慢性肾脏疾病的心血管并发症及其处理

心血管疾病是慢性肾脏疾病的重要并发症及透析患者的重要死亡原因,重视心血管疾病预防和治疗对改善慢性肾脏疾病患者的预后具有极重要的意义。现就近年来慢性肾脏疾病并发心血管疾病的流行病学情况、临床预后及相关处理等问题作一简要综述。     

Hypertension Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Hypertension and chronic kidney disease are closely linked. Patients with chronic kidney disease have hypertension almost universally and uncontrolled hypertension accelerates the decline in kidney function. The pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic kidney disease is complex, but is largely related to reduced nephron mass, sympathetic nervous system overactivation, involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and generalized endothelial dysfunction. Consensus guidelines for blood pressure targets have adopted a blood pressure <120/80 mm Hg in native chronic kidney disease and <130/80 mm Hg in kidney transplant recipients. Guidelines also strongly advocate for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade as the first-line therapy.     

慢性肾脏疾病患者多重心血管危险因素的综合管理

慢性肾脏疾病是心血管疾病的重要危险因素。大量研究显示,积极控制慢性肾脏疾病可以显著降低不良心血管事件危险性。根据美国肾病数据系统资料,近年来终末期肾病患者的发生率已增长了1倍。为减少慢性肾脏疾病患者的心血管事件,降低终末期肾病患者的病死率,应该积极筛查患者所存在的多重心血管危险因素,并采取有效措施及时干预。     

慢性肾脏病心血管疾病的新危险因素

心血管传统危险因素已不能完全解释慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者心血管疾病的高发率。CKD本身是一种血管病变状态,一系列新危险因素的研究为CKD心血管疾病的防治提供了新的干预靶点。     

慢性肾脏病与外周动脉疾病研究进展

慢性肾脏病患者外周动脉疾病发生率远高于普通人群,且和患者的心血管事件的危险性及病死率相关。现简述近年来有关慢性肾脏病患者中外周动脉疾病的流行病学、危险因素、临床表现的特点,并提出适合其特点的诊断和治疗方法。     

Nonprogressive Kidney Dysfunction and Outcomes in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a subgroup of patients with severe but nonprogressive renal dysfunction exist and to characterize this subgroup. DESIGN: Retrospective longitudinal monocentric cohort study. SETTING: Nephrology clinic for chronic kidney disease (CKD). PARTICIPANTS: Between January 1998 and December 2004, 177 consecutive patients aged 80 and older were referred for the first time to nephrology for CKD. MEASUREMENTS: The characteristics of patients with nonprogressive or progressive CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline of < and ≥1 mL/min per 1.73 m² per year, respectively) were observed and analyzed, and their risk of dying or requiring dialysis was determined. After exclusion of subjects requiring immediate dialysis or followed up for less than 6 months, 138 patients remained eligible for analysis. RESULTS: In the study cohort (initial mean eGFR 31.8 mL/min per 1.73 m², median follow‐up 47 months), patients were more likely to require dialysis than to die; 36% of patients had nonprogressive CKD. This characteristic, predicted by low proteinuria, lack of hypertension, and low cardiovascular comorbidity, was the strongest predictor of global survival. In progressors, two independent covariates (eGFR <30 mL/min per 1.73 m² and hemoglobin ≤11 g/dL at inclusion) predicted the risk of requiring dialysis. CONCLUSION: More than one‐third of subjects aged 80 and older referred to a nephrology center had severe but nonprogressive kidney dysfunction. This subgroup had a lower mortality rate than those with progressive kidney dysfunction. Simple covariates (low proteinuria, lack of hypertension, low cardiovascular comorbidity) predicted nonprogression of CKD. Distant nephrology follow‐up of such patients may be sufficient.     

Bradycardia Shock Caused by the Combined Use of Carteolol Eye Drops and Verapamil in an Elderly Patient with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease

Ophthalmic carteolol is often used to treat glaucoma. Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common among the super-elderly in Japan. Because these patients are exposed to polypharmacy, they are at a high-risk of adverse drug interactions. We herein report an elderly patient with CKD who suffered bradycardia shock after the combined use of carteolol eye drops and verapamil for glaucoma and paroxysmal AF. This case highlights the fact that eye drops have a similar systemic effect to oral drugs, and especially in elderly patients with polypharmacy, drug interactions can unwittingly lead to serious events.     

阿托伐他汀对高脂血症合并慢性肾脏病患者心血管风险影响的临床研究

目的：观察阿托伐他汀对高脂血症合并慢性肾脏病患者心血管事件的发生情况,探讨血脂对肾功能与心血管疾病间的影响。方法选取高脂血症患者中合并慢性肾脏病患者243例,随机分为阿托伐他汀组（120例）与对照组（123例）,调查一般资料及血压、血脂等情况,随访2年至心血管事件发生后自动终止。结果治疗前轻至正常慢性肾功能不全患者与中度慢性肾功能不全患者相比,低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗前后估测肾小球滤过率未出现统计学意义,轻至正常慢性肾功能不全患者较中度慢性肾功能不全患者心血管病发生率较少（P〈0.05）,治疗后中度慢性肾功能不全患者心血管病发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论中度肾功能不全患者其心血管病风险高于正常或轻度肾功能不全患者,阿托伐他汀治疗可降低这种风险,但对肾功能的改善不显著。