颅骨粉碎性骨折颅骨同期修补32例体会

1985年1月～1996年12月,我们应用钛网作为颅骨修补材料并改进手术操作方法,对急性闭合性颅脑损伤合并颅骨粉碎性骨折32例,在取除碎骨片后同期进行了颅骨修补,术后观察效果满意。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况　本组男23例,女9例。根据国内诊断标准〔1〕分型,均经头颅CT及X线片检查确诊,排除硬脑膜下和脑内血肿及广泛性脑挫裂伤。术前均无意识障碍,无头皮裂伤及明显高颅压表现。单纯性粉碎骨折(含合并轻度脑挫裂伤者)20例,骨折合并同部位硬膜外血肿12例。骨折位于前额区7例,额、顶区25例。骨折区直径2.5～5cm,平均4.3cm;凹陷深度0.5～1.8cm,平…     

颅脑减速伤的损伤特点研究

目的研究颅脑减速伤的损伤特点,探讨其在颅脑创伤的伤情判断和影像诊断中的应用价值。方法分析361例临床典型颅脑减速伤患者的颅脑CT影像资料,结合致伤病史及临床资料,总结归纳颅脑减速伤的损伤特点。结果颅脑减速伤损伤的主要特点为:撞击部位头皮损伤、颅盖骨折、硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿和脑挫裂伤,对冲部位硬膜下血肿、颅底骨折和脑挫裂伤;颅骨骨折以撞击部位多见,硬膜下血肿以对冲部位多见,蛛网膜下腔出血主要位于脑底部及脑挫裂伤区;额、颞叶严重对冲伤是常见颅脑减速伤的重要特征。结论根据颅脑减速伤的损伤特点,结合致伤病史或颅脑CT表现,可为临床颅脑减速伤伤情的快速判断与救治、CT扫描及诊断、创伤事故原因的评判提供理论依据。     

脑外伤致迟发持续性尿崩症一例

患者男，54岁。因前额部撞伤后意识障碍，头部流血45min入院。体检：意识呈中度昏迷，格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)7分，前额部畸形、凹陷、出血，双侧鼻腔见新鲜血迹。头颅CT示双额极脑挫裂伤、硬膜外血肿、颅底骨折、额骨骨折、颅内积气。初步诊断：重型开放性颅脑损伤。入院当天行急诊开颅血肿清除、颅骨碎块摘除术，术后第8天拆     

枕部着力部位无骨折的硬膜外血肿伴额部对冲性损伤

报告3例枕部着力部位无骨折的硬膜外血肿伴额部对冲性损伤病例的救治体会。并对其发病机理进行分析。     

骨水泥颅骨成形术在颅脑创伤早期手术16例应用分析

颅脑创伤伴有颅骨粉碎性凹陷骨折患者在创伤早期清创手术中同时接受颅骨修补,是当今神经外科创伤治疗领域中一项颇有临床研究意义的课题。自1997年3月～2001年3月,我们应用骨水泥对16例颅骨粉碎性凹陷骨折患者在早期清创手术同时施行颅骨成形术,获得满意效果,现报告如下。1 资料和方法1.1 一般资料 本组16例,男12例,女4例。年龄18～56岁,平均40.3岁。伤后至接受手术时间4～48h,平均11.5h。颅骨缺损面积最小为4cm×3cm,最大为6cm×6cm。致伤原因及部位:砸伤8例,摔伤4例,交通伤3例,刀砍伤1例;顶部6例,额部4例,额顶部3例,颞顶部2例,颞部1例。损伤类型及临床表现:开放性创伤10例,其中头皮裂伤口外溢脑脊液3例,脑组织外露1例;闭合性创伤6例,其中有头皮裂伤但硬脑膜完整2例;本组病例伤后皆有头痛、头昏,伴     

176例汶川地震骨科伤员临床特点分析

目的:回顾性分析地震骨科伤员的临床特点及其救治情况,总结此类伤员的救治经验.方法:系统收集从汶川地震发生后至2008年6月30日我科收治的176例地震骨科伤员的临床资料,包括一般情况、伤情及治疗措施,并对临床救治经验与不足进行分析和探讨.结果:(1)176例地震病人中,男性96例,女性80例,平均年龄42岁,70岁以上伤员23人;(2)受伤原因以重物砸伤和挤压/掩埋为主(62.5%),36.9%的伤员为无骨折脱位的软组织损伤,其中挤压伤占软组织损伤的23.3%,63.1%的伤员有骨折脱位,约34.1%的伤员为多发骨折,开放性损伤多(35.2%),且污染重,多合并感染;下肢骨折多见(65%),26.1%的伤员有上肢骨折,20.7%的伤员有脊柱骨折,6.3%的伤员合并有胸、脑,腹部脏器损伤;(3)截肢伤员多,截瘫伤员少.结论:早期明确诊断,及时合理处置,以注重基础疾病和心理治疗及加强护理为特点的综合治疗有助于提高治疗质量,降低死亡率.     

严重交通事故多发伤324例救治分析

对324例交通事故多发伤伤情资料及救治情况进行回顾性分析,认为：交通事故引起的严重多发伤发生年龄多在16－40岁的青壮年,受伤部位多见腹部、头部、胸部、四肢和骨盆;伤员主要死亡原因依次为颅脑损伤、胸腹部外伤引起的休克、MOF、呼吸衰竭。强调此类伤员的急救应重视现场急救和伤员转运,综合复苏、及时手术能有效地提高伤员的生存率。     

汶川地震937名伤员流行病学特征

目的 探讨汶川地震伤员的流行病学特征. 方法 对937名汶川地震伤员的性别和年龄构成、致伤原因、损伤部位、并发症及漏诊率等进行分析. 结果 地震伤员男女性别比为1:1.12.致伤原因以砸伤和摔伤为主,损伤部位以颅脑、胸部、足踝、胫腓骨、脊柱和髋部多见.地震直接导致的损伤漏诊率达15.5%,以头、胸部损伤漏诊为主. 结论 地震伤员以砸伤和摔伤为卡要致伤因素,以下肢骨折为多,容易确诊头、胸部闭合伤.     

汶川地震德阳地区伤员医疗救治的分析与研究

目的 分析汶川地震中伤员的伤情特点、救治过程和效果,探讨灾难救援中信息侦察、军事化救援、损害控制原则的应用和作用.方法 收集了四川省德阳市某医院在2008年5月12日～5月31日收治的1420地震伤员资料,分析各部位伤发生率和各年龄组受伤情况,回顾早期救治分类、救治方法和内容.结果 1420例伤员中,共有1821处损伤,单个部位伤1089例,占76.69%;多部位伤331例,占23.31%;四肢损伤、体表和软组织损伤多于其他部位损伤;单个部位伤明显多于多部位伤(P<0.01).伤员流在震后前2天最多,占68.80%,明显多于其他时间(P<0.01);19～45岁年龄组伤员多于其他年龄组(P<0.01);伤后12小时以上才得到救治的伤员最多(P<0.01).结论 平时灾难救援中救治的速度是关键,信息侦察是保证早期灾害救治的前提;在救治中应遵循损害控制原则,平时加强自救互救训练和急救知识培训可挽救更多伤员的生命,军事化救援是今后灾害救援的新趋势.     

大批量地震伤员的早期救治

目的 探讨大批量地震伤员的早期救治方法.方法 对1 123例地震伤员实施早期救治.受伤部位:四肢伤925例,脊柱伤65例,头部伤46例,胸部伤53例,腹部伤72例.单部位伤809例,多发伤314例.紧急手术67例,其中肝破裂修补13例,脾破裂行脾切除14例,肠系膜血管损伤修补3例,腹部多脏器损伤修补6例,胸腹联合伤行胸腹脏器损伤修补及膈肌破裂修补4例,颅内血肿清除术12例,肺破裂修补4例,肺及支气管部分切除5例,心脏压塞行心包切开1例,连枷胸行肋骨内固定5例.早期手术166例,其中早期单纯清创105例,清创加骨折外固定支架固定36例,截肢25例.结果 406例治愈出院,673例经初期治疗后转院治疗,死亡3例.结论 分级救治方法适用于大批量地震伤员的早期救治.危重伤员及伴有严重心肺等基础疾病的地震伤员早期应采用损害控制技术.反复检诊是防止延误诊治的有效方法.     

脑改良氧利用率、动静脉血乳酸差值监测对严重颅脑损伤患者的临床意义

目的探讨脑改良氧利用率(BMO_2UC)、动静脉血乳差值(VALa)检测在重型颅脑损伤中的应用价值。方法采用前瞻性分析,选取2014年3月—2016年6月在四川省广安市岳池县人民医院治疗的颅脑损伤患者94例,其中重型颅脑损伤患者35例(重型组),轻中型颅脑损伤患者59例(轻中型组)。重型组男性24例,女性11例;平均年龄38.91岁;致伤原因:道路交通伤22例,坠落伤13例;颅脑损伤分类:硬膜下血肿5例,多发血肿9例,脑实质内血肿10例,脑疝7例,颅底骨折4例。轻中型组男性39例,女性20例;平均年龄39.02岁;致伤原因:道路交通伤31例,坠落伤28例;颅脑损伤分类:硬膜下血肿10例,多发血肿12例,脑实质内血肿21例,脑疝9例,颅底骨折7例。采用全自动血气分析仪检测患者BMO_2UC和VALa水平,并分析BMO_2UC和VALa水平与入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)和病死率的相关性。结果重型组患者BMO_2UC和VALa分别为(0.21±0.07)%和(-0.18±0.08)mmol/L,明显低于轻中型组患者(P0.05);94例入院时GCS评分为(8.10±2.63)分,Pearson相关分析结果显示入院时GCS评分与BMO_2UC和VALa呈负相关(r分别为-0.655、-0.511,P0.05);94例患者死亡26例,病死率为27.66%。死亡患者BMO_2UC和VALa分别为(0.15±0.06)%和(-0.11±0.07)mmol/L,明显低于未死亡患者(P0.05)。结论重型颅脑损伤患者BMO_2UC和VALa明显降低,BMO_2UC和VALa在一定程度可反映脑组织损伤程度,并在评估患者预后有一定的价值。     

Pattern of craniofacial injuries in patients admitted to Tanta University Hospital – Egypt

The goal of this work was to determine the craniofacial injury patterns in hospitalized patients to facilitate the awareness, by identifying, describing and quantifying trauma for use in planning and evaluation of preventive programs. Two-hundred and fifty five patients with craniofacial injuries were registered at the department of neurosurgery in Tanta University Hospital. Data were collected including age, gender, medical history, cause of injury and type of injury, location and frequency of soft tissue injuries, skull fractures, facial bone fractures, brain injuries and concomitant injuries, patient symptoms, clinical signs and the radiological findings. The most common causes of craniofacial injuries were road traffic accidents, followed by activity of daily life and assaults. Gender distribution showed that, males were at higher risk than females with a ratio of 5.5/1. In total of skull fractures, 47.84% were fissure fracture and 24.31% were depressed fractures. In total of brain injuries, 7.06% for concussion, 4.71% for contusion, 10.98% for brain laceration, 14.12% for pneumocephalus and 36.47% for brain edema. Regression analysis revealed increased risk for skull fractures and brain injuries in traffic accidents were 84.78%, 94.20%, respectively, and 59.14%, 50.54% in activity of daily life, but the probability of soft tissue injuries increase in traffic accident and violence.     

汶川大地震颅脑损伤概况及多层螺旋CT的诊断价值

目的 总结汶川大地震颅脑损伤情况及多层螺旋CT的诊断价值.方法 对收治的汶川地震伤员1557例中因颅脑外伤的292例进行CT检查,其中CT检查阳性者225例.回顾性总结225例颅脑损伤患者的损伤类型及多层螺旋CT表现,分析多平面重组(MPR)及三维(3D)重组成像的应用价值.结果 颅脑损伤225例,主要包括颅骨骨折66例,脑挫裂伤50例,颅内血肿55例,蛛网膜下腔出血16例,硬膜下积液16例,头皮异物20例,外伤性脑梗死2例.其中22例进行了手术治疗.结论 地震住院救治伤员中颅脑损伤占的比例较大,MPR及3D图像可以为神经外科医师术前提供直观可靠的依据.     

积极有序规范地救治小儿中重型颅脑损伤

小儿中、重型颅脑损伤占小儿颅脑损伤的50%以上,准确诊断、及时正确治疗是降低病死率、致残率,提高患儿生存质量的关键。笔者结合小儿颅脑的解剖特点和临床重危病例入院抢救、各种类型颅骨骨折、颅内血肿及脑损伤等常见疾病,为积极、有序、规范地救治小儿中、重型颅脑损伤提出初步意见。     

Association of internal carotid artery injury with carotid canal fractures in patients with head trauma

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the degree to which carotid canal fracture and other CT findings are associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) injury in patients with head trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three neuroradiologists retrospectively evaluated CT scans and cerebral angiograms of 43 patients who underwent cerebral angiography within 7 days after blunt cranial trauma over a 5-year period. Seventeen patients underwent unilateral and 26 had bilateral carotid angiography. Angiograms were evaluated for ICA injury and CT scans were evaluated for carotid canal fracture, brain contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, basilar skull fracture, subdural hematoma, soft-tissue swelling, sphenoid sinus air-fluid level, and other skull fracture. We recorded the number of true-positive (+CT, +angiogram), true-negative (-CT, -angiogram), false-positive (+CT, -angiogram), and false-negative (-CT, +angiogram) studies. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each CT finding. RESULTS: We identified 21 carotid canal fractures in 17 patients. Eleven ICA injuries were seen in 10 patients. Six patients with ICA injury had a carotid canal fracture. The presence of a carotid canal fracture had a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 67% for detection of injury to the ICA passing through that canal. These values were similar to those for other CT findings. CONCLUSION: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of carotid canal fracture were only moderately good for determining the presence of ICA injury and were similar to other CT findings not typically associated with ICA injury.     

汶川特大地震伤员影像表现初步总结

目的 分析汶川特大地震中伤员的损伤类型和影像表现.方法 回顾分析自2008年5月13日至5月19日间在绵阳市中心医院放射科检查的1013例地震伤员的影像资料,包括x线平片854例(约2900处检查部位)和CT检查259例(约300处检查部位).结果 733例伤员可见影像表现异常,总阳性率约为72.4%,其中单区域损伤为527例(52.0%),多区域损伤为206例(20.3%).按发生率高低排列,依次为下肢骨折、脱位288例(28.4%)、胸部损伤151例(14.9%)、上肢骨折、脱位136例(13.4%)、脊柱骨折133例(13.1%)、骨盆骨折和(或)脱位114例(11.3%)、颅脑损伤88例(8.7%)、颌面骨折25例(2.5%)及腹部损伤8例(0.1%).在胸部损伤中,肋骨骨折136例,肺部损伤59例,胸骨骨折3例.脊柱骨折中,累及颈椎12例、胸椎43例、腰椎93例、骶尾椎12例.颅脑损伤中,颅骨骨折41例,脑内异常72例.腹部损伤则包括4例小肠梗阻、3例肾挫伤和1例腹壁血肿.结论 地震可造成全身多区域损伤,尤以下肢骨折脱位最为多见.     

Cranial trauma: the predictability of the presentation symptoms as a screening for radiologic study]

A prospective study was performed on 4,262 consecutive patients who had had skull examinations for recent head trauma. Clinical signs and symptoms and patient history were correlated with skull fractures and intracranial sequelae as identified on CT studies, in order to evaluate the predictive value of each clinical finding and to identify high-yield referral criteria. Ninety-seven skull fractures (3%) and 32 intracranial sequelae (0.7%) were observed. All the intracranial complications were observed in patients with fractures and with altered consciousness of some degrees (Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 13). Most patients were asymptomatic (41%) or showed "low risk" symptoms (29%): among them, neither fractures nor complications were observed. High-risk clinical signs, mainly expressing basilar fractures (as rhinorrhea, otorrhea, focal neurologic signs, retroauricular hematoma) demonstrated high predictive value (100%) for intracranial sequelae. Other "moderate risk" findings for intracranial injury--i.e. loss of consciousness at any time, antegrade or retrograde amnesia, multiple trauma, and possible skull penetration--showed a high correlation with skull fractures and a slightly lower one with intracranial sequelae. The most predictive finding for brain injury was the depressed level of consciousness: brain injuries were never observed in fully conscious patients; in altered consciousness with GCS 15-13 we observed 4% of skull fractures with no sequelae; at GCS values 12-9, 61% of skull fractures and 20% of sequelae were present, whereas at GCS less than 8, 100% of complicated fracture were observed. The finding of skull fracture showed 33% of predictivity for brain damage, which was, however, always associated with "high or moderate risk" clinical signs. Therefore, the authors suggest some guidelines for the management of patients with recent head trauma, including referral criteria for X-rays or CT studies, based on signs and symptoms with high, intermediate and low risk of developing intracranial sequelae.     

Brain trauma in head injuries presenting with and without concurrent skull fractures

Head injuries and skull fractures may be problematic in cause and manner of death. Over a 10-year period, 54 cases showing head injuries were studied. Of thsese, 34 had skull fractures and 20 had no skull fractures. Virtually all decedents with skull fractures had brain injuries. The most common injury in both groups was motor vehicle accidents (MVA), in which 50% had skull fractures. In cases of skull fracture, brain lacerations, hemorrhages, and cerebral edema were common. Of 20 decedents with head injury but no skull fracture, most were accidents, and all but 3 cases had brain injury, although often relatively minor, except for atlanto-occiptital dislocation. There were significant differences between the two groups. Decedents with skull fractures tended to by younger (mean 35 years) compared to those with head injury only (mean 52 years) (p = 0.0021). The use of drugs or alcohol was more likely in decedents with skull fractures than in those with head trauma only (p = 0.0431). Mean abbreviated injury scale scores were higher for the face and head/neck of decedents with skull fractures, while significantly lower for chest and extremities, compared to decedents without skull fractures. Brain injury of some kind occurred in 90% of cases of head trauma, so a high level of suspicion should be placed in seeking skull fractures or brain injury.     

Gunshot wounds of the cranium studied with computerized tomography. Personal experience in 23 cases

INTRODUCTION: Gunshot wounds to the head are usually mortal injuries. Their frequency has been increasing in the last years because of increasing crime rates. Gunshot wounds to the head require close clinical and diagnostic cooperation of the neurosurgeon and radiologist, detailed assessment of skull and brain damage, and finally prompt treatment. Emergency Computed Tomography (CT) makes a useful tool for depicting bullet course and brain damage, and thus helps plan treatment. We investigated the CT signs of subdural hematoma, lacerocontusive focus, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hemoencephalus, skull bone fracture and thecal hollow and report them as an aid to the neurosurgeon and the radiologist, for best treatment planning, and in an attempt to establish useful prognostic criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 23 cases of gunshot injuries to the head studied with CT at the Emergency Unit of Loreto Mare Hospital in Naples, Italy. Twenty patients were men and 3 women; their mean age was 31 years (range: 18-49). Three women and 2 men had been injured accidentally by wandering bullets, and one case was an attempted suicide; all the other cases resulted from shootings. CT slices were 10 mm thick, with 8 mm gap (5 mm in complex injuries and when posterior cranial fossa was involved); all scans were unenhanced. RESULTS: We found 22 penetrating gunshot wounds: 13 of them with thecal entry hole and intracranial bullet retention and 9 with an entry and an exit hole. One case was a superficial wound. Crash skull fractures were seen in 22 cases and they were fragmented in 12, with overlapping thecal fragments in 4, and with deep fragments in 2 cases. There were scattered bone splinters in 3 cases and the bullet was retained in the mastoid bone in one case. Lacerocontusive foci were assessed in 22 cases, brain swelling in 20, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 19, brain hematoma in 15, blood in the ventricular system in 9, pneumoencephalus in 7, air bubbles along the bullet course in 7, impression on ventricula and linear structures in 7, interhemispheric blood in 5, and finally blood effusion in Sylvian scissure in 4 cases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Gunshot wounds to the head are complex and severe traumas with high mortality rates because of both early and late effects and complications. CT provides the neurosurgeon with abundant findings for diagnosis and surgical planning, which may result in improved survival rates. In these patients emergency CT plays a fundamental diagnostic role in depicting brain damage and thus remains the method of choice for thorough, rapid and accurate brain and skull studies, as well as to detect possible injury to the chest and abdomen.