Visiting rights only: the diplomas in nursing in the UK in the interwar period

The aim of this article is to explore the institution and organisation of the diplomas in nursing at the universities of Leeds and London, which were established in 1921 and 1926, respectively. It will be argued that the success of these courses for the individuals who undertook them, and the profession as a whole was ultimately limited. It is accepted that the purpose of the diplomas was at least in part for the nursing elite to maintain their grip on the leadership. Nevertheless, the institution of the courses, when few women in general attended university, identifies a 'radicalness' within the profession, which has rarely been considered. Moreover, that there was a body of nurses capable of university level education challenges previous assumptions.     

Pitfalls in the Care of the Psychiatric Patient in the Emergency Department

Background

Care of the psychiatric patient in the Emergency Department (ED) is evolving. As with other disease states, there are a number of pitfalls that complicate the care of the psychiatric patient.

Objective

The purpose of this article is to update Emergency Physicians concerning the pitfalls in caring for the psychiatric patient, and possible solutions to deal with these pitfalls.

Discussion

The article will address the burden of the psychiatric patient, staff attitudes, medical clearance process, treatment of the agitated patient, suicidal patients, and admission decisions.

Conclusions

Alternative care resources, collaboration with Psychiatry, staff education, improvement in the medical clearance process, proper use of restraint and seclusion, and appropriate choice of medication for agitated patients can help avoid some of the top pitfalls in the care of the psychiatric patient in the ED.     

Choosing the choices in the USA: examples in the maternity area

The concept of choice has featured prominently in both the recent united Kingdom (UK) health care reforms and in the debate relating to the care of childbearing women. An invitation to the USA facilitated contemplation of the health care system on which the recent UK reforms have been modeled. The impact of the health system on mother's choices was a source of particular interest. The implications for midwives, their practice and their relationships with their clients and colleagues emerge clearly. It may be that the United States' model of health care does not answer the needs of the UK.     

Changes in the parameters of the rhythms of the electrolyte-excreting function of the kidneys in women in relation to the seasons of the year

The characteristics (period, mesor, amplitude) of the rhythms of urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were examined in normal women during various seasons. The urine was collected for 5 days with 4-hour intervals. The rhythms were detected and their parameters established with the use of mathematical methods for the assessment of the tested curve fragments repetitions and by the least squares nonlinear method. The rhythms of renal urinary and electrolyte excretion were found very smooth, particularly so in the fall and winter. The circadian rhythms have been found the most stable during all the seasons. Examinations of individual electrolyte excretion have shown that Na and K excretion is more stable all the year round and therefore this parameter is the most informative for the detection of disorders in renal electrolyte excretion.     

论护士长在医院成本核算管理中的作用

成本核算是我国经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型转变,加强医院经济管理的一种趋势。笔者仅就护士长在医院成本核算管理中如何发挥作用进行探讨。加强内部管理,协调管理的诸要素,以节约降耗,挖掘潜能为基础,严格计划、控制,从而实现大价值、高功效、低成本的管理目标。     

Health in the USSR in the era of Perestroika

For years, the Health Service of the USSR was considered a model and a guide. Countries in the Third World were invited to follow its various elements in organizing their own national health systems. But, since August 1987, everybody has known that the Health Service of the USSR is in a very bad situation. Official reports, journals of the Party and declarations of the health authorities all emphasized the catastrophic state of the health care organization in USSR: rising mortality rates, alcohol and drug abuse, extensive pollution, hospitals without hygiene or equipment, lack of professionalism and extended corruption among medical doctors and other health workers, patients' dissatisfaction etc... Of special concern are the cardiovascular and maternal mortality rates which are now much higher than in other countries. In the wake of perestro?ka, a plan of reform was initiated by the Party and the Government, and was announced in 1988 by Health Minister E.N. Tchazov. The basic principle of the Health Service in the USSR remains prevention. Nevertheless, a great number of new measures will be implemented. Health information and care will be brought to the people by health workers. Mass screening for the most frequent diseases will be performed. Computers will be used on a large scale for managing high risk groups. Health centers will be strengthened. But the most revolutionary element of the reform will be the extension of the "paying sector", with increased number of facilities having financial autonomy. These facilities provide care and require some payment from the patients. They existed previously, but in the future they will be increased and strengthened. This means that the patients will have to pay more money but the services will be likely improved. The future will show whether the plan will succeed or fail.     

Change in the drug-metabolizing function of the liver in patients in the postoperative period in relation to the type of anesthesia]

Anesthesia-dependent changes in pharmaco-metabolic liver function have been studied in patients operated on for cosmetic facial defects. It has been established that the postoperative period in patients subjected intraoperatively to general combined anesthesia and controlled lung ventilation was characterized by inhibited drug metabolism in the liver, which required correction of the drug doses to reduce the risk of side and toxic effects of pharmacotherapy. Patients operated on under local procaine anesthesia had no considerable changes in pharmaco-metabolic liver function in the postoperative period.     

On the Mechanism of the Splay in the Glucose Titration Curve in Advanced Experimental Renal Disease in the Rat

Glucose titration studies were performed in rats with unilateral chronic pyelonephritis before and after removal of the contralateral control kidneys. Identical studies were performed in animals with unilateral partial renal infarction in which the experimental kidneys had a marked reduction in nephron population but no anatomic deformation in the surviving nephrons. In the initial studies, both groups of animals were free of clinical and chemical abnormalities of uremia. In the follow-up studies uremic abnormalities were present. Minimal splay was observed in the titration curves in the initial studies; marked splay was present in the group data from the same kidneys in the subsequent studies. Thus a marked reduction in the nephron population was associated with the evolution of splay in both groups of animals. In association with the increase in splay, the mean values for maximal glucose transport increased; thus a defect in glucose transport can be excluded as the basis of the splay. Glomerular filtration rate increased proportionately more than the maximal transport of glucose; hence the ratios of glomerular filtration rate to maximal glucose transport increased consistently. The possibility of asymmetric hypertrophy of glomerular and tubular functions among the nephron population imposed by scar tissue or other anatomic deformities was considered, but the results in the animals with partially infarcted kidneys militate against this explanation. The splay also could reflect an asymmetric alteration in the distribution of glomerulotubular balance among the residual units initiated by functional adaptations. Finally, the splay could relate to an alteration in the kinetics of glucose transport without any change in the level of functional homogeneity. The possible nature of these has been considered in the text.     

风险管理在供应室质量控制中的应用

为探讨风险管理在供应室质量控制中的应用效果。从2006年7月至2008年5月在该院供应室实施风险管理,包括成立风险管理小组,制定和落实规章制度,注重人员培训以及加强重点环节管理。实施风险管理后增强了人员的风险意识,差错发生率明显下降,质量达标率为100%,临床满意度超过98%。     

Challenges in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in the elderly

Aging itself is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism, and the prevalence in the elderly of additional risk factors (e.g. cancer, orthopedic surgery, immobility) increase its intrinsic risk. Many in the medical community are reluctant to prescribe anticoagulation (for primary and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism) to their geriatric patients for the fear that bleeding complications may outweigh the benefits. A thorough analysis of the data support the concept that the under-use of heparin in primary prevention in the elderly is more related to medical beliefs than to facts. The risk of bleeding due to oral anticoagulants (secondary prevention) is greatly reduced by keeping the International Normalized Ratio (INR) values within therapeutic ranges and carefully avoiding conditions/drugs that may interfere with such treatment. The oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran has been studied for primary (hip and knee replacement surgery) and for secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, and for acute venous thromboembolism treatment. The selective factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux has been approved for primary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in hip and knee replacement surgery and in hip fracture surgery. Studies on the latter drugs, where most of the patients were > 65 years of age, further show that the fear of bleeding complications due to anticoagulation in the elderly is largely unjustified.     

血栓弹力图在围术期的应用进展

血栓弹力图(TEG)是一项重要的检测凝血功能变化的技术,其检测结果反映了凝血功能的动态变化,能很好地指导凝血功能异常的纠正,因而广泛应用于临床各科室。本文主要对TEG在围术期相关科室的应用进行综述。     

Voluntary breath-holding in the morning and in the evening

The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not voluntary breath-holding time (BHT) changes with the time of the day. BHT with airways closed at end-expiration was measured in six male subjects in the sitting position during the morning (08.00-12.00 hours, on days 1, 6, 7 and 8) and evening (20.00-24.00 hours, on days 2 and 4). BHT increased with the number of days of testing and, at day 8, the morning values averaged 160% of those on day 1. Also, Delta P ACO2 [the difference between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ( P CO2) and alveolar P CO2 ( P ACO2) at the breaking point] increased in proportion to BHT. Hence the BHT/Delta P ACO2 ratio remained nearly constant. Voluntary hyperventilation prolonged BHT and increased Delta P ACO2. Conversely, in hypoxia (13% O2 for 1-2 h), BHT and Delta P ACO2 were reduced proportionally. During the evening sessions, most of the BHT/Delta P ACO2 ratios in normoxia, hypoxia or after hyperventilation were higher than the corresponding morning values, with the group difference reaching statistical significance for the measurements in normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, voluntary BHT varies in both duration and its relationship with Delta P ACO2 between the morning and evening hours. The results should also imply that, with an interruption of breathing, changes in alveolar and arterial gases are not the same at different times of the day.     

量化指导在代谢综合征患者中的应用研究

目的通过干预MS可控制危险因素,降低心脑血管疾病的发生率。方法对156例MS患者进行量化饮食和运动疗法后,监测MS相关的危险因素变化。结果量化干预MS后,患者血压、血脂、血糖明显降低,腰围缩小。结论掌握预防MS的方法 ,可以降低心脑血管疾病发生的危险因素。     

应急预警系统在成批伤员急救中的应用

目的:探讨应急预警系统对成批伤员来院后急救的影响。方法:选择2012年6月~2013年3月救治的成批伤29批次,采用应急预警系统,通过护理流程的改造,完善绿色通道等措施,观察29批成批伤员的救治效果。结果:成批伤员的抢救成功率提高到98.80%。结论:在应急预警系统联动模式下医院急救人员能在伤员未到达医院时,急救人员快速进入岗位,为急救成批伤员赢得了时间,因此应急预警系统的联动应用能提高成批伤的救治效率。     

Phototherapy in the treatment of depression in the terminally ill

Research in affective disorders has shown that there is a clear link between mood and light exposure, and that exposure to bright wide-spectrum light (phototherapy) may be an effective antidepressant treatment in some clinical situations. Cancer patients, especially those in the terminal phase of illness, have a high incidence of depression. Furthermore, their mobility is often severely reduced, resulting in little exposure to direct sunlight. We report the use of phototherapy in three terminally ill patients to alleviate symptoms of depression.     

分析心脏超声在胎儿及新生儿先天性心脏病检查中的应用

目的:分析在胎儿和新生儿的先天性心脏病筛查中通过应用心脏超声的诊断价值。方法:抽取2010年1月-2017年12月我院580例行胎儿心脏超声检查孕妇,统计其产前与产后的超声检查结果,并于胎儿的尸检结果进行对比。结果:产后超声提示新生儿先心病共计13例,产前超声共计检出12例,检出率为92.31%,漏诊率为7.69%,与产后超声结果比较中P>0.05;10例均采取引产方式,尸检结果与产前超声诊断结果完全一致,且比较中P>0.05。结论:通过运用心脏超声有利于实现对胎儿和新生儿先天性心脏病的明确诊断,临床应用价值较高。     

Glutamine metabolism in the brain and in the liver in critical conditions

Experiments on cats and rats have established that critical conditions caused by acute hemorrhage, hepatotoxin, and hepatectomy lead to ammonia accumulation in the brain and liver due to the predominance of decay of glutamine over its formation in these organs. With this, the depressed formation of glutamine is a universal cell response to a pathogenic agent whereas a change in glutamine deamination in disease depends on both the nature of a pathogenic agent and the organ wherein this reaction occurs.     

Transperineal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Proctitis in the Emergency Department

BackgroundPatients with anorectal complaints commonly present to the emergency department (ED). In patients with prior history of pelvic radiation and those with risk factors for sexually transmitted infections, proctitis is frequently on the differential diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) scans are frequently done in patients with atypical presentations and those with broader differential diagnoses. Although in cases with suspected uncomplicated proctitis, conducting a point-of-care transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) may provide sufficient data to confirm the diagnosis and ascertain a safe plan for outpatient management, thus limiting the need for CT scan, a frequent flow-limiting step in the ED.Case ReportIn this article, we present a brief case series of patients presenting to the ED with anorectal complaints in whom TPUS revealed circumferential symmetric rectal wall edema and pericolonic stranding suggestive of proctitis. History and subsequent imaging further supported these diagnoses; we also briefly detail the patients’ clinical course and outcomes.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?We propose the use of TPUS as the screening imaging for anorectal pathologies and those with suspected proctitis to increase its use among emergency physicians. We review the main sonographic features of proctitis alongside reports from clinical cases, as well as the potential advantages of TPUS as a first-line imaging modality as compared with CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Although the complexities of anorectal anatomy can make TPUS a more difficult ultrasound modality to master, integrating TPUS into clinical practice will prove beneficial to both physician and patient.     

Advances in the clinical application of oxycodone in the perioperative period

To review the research progress of pure opioid receptor agonist oxycodone. The research progress of oxycodone in terms of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse reactions, clinical application, combined medication and new progress in clinical application was summarized by referring to the literature. Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic thebaine derivative of opioid alkaloids, and is a pure opioid μ and κ receptor agonist. The main action sites are the central nervous system and visceral smooth muscle. Due to its advantages of low adverse reactions, good analgesic effects, and a wide range of safe doses, the drug has been widely used in the control of acute and chronic postoperative pain, as well as malignant and non-malignant pain. Since the end of the 20^th century, researchers have begun to formulate antipyretic analgesics, opioid receptor agonists, opioid receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists and other drugs with oxycodone in different proportions to enhance the analgesic effect. At the same time, it can reduce the dosage of oxycodone and reduce its adverse reactions, so as to achieve the purpose of limiting opioid abuse. With the continuous research on the efficacy and safety of oxycodone in the perioperative period at home and abroad, oxycodone has become the only dual-opioid potent analgesic that can be used in clinical work.