Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns

Umbilical cord blood or serum concentrations of mercury, lead, selenium and copper were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a population of 300 infants born in Baltimore, Maryland. Geometric mean values were 1.37 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.48) for mercury; 0.66 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) for lead; and 38.62 μg/dL (95% CI: 36.73, 40.61) for copper. Mean selenium was 70.10 μg/L (95% CI: 68.69, 70.52). Mercury, selenium and copper levels were within exposure ranges reported among similar populations, whereas the distribution of lead levels was lower than prior reports; only one infant had a cord blood lead above 10 μg/dL. Levels of selenium were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead (Spearman's ρ=0.20) and copper (Spearman's ρ=0.51). Multivariable analyses identified a number of factors associated with one of more of these exposures. These included: increase in maternal age (increased lead); Asian mothers (increased mercury and lead, decreased selenium and copper); higher umbilical cord serum n−3 fatty acids (increased mercury, selenium and copper), mothers using Medicaid (increased lead); increasing gestational age (increased copper); increasing birthweight (increased selenium); older neighborhood housing stock (increased lead and selenium); and maternal smoking (increased lead). This work provides additional information about contemporary prenatal element exposures and can help identify groups at risk of atypical exposures.     

南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷和汞含量的调查分析

目的 了解南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞污染情况,及时发现食品安全隐患,为风险预警提供依据.方法 2011年从南宁市的6个城区随机采集农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共13个品种390份,按照GB/T 5009进行分析;采用加标回收试验进行质量控制.结果 390份蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞检出率分别为89.2％、91.3％、61.8％、7.4％,超标率均为零.结论 南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均未超出限量标准,属轻度污染.     

Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of living kidney donors: Impact of different exposure sources,

Background

Most current knowledge on kidney concentrations of nephrotoxic metals like cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), or lead (Pb) comes from autopsy studies. Assessment of metal concentrations in kidney biopsies from living subjects can be combined with information about exposure sources like smoking, diet, and occupation supplied by the biopsied subjects themselves.

Objectives

To determine kidney concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb in living kidney donors, and assess associations with common exposure sources and background factors.

Methods

Metal concentrations were determined in 109 living kidney donors aged 24-70 years (median 51), using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (Cd and Pb) and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (Hg). Smoking habits, occupation, dental amalgam, fish consumption, and iron stores were evaluated.

Results

The median kidney concentrations were 12.9 μg/g (wet weight) for cadmium, 0.21 μg/g for mercury, and 0.08 μg/g for lead. Kidney Cd increased by 3.9 μg/g for a 10 year increase in age, and by 3.7 μg/g for an extra 10 pack-years of smoking. Levels in non-smokers were similar to those found in the 1970s. Low iron stores (low serum ferritin) in women increased kidney Cd by 4.5 μg/g. Kidney Hg increased by 6% for every additional amalgam surface, but was not associated with fish consumption. Lead was unaffected by the background factors surveyed.

Conclusions

In Sweden, kidney Cd levels have decreased due to less smoking, while the impact of diet seems unchanged. Dental amalgam is the main determinant of kidney Hg. Kidney Pb levels are very low due to decreased exposure.     

Maternal exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury and neural tube defects in offspring

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are neurotoxins, and some studies suggest that these elements might also be teratogens. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the relation between exposure to these heavy metals and neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring of Mexican-American women living in 1 of the 14 Texas counties bordering Mexico. A total of 184 case-women with NTD-affected pregnancies and 225 control-women with normal live births were interviewed about their environmental and occupational exposures during the periconceptional period. Biologic samples for blood lead and urinary arsenic, cadmium, and mercury were also obtained for a subset of these women. Overall, the median levels of these biomarkers for heavy metal exposure did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between case- and control-women. However, among women in the highest income group, case-women were nine times more likely (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-57) than control-women to have a urinary mercury 5.62 microg/L. Case-women were 4.2 times more likely (95% CI 1.1-16) to report burning treated wood during the periconceptional period than control-women. Elevated odds ratios (ORs) were observed for maternal and paternal occupational exposures to arsenic and mercury, but the 95% CIs were consistent with unity. The 95% CIs of the ORs were also consistent with unity for higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in drinking water and among women who lived within 2 miles at the time of conception to industrial facilities with reported emissions of any of these heavy metals. Our findings suggest that maternal exposures to arsenic, cadmium, or lead are probably not significant risk factors for NTDs in offspring. However, the elevated urinary mercury levels found in this population and exposures to the combustion of treated wood may warrant further investigation.     

Cadmium,zinc, copper,and metallothionein levels in the kidney and liver of inhabitants of Upper Silesia (Poland)

Summary The levels of Cd, Zn, Cu and metallothionein (MT) were determined in renal cortex and liver of 75 subjects deceased in the period 1986–1989 in the area of Upper Silesia (Katowice). The mean age of the population studied was 53.6 ± 14.6 years. The determined levels (mean ± SD) were: 43.1 ± 23.5 g Cd/g; 52.5 ± 17.4 g Zn/g; 2.2 ± 0.7 g Cu/g; 0.80 ± 0.36 mol Hg/g in renal cortex and 3.5 ±2.5 pg Cd/g; 82.8 ± 34.3 g Zn/g; 4.5 ± 2.6 g Cu/g; 0.69 ± 0.44 pmol Hg/g in the liver. The level of Cd in renal cortex was 40% higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers and was independent of the gender. Whole-body retention of Cd was 34.1 ± 18.5 mg; smoking elevated the value from 27.1 to 38.2 mg. Compared with a similar study made in central Poland (ód), a significant difference was found only regarding the level of Zn and MT in the liver, pointing to the possibility that exposure to this element in the region of Upper Silesia may be higher.This work has been supported by the grant CPBR 11.12(C-56/86) from the Institute of Rural Medicine, Lublin, Poland     

蒸发浓缩-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉

目的:利用蒸发浓缩同时测定水中多种重金属,以提高分析速度,节省试剂。方法:采用蒸发浓缩-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉。结果:可有效扩大直接吸入-火焰原子吸收光谱法的测量范围,能充分满足低浓度地表水、地下水以及其它水样的检测。     

宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检测结果分析

目的:了解宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞污染情况,为减少中毒和制定预防措施提供依据。方法:随机采集江北区3个农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共8个品种72份,用微波消解仪进行消化处理,按照GB/T5009进行分析;用圆白菜标准样品(GBW10014)进行质量控制。结果:72份蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检出率分别为100%、100%、16.7%。其中铅含量较高的为生菜和空心菜,镉含量较高的为食用菌和生菜,汞含量均较低。结论:宁波市江北区市售蔬菜存在铅、镉、汞的轻度污染。     

铅、锌、镉联合染毒及营养干预致大鼠肝脏病理学变化分析

目的通过动物实验了解铅、锌、镉联合染毒及营养干预对大鼠肝脏病理学变化的影响,为探讨铅锌矿区人群营养干预措施提供理论依据。方法将实验大鼠按照设计分为对照组、染毒组和干预组,分别采用0.01ml/g·bw生理盐水、0.01ml/g·bw铅、锌、镉联合染毒液及119.1mg/kg·bw硫酸亚铁、474mg/kg·bw醋酸钙、14mg/kg·bw核黄素、450mg/kg·bw Vc营养干预液喂饲28d和56d,之后取动物肝脏,用显微镜观察其病理学改变。结果在实验期间,第1、第2阶段染毒组、干预组大鼠体质量增长分别为(32.0±6.3)、(40.9±6.5),(30.3±9.1)、(35.3±7.4)g,分别低于对照组(68.5±8.7)、(46.7±6.3)g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组大鼠肝脏系数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组大鼠肝脏病理切片无明显改变;染毒组大鼠肝细胞水肿,肝索排列紊乱,肝小叶及汇管区有中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞浸润;干预组大鼠肝细胞水肿不明显,肝小叶及汇管区有少量炎性细胞浸润,可见点状坏死。结论铅、锌、镉联合染毒对大鼠肝脏尚未造成明显的器质性病变,但可能引起肝脏形态功能发生改变,综合营养干预对重金属元素染毒有一定的拮抗作用。     

感染时微量元素铁、锌、铜和硒在血液和内脏的代谢改变及其临床意义

感染的急性期反应伴随微量元素铁、锌、银和硒在血清和内脏中的动态变化。这些变化可能参与被称为“营养性免疫”的防御性反应。     

The effects of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc on the growth and reproduction of Proisotoma minuta Tullberg (Collembola)

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate Proisotoma minuta sensitivity toward selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). The experimental results showed a reduction in adult survival and no reproduction at the highest concentrations of Cd and Zn. Application of Pb at all levels resulted in large numbers of progeny and no significant mortality compared to controls. EC50 reproduction values for Cd, Cu, and Zn were 125, 696, and 283 microg g(-1), respectively. No significant difference in time from the introduction of adults into the test soils to the appearance of the first-instar animals was observed between different metal treatments. The growth rate of adults decreased for all metal treatments compared to the controls. It is suggested that the accumulation of metals in P. minuta affects metabolism and results in a slower growth rate. The absence of any statistically significant effect on mortality at all concentrations of Pb may be due to greater tolerance of P. minuta to Pb than to other metals.     

Biomonitoring of mercury,cadmium, and lead exposure in Japanese children: a cross-sectional study

Objectives

To measure current Hg, Cd, and Pb exposure in Japanese children, and to estimate dietary intakes of foods responsible for high body burden.

Methods

Blood, hair, and urine samples were collected from 9 to 10-year-old 229 children in Asahikawa and measured for Hg, Cd, and Pb in these matrices. Diet history questionnaire was used to estimate intake of marine foods and other food items. Hg level was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd and Pb levels were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

Geometric mean (GM) of blood Hg, Cd, and Pb was 4.55 μg/L, 0.34 μg/L, and 0.96 μg/dL, respectively. Urinary Cd level was 0.34 μg/g creatinine (GM) and hair Hg was 1.31 μg/g (GM). Approximately one-third (35 %) of blood samples had Hg level above the U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD; 5.8 μg/L). Hair Hg level exceeded U.S. EPA RfD (1.2 μg/g) in 59 % samples. Children in the upper quartile of blood Hg level had significantly higher intake of large predatory fish species compared to those in the lower quartile of blood Hg.

Conclusions

Those with high blood Hg level may be explained by more frequent intake of big predatory fish. Cd and Pb exposure is generally low among Japanese children. As no safety margin exists for Pb exposure and high exposure to MeHg is noted in Japanese population; periodic biomonitoring and potential health risk assessment should continue in high-risk populations, notably among children.     

微波消解同时测定农产品中铅、镉、汞

目的:建立一种适合同时测定农产品中铅,汞,镉的样品前处理方法。方法:采用微波消解方法处理样品,样品消化液经赶酸后定容,分别用来测定汞和铅、镉。结果:测定铅,镉,汞方法的线性范围分别为:0.0μg/L～20μg/L,0.0μg/L～2μg/L,0.0μg/L～5μg/L;相关系数分别为:0.9979,0.9978,0.9988;回收率分别为:95.8%～103%,95.1%～104%,98.4%～110.6%;方法的检测限分别为0.012μg/L,0.009μg/L,0.0027μg/L。结论:该方法精密度好,准确度高,快速简单,能够很好地满足农产品中铅,汞,镉含量的测定要求。     

脓毒症病人血清微量元素改变与预后的关系

目的：研究微量元素铜、铁、锌硒在脓毒症疾病过程中的变化，探讨这些变化与疾病的严重度和预后的关系。 方法：选择３０例脓毒症病人作为治疗组，另选３０例健康人作为对照组。在脓毒症病人发病的第１、４、７、１４天测定血清铜、铁、锌、硒水平，同时评估脓毒症病人的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分。血清铜、铁、锌的检测采用原子吸收光谱火焰法，血清硒的检测采用原子吸收光谱氢化物发生法。 结果：①脓毒症病人血清铜水平明显升高，存活     

Search for anti-laminin antibodies in the serum of workers exposed to cadmium,mercury vapour or lead

Summary Anti-laminin antibodies were sought for in the serum of workers exposed to mercury vapour (Hg, n = 58), lead (Pb, n = 38) or cadmium (Cd, n = 47). Thirty-one workers removed from Cd exposure for an average of eight years were also examined. Compared with control workers matched for age and socio-economic status, the prevalence of circulating anti-laminin antibodies was not increased in workers exposed to Hg (mean duration of exposure: 7.9 years and mean urinary excretion of Hg: 72 g/g creatinine) nor in those exposed to Pb (mean duration of exposure: 10.6 years and mean Pb levels in blood: 535 g/l). In contrast, anti-laminin antibodies were significantly more prevalent in Cd-exposed workers whose urinary Cd exceeded 20 g/g creatinine. This observation was made in both currently exposed workers and in workers removed from Cd exposure (mean duration of exposure: 9.4 and 24.6 years and mean urinary Cd: 7.8 and 13.4 g/g creatinine respectively). These autoantibodies were found in Cd workers with normal renal function as well as in those with increased proteinuria.     

太原市粮食类食品铅镉汞含量与安全性评价

目的:了解太原市粮食类食品中重金属元素的含量水平,评价其质量安全。方法:在太原市的几个主要超市和粮油供应点总共采集7种米类和15种面类,总共66份样品,传统方法测定铅、镉、汞的含量,SPSS17.0建立数据库并进行分析。结果:2010年太原市粮食类食品中铅、镉、汞总体合格率分别达到90.91%、95.45%和100%。结论:2010年太原市粮食类食品重金属污染状况不严重,少部分米类和面类存在重金属超标情况,应采取相应措施,保证食品质量安全。     

恩施州9类食品中铅、镉和汞含量监测结果

目的对恩施州9类常见食品进行抽样与检测,掌握恩施州相关食品中铅、镉、汞含量的污染状况,为制定针对性的疾病预防监测措施提供理论支持。方法 2010—2011年在全州范围内以随机抽取的方式采集9大类食品共201个样品,采用原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计法测定食品中铅、镉、汞含量,并计算合格率。结果 9类食品中铅含量平均合格率为97.0%,镉含量平均合格率为95.0%,汞含量平均合格率为90.5%;食品中铅、镉、汞分别主要存在于动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜中。动物内脏中铅合格率为85.7%,鲜食用菌中镉合格率为85.7%,蔬菜中汞合格率为78.3%,其他食品中铅、镉、汞合格率都较高。结论恩施州常见食品总体污染水平较低,动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜分别有较高铅、镉、汞重金属污染,应采取针对性措施减少食品污染,以提高食品安全性。     

Zinc-induced metallothionein and copper metabolism in intestinal mucosa, liver, and kidney of rats

Large doses of parenteral zinc (Zn) and/or the feeding of high Zn diets to animals or humans for long periods affects copper (Cu) metabolism. Previous work suggests that Zn-induced metallothionein (MT) in intestinal epithelial cells binds Cu and inhibits its absorption. This study was designed to determine the effects of treating rats with high dietary or parenteral Zn on Cu metabolism and its relationship to MT in the intestinal epithelium, liver and kidney. Six-week-old male rats were fed for one week a control diet containing 42 mg Zn and 6 mg Cu/kg. They were then divided into three groups. One group continued to receive the control diet while another received a similar diet containing 560 mg Zn/kg. A third group, fed the control diet, received a subcutaneous dose of 90 mg Zn/kg body weight every 2–3 days for the duration of the experiment. Rats from each group were killed on days 7 and 14. Low Cu status in Zn-treated rats was indicated by lower than normal serum Cu concentration, serum ceruloplasmin activity, low liver and kidney Cu concentrations and low cytochrome C oxidase activity. None of these changes, however, were related to an increase in Cu as a result of Zn-induced MT in the intestinal epithelial cell. Instead, as the MT concentrations rose, Cu concentration decreased. This study suggests that the effects of high Zn treatment on Cu status are not the result of the long-held theory that Zn-induced intestinal MT sequesters Cu and prevents its passage to the circulation. Instead, it may be caused by a direct effect of high lumenal Zn concentrations on Cu transport into the epithelial cell.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定化妆品中的铅、镉、砷

目的:建立同时检测化妆品中的铅、镉、砷的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析法。方法:以微波消解法对化妆品进行消解预处理后,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行检测。结果:铅、镉、砷浓度在0μg/ml～0.50μg/ml范围内相关系数r>0.999。铅、镉、砷的最低检出限分别为0.000023μg/ml、0.0000031μg/ml、0.000012μg/ml,以取1 g样品分析计,本法最低检出浓度铅、镉、砷分别为0.0006μg/g、0.00008μg/g、0.0003μg/g。样品加标回收率铅、镉、砷分别是92.7%～104.1%、91.7%～96.0%、95.9%～103.4%,铅、镉、砷的相对标准偏差均<2%。结论:本法具有良好的准确度和精密度,灵敏度高,检出限低,线性范围宽,干扰少,适应于不同样品基体中铅、镉、砷的测定。     

海口市售卷烟中铅镉铬砷污染情况调查与分析

目的 为了解海口市售卷烟的铅、镉、铬、砷污染状况。方法 在海口市四个区分别购买10种市售卷烟样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对铅、镉、铬、砷四种元素含量进行测定。结果 所测样品中铅、镉、铬和砷的检出含量范围分别是1.49-3.97mg/kg、2.32-4.96mg/kg、0.50-1.32mg/kg、0.11-0.87mg/kg。经Kruskal-Wallis H检验,铅、镉、铬和砷的H值分别为13.197、19.568、9.683、2.436;P值分别为0.004、<0.001、0.021、0.487。结论 卷烟样品中铅和镉的含量较高,铬次之,砷最低。不同产地卷烟样品中的铅、镉和铬的含量有显著性差异(α=0.05),砷的含量无显著性差异(α=0.05)。     

Interrelationships between cadmium, zinc and antioxidants in the liver of the rat exposed orally to relatively high doses of cadmium and zinc

Zinc (Zn) reduces cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in the liver although it increases Cd tissue burden in some conditions; hence, the present study is designed to study the relationships between Cd, Zn and antioxidants in the liver of rats exposed to Cd. Livers of male rats which received orally relatively high doses of Cd (200 mg Cd/L as Cd chloride or Cd (200 mg/L)+Zn (500 mg Zn as Zn chloride) during five weeks, were investigated. Cd induced an accumulation of Cd and Zn in parallel to depletion in important variables (GSH, GSH/GSSG, CuZn-SOD and GPx activities) and to elevation in others (Cd/Zn and GSSG). Cd, did not affect CuZn SOD/GPx, nor Mn-SOD in the liver. Cd accumulation, Cd/Zn, CuZn SOD activity and CuZn SOD/GPx, was increased remarkably under Zn action. Zn supply ameliorated GSH level and partially reversed the decrease in GSH/GSSG, but it did not ameliorate GPx activity. Analysis showed high correlations between Cd and the majority of the variables, while Zn was positively correlated with only GSSG. We suggest from our results that Zn has indirect ameliorative effects on Cd-induced toxicity in the liver and that the increase in Cd retention is probably the key mechanism modulating, in the case of relatively high doses of Cd, the antioxidant response during exposure to Cd and Zn.