9 ± 2.5 to 18.1 ± 4.9 mmHg following PD ligation. PP was reduced to 67.1% ± 4.5% ( P < 0.01) and 46.2% ± 7.5% ( P < 0.001) of baseline following 30 and 120 min of PD ligation, respectively. Following 60 min of PD decompression, PP was restored to 89.1% ± 13.4% ( P < 0.02) of the baseline in the 30-min group. However, following 120 min PD ligation, PP remained depressed. L-arginine administration after 120 min of PD ligation transiently increased PP from 46.2% ± 7.5% to 81.1% ± 8.6% ( P < 0.03) of baseline. This effect was reproduced if L-arginine was administered at the end of decompression ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with acute pancreatitis due to obstructive causes, early decompression of the PD may prevent early pancreatic ischaemia.