甲醛染毒对雄性大鼠脏器及血清微量元素的影响

目的探讨甲醛染毒对雄性大鼠脏器及血清微量元素的影响.方法选用体重(110～130)g Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组, 染毒浓度分别为,高浓度组:(119.6±15.4) mg/m3、中浓度组:(25.2±4.6) mg/m3、低浓度组:(4.8±1.3) mg/m3和对照组;室内空气,采用静式吸入法,每天染毒1h,连续染毒9w后处死,测定大鼠各脏器的脏器系数、甲醛浓度、及大鼠血清中Fe,Cu,Zn的含量.结果高剂量组雄性大鼠肺、肾和肝脏中甲醛浓度明显高于对照组,各染毒组雄性大鼠体重明显低于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组雄性大鼠各脏器的脏器系数与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),雄性大鼠血清中锌含量明显降低、铜含量显著升高(P<0.05).结论长期高剂量吸入甲醛可影响雄性大鼠的生长及其血清Cu、Zn水平,并可损伤雄性大鼠的肝、肺、肾、心、脑、睾丸.     

氟致大鼠生精细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察氟对成年大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响。方法通过腹腔注射氟化钠建立氟中毒动物模型,采用消化-离子选择电极法测定睾丸氟,采用光学显微镜和TUNEL原位细胞杂交方法检测大鼠生精细胞凋亡情况。结果①染毒28 d时,低剂量祖(NaF 10 mg/kg)和高剂量组(NaF 20 mg/kg)大鼠睾丸氟分别为(8.14±0.44)、(9.78±0.75)μg/g,较对照组增高(P< 0.05);染毒38 d时,睾丸氟分别为(9.10±0.71)、(10.23±0.68)μg/g,也较对照组增高(P< 0.05)。②与对照组相比,各染氟组生精细胞凋亡指数均升高(P< 0.01)。③生精细胞凋亡指数与睾丸含氟量呈正相关(r= 0.905 1～0.961 6,P< 0.01)。结论氟在一定剂量和作用时间内可致生精细胞凋亡。     

慢性氟中毒对大鼠精子活动度的影响

目的 探讨慢性氟中毒对大鼠精子活动度的影响,为氟的生殖毒性研究提供实验依据.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只,体质量150～180 g,按体质量随机分为4组:生理盐水(对照)组、低、中、高氟组(100、200、300mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)NaF),灌胃染毒90 d,每天称体质量.染毒结束后处死大鼠,摘取肝脏、肾脏、睾丸,称质量并计算脏器系数;取附睾游离精子,WLJY-9000型伟力彩色精子质量检测系统测定精子运动参数.结果 染毒第30天低、中氟组大鼠体质量[(235.00±14.56)、(235.44±24.99)g]高于高氟组[(206.00 ±18.16)g,P均<0.05)];第60、90天组大鼠体质量比较差异无统计学意义(F值分别为0.578、1.893,P均>0.05).大鼠肝脏系数、肾脏系数、睾丸系数组间比较差异无统计学意义(F值分别为2.148、0.907、1.801,P均>0.05).精子运动参数,平均路径速度(VAP)高氟组[(25.04 ±4.59)μm/s]较对照组[(20.22 ±3.29)μm/s]升高;直线速度(VSL)低、中、高氟组[(18.82 ±3.19)、(17.84 ±4.54)、(16.46 ±2.63)μm/s]较对照组[(12.48 ±1.73)μm/s]升高;直线性(LIN)低、中、高氟组[(23.84±1.58)%、(24.99±3.37)%、(26.75 ±5.07)%]较对照组[(33.29±4.00)%]降低,摆动性(WOB)中、高氟组[(47.03 ±3.98)%、(49.21±7.73)%]较对照组[(38.09 ±0.48)%]升高;平均移动角度(MAD)低氟组[(68.29 ±5.71)度/s]较对照组[(81.57 ±8.44)度/s]降低;鞭打频率(BCF)高氟组[(11.47 ±0.61)次/s]较对照组[(9.49 ±0.34)次/s]升高;精子密度(p)低、中氟组[(1.26 ±0.24)×10~9、(1.84 ±0.50)×10~9/L]较对照组[(3.94±1.10)×10~9个/L]降低(P均<0.05);曲线速度(VCL)、前向性(STR)、侧摆幅度(ALH),组间比较差异无统计学意义(F值分别为0.264、2.209、1.667,P均>0.05).结论 慢性氟中毒可影响大鼠精子活动度.降低精子密度.损害大鼠生殖系统.     

氟砷染毒对雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响

目的　探讨氟砷染毒对雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响。方法　采用 3代 1窝繁殖实验的方法 ,观察Wistar大鼠暴露于氟砷后其生殖功能的变化。结果　随染毒剂量的增加受孕率随之降低 ,精子畸形率增加 ,睾丸组织发生明显的病理变化。结论　氟砷染毒对雄性大鼠生殖系统有明显的损害作用     

索曼染毒对大鼠脑组织乙酰胆碱受体m1和m4 mRNA表达的影响

目的研究慢性小剂量索曼(soman)染毒对大鼠海马和前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m1和m4 mRNA表达的影响。方法以皮下注射索曼为大鼠染毒模型,雄性健康Wistar大鼠随机分为6μg/kg染毒组(6μg/kg)、10μg/kg染毒组(10μg/kg)、生理盐水对照组(相同体积的生理盐水),半数致死量对照组(大鼠在取样前注射一次索曼,剂量为100μg/kg),每组6只;除半数致死量染毒对照组外,均每日上午背部注射1次,共14 d。采用RT-PCR方法检测大鼠海马和前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m1和m4 mRNA表达水平。结果乙酰胆碱受体m1和m4 mRNA的变化结果以OD乙酰胆碱受体m1(乙酰胆碱受体m4)/ODGAPDH表示,6μg/kg组大鼠前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m1 mRNA为(0.250±0.016),10μg/kg组为(0.247±0.018),均显著低于生理盐水对照组(0.287±0.021)和半数致死量对照组(0.277±0.028)(P<0.05);海马乙酰胆碱受体m1 mRNA表达无明显变化(P>0.05),6μg/kg组为(0.275±0.022),10μg/kg组为(0.270±0.019),生理盐水对照组为(0.294±0.027),半数致死量对照组为(0.289±0.029)。6μg/kg组和10μg/kg组前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m4 mRNA表达分别为(0.364±0.031)和(0.426±0.066),均显著高于生理盐水对照组(0.274±0.025)和半数致死量对照组(0.271±0.046)(P<0.01),6μg/kg组和10μg/kg组海马乙酰胆碱受体m4 mRNA表达分别为(0.627±0.030)和(0.671±0.074),均显著高于生理盐水对照组(0.528±0.031)和半数致死量对照组(0.531±0.054)(P<0.01)。在生理盐水对照组和半数致死量对照组间乙酰胆碱受体m1 mRNA和m4 mRNA表达水平均无显著差别(P>0.05)。结论小剂量索曼染毒致大鼠前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m1mRNA表达下降,海马和前额叶皮层乙酰胆碱受体m4 mRNA表达增加,这种变化为索曼慢性作用的结果。索曼可能从基因水平影响乙酰胆碱M受体的表达,从而导致胆碱能系统功能下降及大鼠学习记忆障碍。     

氟、砷及其联合染毒对大鼠海马和大脑皮质组织Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨氟、砷及其联合染毒对大鼠海马和大脑皮质组织Bcl-2和Bax凋亡蛋白表达的影响.方法 将初断乳SPF级雄性SD大鼠按体质量随机分为对照组、氟处理组、砷处理组和氟砷联合组,每组10只.氟处理组大鼠饮用120 mg/L氟化钠(NaF)水溶液,砷处理组大鼠饮用70 mg/L亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)水溶液,氟砷联合组大鼠饮用含120mg/L NaF和70 mg/L NaAsO2的水溶液,对照组大鼠饮用蒸馏水.3个月后采用免疫组织化学和Western blot法检测大鼠海马和大脑皮质组织Bcl-2和Bax凋亡蛋白的表达.结果 ①免疫组织化学法检测结果:大鼠海马和大脑皮质组织细胞质中Bcl-2和Bax凋亡蛋白呈现为棕黄色颗粒物;与对照组和氟、砷处理组比较,氟砷联合组大鼠海马和大脑皮质Bcl-2阳性神经元细胞数较少;与对照组比较,氟、砷处理组和氟砷联合组大鼠海马和大脑皮质Bax阳性神经元细胞数较多,尤其以氟砷联合组的阳性细胞数最多.②Western blot法检测结果:对照组、氟处理组、砷处理组、氟砷联合组大鼠海马组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达分别为0.84±0.22、0.76±0.10、0.75±0.24、0.28±0.05和0.44±0.19、0.81±0.14、1.22±0.45、1.45±0.26,其中氟砷联合组Bcl-2表达明显低于其他3组(P均＜0.05),而氟、砷处理组和氟砷联合组Bax表达均明显高于对照组(P均＜ 0.05),且砷处理组和氟砷联合组Bax表达高于氟处理组;上述4组大鼠大脑皮质Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达分别为0.51±0.18、0.50±0.12、0.49±0.19、0.33±0.19和0.39±0.18、0.79±0.30、0.79±0.35、0.80±0.18,其中氟、砷处理组和氟砷联合组大鼠Bax蛋白表达明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05).氟、砷处理组和氟砷联合组大鼠海马和大脑皮质组织Bcl-2/Bax表达比值(0.96±0.28、0.72±0.45、0.33±0.05和0.69±0.37、0.57±0.10、0.37±0.18)均明显低于对照组(1.91±1.32、1.44±0.29,P均＜0.05),尤以氟砷联合组最明显.结论 在一定染毒剂量下,氟和砷均促进大鼠海马及大脑皮质组织Bax蛋白的表达,降低海马及大脑皮质组织的Bcl-2/Bax表达比值.氟和砷对大鼠海马组织Bcl-2蛋白表达和大脑皮质组织Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达比值的影响存在协同作用.     

氟对雄性大鼠睾丸组织金属元素水平的影响

目的 探讨慢性氟中毒对大鼠睾丸组织金属元素水平的影响,为氟的生殖毒性研究提供一定实验依据.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只,体质量150～180 g,按体质量随机分为4组,生理盐水(对照)组、低、中、高氟组(100、200、300 mg-kg-1·d-1NaF),每组8只,灌胃染毒90 d,每天称体质量.染氟结束次日,颈椎脱位法处死大鼠,摘取睾丸组织,原子吸收分光光度计测定睾丸组织中会属元素钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)和镁(Mg)水平.结果 染氟第30天大鼠体质量组间比较,差异有统计学意义(F=3.884,P<0.05),其中低、中氟组[(235.00±14.56)、(235.44±24.99)g]高于高氟组[(206.00±18.16)g,P均<0.05];第0、60、90天大鼠体质量组间比较,差异无统计学意义(F值分别为0.501、0.578、1.893,P均>0.05).4组大鼠睾丸组织Ca、Zn和Mg组间比较,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为6.630、6.844、5.333,P均<0.05),其中元素Ca低氟组[(56.15±4.21)mg/kg]较对照组[(77.57±6.66)mg/kg]降低,元素Zn低、中、高氟组[(4.80±0.55)、(4.56±0.33)、(5.46±0.79)mg/kg]较对照组[(7.16±0.28)mg/kg]降低,元素Mg高氟组[(32.44±1.53)mg/kg]较对照组[(42.54±8.07)mg/kg]降低(P均<0.05);4组大鼠睾丸组织Fe和Cu组间比较,差异无统计学意义(F值分别为1.324、0.207,P均>0.05).结论 慢性氟中毒可通过影响大鼠睾丸组织金属元素水平损害大鼠生殖系统.

Abstract：

Objective To probe into the effects of fluoride on metal elements in the testis tissue of male rats, and provide experimental basis to further research for reproductive toxicity of fluoride. Methods Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats, weighting 150 - 180 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups, normal sodium(control) by intragastrie administration for 90 days, and body weight was observed daily. After the last intragastric administration, all rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The contents of calcium(Ca), ferri(Fe), zincum(Zn),cuprum(Cu ) and magnesium(Mg) in the testis tissue were measured by atomic absorption speetrophotometry.Results After 30 days exposure, the difference of body weight between groups was statistically significant(F=3.884, P < 0.05). The body weight in low- and medium-dose groups[(235.00 :t: 14.56), (235.44 ± 24.99)g] were significant increased than high-dose group[(206.00 ± 18.16)g, all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference of body weight between the groups at 0, 60 and 90 days(F = 0.501, 0.578, 1.893, all P > 0.05). The difference of Ca, Zn and Mg levels among four groups was statistically significant(F = 6.630, 6.844, 5.333, all P < 0.05). The content of Ca of the low-dose group[(56.15 + 4.21 )mg/kg] decreased than that of the control group[(77.57 ± 6.66)mg/kg, P < 0.05];the content of Zn of the low-, medium- and high-dose groups[(4.80 ± 0.55), (4.56 ± 0.33),(5.46 ± 0.79 )mg/kg] deceased than that of the control group [(7.16 ± 0.28 )mg/kg, all P < 0.05];the content of Mg of the high-dose group [(32.44 ± 1.53 ) mg/kg] decreased than that of the control group [(42.54 ± 8.07 ) mg/kg,all P < 0.05]. The difference of testis Fe and Cu between four groups was not statistically significant(F = 1.324,0.207, all P > 0.05). Conclusion Chronic fluorosis can affect the levels of metal elements in rat testis and damage the reproductive system.     

L-肉碱对奥硝唑致大鼠精子及生育力损伤的保护作用观察

目的探讨L-肉碱(LC)对奥硝唑(ORN)所致大鼠精子及生殖功能损伤的保护作用。方法 40只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机均分为5组,各8只。A组:予以0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂)灌胃、1 ml/d;B组:ORN 400mg/(kg·d)灌胃;C组:ORN 800 mg/(kg·d)灌胃;D组:ORN 400 mg/(kg·d)+LC 100 mg/(kg·d)灌胃;E组:ORN 800 mg/(kg·d))+LC 100 mg/(kg·d)灌胃。均连续灌胃20 d,末次给药24 h后,各组均麻醉后处死大鼠4只,取附睾尾部行精子计数,检测精子活动率及存活率;余大鼠与雌鼠合笼行交配试验。结果与A组相比,B、C组大鼠附睾尾部精子计数、活动率和存活率明显下降(P均<0.05),B组平均胚胎数显著降低(P<0.05),C组无交配雌鼠受孕(P<0.01)。与B组相比,D组大鼠附睾尾部计数、精子活动率和存活率明显增加(P均<0.05),平均胚胎数显著增加(P<0.05),与A组近似(P均>0.05)。E组与C组近似(P均>0.05),与A组各项指标比较,P均<0.01。结论 LC对ORN引起的雄性大鼠精子及生育力损伤具有一定...     

大肠埃希菌感染诱导小鼠生精细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨大肠埃希菌感染对雄性小鼠生精细胞凋亡以及对凋亡调控基因Fas/FasL的影响,进一步阐明大肠埃希菌感染致男性不育的分子机理。方法用大肠埃希菌直接注入成年雄性小鼠膀胱内模拟逆行感染的途径,感染后第7d处死小鼠,取睾丸组织分别作HE染色和用TUNEL法观察生精细胞凋亡及睾丸的病理变化;免疫组化法检测Fas/FasL在睾丸组织中的表达,同时检测精子数量、精子活动率和精子畸形率。结果大肠埃希菌感染小鼠后生精细胞的凋亡指数及Fas和FasL表达水平分别为(18.50±1.50)%、(48.10±4.19)%和(34.60±4.18)%,对照组分别为(7.40±1.69)%、(23.50±2.66)%和(19.10±4.30)%,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。感染组精子数量、精子活动率和精子畸形率分别为(6.00±1.41)×106/ml、(59.80±5.29)%和(14.78±2.03)%,对照组分别为(12.00±4.12)×106/ml、(88.90±5.37)%和(5.88±1.10)%,感染组和正常对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。感染组小鼠睾丸组织出现明显的病理变化。结论雄性小鼠感染大肠埃希菌后,可导致生精细胞凋亡增加及上调Fas和FasL蛋白的表达水平;Fas和FasL在小鼠睾丸组织的高表达诱导生精细胞的凋亡,最终使小鼠精子形成减少,活动率下降,畸形率增加。大肠埃希菌感染造成生精细胞凋亡可能是导致男性不育的原因之一。     

丝胶预处理对2型糖尿病大鼠睾丸生殖细胞的保护作用

目的 研究丝胶预处理对2型糖尿病大鼠睾丸生殖细胞的保护作用.方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和丝胶预处理组,每组12只.链脲佐菌素(STZ)连续腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型;丝胶预处理组大鼠于注射STZ前给予丝胶(2.4 g·kg-1·d-1)灌胃35 d.采用ELISA法检测大鼠血清睾酮水平;分别采用免疫组化染色和RT-PCR法检测睾丸增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、c-fos蛋白和mRNA的表达.结果 糖尿病模型组大鼠血清睾酮水平、睾丸PCNA和c-fos的表达均明显低于正常对照组大鼠(P＜0.01).丝胶预处理组大鼠血清睾酮水平、睾丸PCNA和c-fos的表达明显高于模型大鼠(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论 丝胶预处理可通过上调睾丸PCNA和c-fos的表达,提高生精细胞的增殖能力,促进精子发生及睾酮分泌,从而防止糖尿病模型大鼠生殖功能的下降,对糖尿病生殖功能障碍具有预防保护作用.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.