以阴性与阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的比较分析

目的 探讨以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者（精神分裂症Ⅱ型）和以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者（精神分裂症Ⅰ型）两者认知损害程度的差别。方法 采用韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、数字划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类检测（WCST）评估29例精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者和28例精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者及28例正常对照组的记忆、注意及执行功能。结果 精神分裂症Ⅱ型和精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者的记忆测验,划销测验,WCST成绩显著性差于正常对照组;精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者在WMS测验中的1－100、累积、图片、再认、记商（MQ）,在划销测验中的划对数目、划数测验净分和在WCST测验中的持续错误、测验次数成绩显著差于精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者。结论 精神分裂症Ⅱ型和Ⅰ患者都存在认知功能损害;精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者的记忆、注意及执行功能均较精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者差。     

精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系。方法：对１８例阴性精神分裂症和１５例阳性精神分裂症采用氯氮平治疗;对１１例阴性精神分裂症和１３例阳性精神分裂症采用利培酮治疗。并分别评估其治疗前和治疗８周后的阳性症状,阳性症状记忆,注意及执行功能。结果：精神分裂症的记忆损害与阴性症状和阳性症状都呈显著性相关,注意及执行功能损害与阴性症状显著相关,与阳性症状无明显相关;记忆随思维贫乏的改善而改善,注意和执行功能损害的改善与症状的改善无明显相关。结论：精神分裂症认知功能损害主要与阴性症状相关,但精神分裂症的大部分认知功能并不随阴性症状改善而改善。     

氯氮平和利坦塞林对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的：比较氯氮平和利坦塞林对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：分别以氯氮平或利坦塞林治疗精神分裂症患者57例，采用韦氏记忆量表、数字划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验评估其治疗前和治疗8周后记忆、注意及执行功能。结果：氯氮平和利坦塞林能显著改善记忆、注意及执行功能。结论：2种药物均可改善精神分裂症的认知功能，但各有其特点。     

氯氮平和维思通对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的：比较氯氮平和维思通对精神分裂症对知功能的影响,以阴性症状为主。方法对５７例接受氯氮平或维思通治疗的精神分裂症病人,采用韦氏记忆量表,数字划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验评估其治疗前和治疗８周后记忆、注意及执行功能。结果氯氮平和维思通能显著改善记忆,注意及执行功能,氯氮平对以阳性症状为主分裂症的注意改善优于维思通,维思能对以阴性症状为主分裂症图片成绩优于氯氮平,结论两种药物均有助于改善精神分理解     

影响男性长期住院精神分裂症患者注意及记忆力的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响男性长期住院精神分裂症患者注意及记忆功能的相关因素。方法采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)中Stroop色词测验(SCW)、持续操作测验(CPT)、数字序列测验、言语记忆及视觉记忆测验对120名男性长期住院(≥5年)精神分裂症患者进行测查,结果与患者一般资料做Pearson相关分析。结果男性长期住院精神分裂症患者的年龄、起病年龄、住院时间、受教育年限、PANSS总分、阴性症状量表分与注意、记忆损害相关,而总病程、既往住院次数、苯海索的使用以及阳性量表分、一般精神病理学分、家族史与注意、记忆损害无明显相关。结论男性慢性精神分裂症患者的注意、记忆损害受多种因素影响,患者症状越重,注意、记忆功能受损越重,尤其阴性症状影响明显,同时,年龄偏大,起病年龄低,文化程度低,住院时间长均影响精神分裂症患者的注意、记忆功能,应该引起临床关注。     

首发精神分裂症患者神经认知功能的遗传学分析

目的 探索精神分裂症患者及其亲属共同存在的神经认知功能损害,并对22号染色体上儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)基因和脯氨酸脱氢酶(PRODH)基因的5个候选单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点进行相关的遗传学分析。方法 采用14个神经心理测验(共29项)对235例首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)、322名未患病亲属(亲属组)和133名正常对照(正常对照组)进行有关智力、注意、记忆、言语功能和执行功能等评定,比较各组间的神经认知功能有无差异,并对上述神经认知功能测验与COMT和PRODH基因的5个候选SNP进行定量性状的传递不平衡测试。结果 (1)患者组所有测验的成绩均差于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.01和P<0.05),而亲属组的记忆、注意、言语功能和执行功能界于患者与正常对照之间;(2)PRODH1 195G/A与即刻逻辑记忆测验(P=0.03)、言语流畅性测验的正确数(P=0.03)和连线测验B的犯规数(P=0.01)相关,PRODH1945G/A与数字符号测验(P:0.01)、连线测验A的错误数(P:0.02)、HANOI塔测验的总分(P=0.01)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)的总错误数(P=0.01)、WCST的非持续错误数(P:0.02)和WCST的总分类数(P=0.02)相关。结论 精神分裂症患者在记忆、注意、言语功能和执行功能等方面存在广泛的神经认知功能损害,这种损害可能是精神分裂症的遗传“内表     

奎的平与利培酮对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的 比较奎的平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 将60例精神分裂症住院患者随机分为两组，并给予奎的平与利培酮治疗6周，于入组前及治疗结束时测查数字划销测验(CT)，修订韦氏记忆测验(WMS-RC)，威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)，分析两药对认知功能的影响。结果 两组治疗后WMS-RC测验的记忆商数均显著提高；奎的平组CT、WCST测验仅有部分项目成绩改善，利培酮组CT、WCST测验所有项目均改善显著。结论 两药对精神分裂症认知损害均有显著疗效，利培酮对注意、执行功能改善效果更明显。     

男性精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻记忆研究

目的：研究男性精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻记忆受损程度以及与临床症状的关系。方法：运用神经心理学方法，测定19例精神分裂症患者和20名健康志愿者为对照组的前瞻记忆成绩、持续注意力及执行功能。结果：精神分裂症患者前瞻记忆中的错误显著高于对照组。该损害与注意力、执行功能障碍呈正相关，与年龄和阴性症状无关。结论：精神分裂症患者能够形成完整的意图，但其监视、识别线索、提取或执行意图的功能受损。该损害可能起因于患者的注意和执行功能障碍，而与其特定症状无关。     

精神分裂症认知功能（下）

3.3　病理目前的研究结果多数显示 ,精神分裂症患者的认知功能损害是静止性的 ,而不是渐进性的病程。年轻患者的认知成绩与老年患者比较在排除年龄老化因素后没有差异。精神分裂症的认知损害不是进行性痴呆障碍 (不同于 AD) ,与局部脑损害时出现的认知功能障碍非常相似而且稳定。Hoff等对首发精神分裂症患者和慢性精神分裂症患者进行研究后发现 ,认知功能损害在病前及疾病开始时就已出现 ,所有的认知测验均显示首发患者和慢性精神分裂症患者在认知损害的程度上是一致的 ,首发者和慢性患者的执行功能、瞬时记忆、言语空间记忆的检测结果明…     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损害与阴阳性症状的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症认知功能损害与阴性、阳性症状的关系。方法:至73例入组的患者随机给予利培酮、氯氮平治疗12周,并于治疗前、后盲法评定Wisconsin卡片分类测验（WCST）,Wechsler记忆测验（WMS）,阴状症状评定量表（SANS）与阳性症状评定量表（SAPS）。结果：治疗前精神分裂症患者的阴性症状、阳性症状均与认知功能有显著相关。主要与执行功能相关;注意障碍与记忆相关。治疗后,仅SAPS中怪异行为得分与WCST的持续反应数、持续错误数显著相关。结论：精神分裂症的认知功能损害是原发性的,并不是在阳性、阴性症状基础上产生的。     

Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder may be a stable characteristic of the illness, although discrepancies have emerged with regard to what dysfunctions remain during remission periods. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether euthymic bipolar patients would show impairment in verbal learning and memory and in executive functions compared with healthy controls. Secondly, to establish if there was a relationship between clinical data and neuropsychological performance. METHODS: Forty euthymic bipolar patients were compared with 30 healthy controls through a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing estimated premorbid IQ, attention, verbal learning and memory, and frontal executive functioning. The effect of subsyndromal symptomatology was controlled. RESULTS: Remitted bipolar patients performed worse than controls in several measures of memory and executive function, after controlling for the effect of subclinical symptomatology, age and premorbid IQ. Verbal memory impairment was related to global assessment of function scores, as well as to a longer duration of illness, a higher number of manic episodes, and prior psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide evidence of neuropsychological impairment in euthymic bipolar patients, after controlling for the effect of subsyndromal depressive symptoms, suggesting verbal memory and executive dysfunctions. Cognitive impairment seems to be related to a worse clinical course and poor functional outcome.     

抑郁障碍患者的认知功能损害及相关因素分析

目的:探索抑郁障碍患者认知功能损害的特点,以及与临床特征和症状严重程度的关系。方法:采用成套神经认知测试系统(CANTAB)对90例抑郁障碍患者及100例健康对照者进行认知功能测试,包括视觉记忆、持续注意、工作记忆与执行功能。结果:患者组所有认知功能与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。抑郁发作次数与视觉记忆、持续注意负相关(P0.01);单次抑郁发作持续时间与持续注意、执行功能负相关(P均0.01)。汉密尔顿抑郁量表的认知障碍因子与视觉记忆负相关(P均0.01);焦虑/躯体化因子、阻滞因子与持续注意负相关(P均0.05)。结论:抑郁障碍患者存在广泛的认知功能损害,临床特征和症状严重度对认识功能损害存在差异性的影响。     

Cognitive impairments in cerebellar degeneration: a comparison with Huntington's disease

To determine the specificity of cognitive impairments in patients with cerebellar degeneration (CD), the neuropsychological test performance of 31 CD patients was compared to that of 21 patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and 29 normal adults. The CD and HD groups did not differ in age, education, or duration of illness, and their overall severity on a quantified neurological examination was similar. Fifteen neuropsychological test variables were reduced to five underlying domains: motor, verbal, spatial, memory, and executive functioning. The CD patients had their greatest impairment in the executive domain and their least in the memory domain. In contrast, the HD patients had very substantial spatial deficits and significant memory impairment, in addition to executive dysfunction. The findings indicate that 1) the cognitive impairment in CD is not as severe as in HD, and 2) the pattern of deficits in CD, while consistent with a subcortical dementia, differs in important ways from that in HD. These differences may reflect the involvement of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and the striatal nuclei in separate "loops" or closed circuits, linking them with specific areas of cerebral neocortex.     

Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder

OBJECTIVE: Patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder have persistent impairments in executive function and verbal memory that may represent endophenotypic abnormalities. In this study, we examine neurocognitive function in a sample of euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD) (Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47: 125-134) and compare this to well-matched samples of young adults with recurrent MDD and controls. METHOD: Twenty-one euthymic young adult patients with BSD were compared with 42 young adult patients with MDD and 33 controls on a neuropsychological battery assessing attention, executive function and verbal memory. RESULTS: Patients with BSD were significantly more impaired than MDD patients and controls on tests of executive function and verbal memory. MDD patients did not differ significantly from controls on verbal memory function but performed less well on a test of executive function. CONCLUSION: Euthymic young adults with BSD had greater impairment on neurocognitive measures associated with prefrontal and hippocampal function than MDD patients and controls. This is a reflection of a strong bipolar diathesis in the BSD group rather than being a consequence of a more severe unipolar illness.     

Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE: The study aims were to address neuropsychological functioning across different states of bipolar illness and to determine relationships among clinical features, neuropsychological performance, and psychosocial functioning. METHOD: Several domains of cognitive function were examined in 30 depressed bipolar patients (DSM-IV criteria for major depression, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score > or = 17), 34 manic or hypomanic bipolar patients (DSM-IV criteria for manic or hypomanic episode, Young Mania Rating Scale score > or = 12), and 44 euthymic bipolar patients (6 months of remission, Hamilton depression scale score < or = 8, and Young Mania Rating Scale score < or = 6). The comparison group consisted of 30 healthy subjects without history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. A neuropsychological battery assessed executive function, attention, and verbal and visual memory. RESULTS: The three groups showed cognitive dysfunction in verbal memory and frontal executive tasks in relation to the comparison group. Low neuropsychological performance was associated with poor functional outcome. Impairment of verbal memory was related to the duration of illness and the numbers of previous manic episodes, hospitalizations, and suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: A poorer performance was observed in all bipolar groups regarding executive function and verbal memory in relation to the healthy comparison subjects. These cognitive difficulties, especially related to verbal memory, may help explain the impairment regarding daily functioning, even during remission. Further studies should focus on testing, whether optimizing prophylactic pharmacological treatment and psychoeducation might reduce cognitive impairment, and whether bipolar patients would benefit from neuropsychological rehabilitation in order to reduce the impact of cognitive impairment in their overall functioning.     

缓解期双相障碍患者认知功能损害影响因素分析

目的:探讨缓解期双相障碍(BPD)患者认知功能损害的影响因素。方法:采用8个神经心理测验(共17项)对缓解期BPD50例和正常对照组50例进行注意力、言语学习和记忆、视觉记忆和执行功能的评定,并对上述神经心理测验结果和临床变量的关系进行相关分析。结果:即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)完成分类数、WCST持续性错误数、WCST非持续性错误数、完成第一分类应答数、连线测验-A、连线测验-B均与病程、住院次数、躁狂发作次数、抑郁发作次数呈显著性相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),数字广度测验-倒背和住院次数呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:病程越长、住院次数和发作次数越多,缓解期BPD患者认知功能测验成绩越差。     

Memory and executive function impairments in deficit syndrome schizophrenia

The relationship between deficit syndrome schizophrenia, as determined by the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, and impairments in memory and executive function was investigated by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test, and the Wechsler Memory Scales to outpatients with deficit (n=33) and non-deficit (n=57) syndrome. A factor analysis of test variables revealed three factors: executive functioning; simple verbal memory; and semantic verbal memory. Results indicated that the deficit group performed significantly worse on the executive functioning factor, but not on either of the verbal memory factors. These findings support the hypothesis that deficit syndrome schizophrenia represents a specific cognitive impairment in executive processing and not necessarily graver global cognitive impairment.     

Transient and executive function working memory in schizophrenia

Transient working memory requires attention and temporary storage of information, whereas executive function working memory requires additional mental manipulation of that information. Working memory impairment is common in schizophrenia patients, but only some studies have found differential impairment in executive function working memory compared to transient working memory. We measured both types of working memory using the Digit Span forward (DF) and backward (DB) tasks in a large sample of schizophrenia patients (n=267) and normal comparison subjects (n=82); in the patients, we also examined associations between performance on the Digit Span tasks and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS), a putative executive function working memory test. Compared to healthy subjects, the schizophrenia patients showed impairment in the medium effect size range on both DF (d=-0.55) and DB (d=-0.68). DB scores predicted LNS performance, whereas DF scores did not. Worse negative symptoms were associated with worse performance on DF, DB and LNS. These results do not reflect differential executive function working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia, but appear to support transient and executive function working memory as separable constructs.     

具阴性症状精神分裂症的病程与其认知功能改善的相关性分析

目的探讨具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人的病程与其认知功能改善的关系。方法对60例具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人在氯氮平或利培酮治疗前后进行阴性症状评定量表（SANS）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）评定精神症状;用Wisconsin卡片分类测验（WCST）,Wechsler记忆测验（WMS）、Wechsler成人智力量表（WMS—RC）评定认知功能;以及对病程与认知功能的改善程度进行比较和相关性分析。结果WMS理解量袭分的前后差值与病程为0—5年和病程为11—15年有显著差异（P〈0．05）,在WSCT测验中总测验数的差值与病程为0—5年、6—10年和11—15年比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）,持续错误数的改善在病程为6—10年和11—15年两个组,有显著差异（P〈0．05）;WAIS—RC和WMS前后的差值与病程元相关性（P〉0．05）。结论具阴性症状的精神分裂症的部分认知功能改善程度与病程有关。     

Sustained cognitive impairments after clinical recovery of severe depression

ABSTRACT: Neuropsychological impairment is prominent in patients with depression, but it is unclear whether deficits persist after clinical response. This study aimed to investigate neuropsychological functions in the course of the illness. Depressive patients were investigated in the acute state and after clinical response using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. After clinical response, there was only a partial improvement in learning and memory and there were no changes regarding working memory, executive functions, and attention. Transient impairments in visual learning and memory suggest a depression-related state effect. The continuing deficits in attention, working memory, and executive function might be considered a trait marker.