探讨血钠水平对神经内科危重患者的影响

目的探讨血钠水平对神经内科危重患者的影响。方法选取我院ICU收治的神经重症患者266例,按是否发生高血钠症,分为高血钠组(64例)和非高血钠组(202例)。制定"高钠血症相关因素调查表"收集患者的人口学特征(年龄、性别),既往病史(卒中史、高血压、糖尿病病史)等,记录患者的血钠浓度、患者出院时的转归情况(死亡与否)。结果 2组各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。高钠血症组死亡43例,病死率为67.19%,非高钠血症组死亡86例,病死率为42.57%,2组病死率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。将高钠血症组患者依据血钠浓度分为145~155mmol/L组,156~165mmol/L组,166~175mmol/L组和≥176mmol/L组。随着高钠血症组患者血钠水平升高,病死率升高。结论高钠血症组的病死率高于非高钠血症组,随着血钠浓度的升高患者病死率逐渐增加,高钠血症与神经危重症患者的预后密切相关。     

重症脑梗死患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素及预防

目的探讨神经重症(NICU)脑梗死患者下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的相关危险因素,观察低分子肝素(LMWH)及气压治疗(IPC)对DVT的预防效果。方法回顾性分析270例NICU脑梗死患者临床资料,通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析NICU脑梗死患者并发DVT的独立危险因素;在LMWH与IPC干预下,统计NICU脑梗死患者DVT发生情况;彩超观察DVT发生的特点。结果单因素分析发现,卧床时间、机械通气时间、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、入院NIHSS评分、静脉穿刺部位、刺激性药物应用、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间、D-二聚体与DVT发生相关(P0.05),抗凝药物及抗血小板药物为保护因素(P0.05),性别、吸烟史差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析进一步证,实年龄、卧床时间、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原水平是影响DVT的独立危险因素,抗凝药物、抗血小板药物为保护因素(P0.05)。LMWH联合IPC预防DVT效果最好(P0.05),单独应用LMWH、IPC效果也优于常规预防(P0.05)。结论 NICU脑梗死患者是DVT高发人群,存在多种发生DVT的高危因素,预防性使用LMWH联合IPC可显著降低DVT发生。     

重症脑卒中患者并发危重症性多发性神经病的危险因素分析

目的探讨重症脑卒中患者并发危重症性多发性神经病(CIP)的发生率以及其危险因素。方法 148例重症脑卒中患者,在发病后1周内和1个月后各进行1次四肢EMG检查,观察并统计:(1)CIP发生率。(2)并发CIP的患者和未并发CIP的患者一般情况比较。(3)并发CIP可能的危险因素分析。结果 (1)共有23例患者并发CIP(15.54%)。(2)并发CIP和未并发CIP的两组患者之间进行比较,在性别比例、基础疾病构成、入院时急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、昏迷、高血糖、静脉使用神经阻滞剂和静脉使用肾上腺糖皮质激素方面均无统计学差异(均P0.05),并发CIP患者在年龄、并发脓毒症、并发多器官功能衰竭(MOF)、建立人工气道情况、有创机械通气、并发营养不良和使用肠外营养方面显著高于未并发CIP患者(均P0.05)。(3)重症脑卒中患者并发CIP的危险因素有60岁以上、脓毒症、MOF、建立人工气道、有创机械通气、营养不良和使用肠外营养;Logistic多因素回归分析发现,脓毒症、MOF、有创机械通气、营养不良是重症脑卒中患者并发CIP的独立危险因素。结论脓毒症、MOF、有创机械通气、营养不良是重症脑卒中患者并发CIP的独立危险因素。     

神经危重症患者发生胃潴留的危险因素及干预对策

目的对我院神经内科病房收住的神经危重症发生胃潴留患者进行相关因素分析,并提出合理的干预对策。方法将我院近3a来在神经内科危重病房治疗的神经危重症并发生胃潴留的患者作为研究对象。通过胃插管为患者供给营养,时间〉1周,每隔6h将胃中的残留物抽取出来,根据胃中残留物的量是否超过200mL将患者分为胃潴留组23例和非胃潴留组49例。比较2组患者的一般情况和相关危险因素的差异。结果对2组患者在入院时登记的一般情况进行比较,发现患者在年龄、性别、血清蛋白等指标无明显差异,对其相关危险因素进行单因素分析,结果显示年龄、性别、机械通气、低血钾、高血糖、感染、低蛋白血糖、镇静、亚低温、离子絮乱与神经危重症患者发生胃潴留的关系相关性不高,而患者入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分和胃潴留的发生相关性较强,且分数越低,胃潴留发生的可能性就越大,Logistic多因素分析结果显示格拉斯哥昏迷评分是其独立危险因素。结论神经危重症患者胃潴留的相关危险因素主要是格拉斯哥昏迷评分,且胃潴留的发生率和格拉斯哥昏迷评分、机械通气、亚低温和低血钾有着密切的关系,因此为防止神经危重症患者出现胃潴留,在治疗和护理期间应处理好相关干预对策,尽可能使患者降低病痛,也为临床护理提供一定的保障。     

高钠血症对脑部疾病患者预后的影响

目的探讨高钠血症对脑部疾病患者预后的影响。方法分析247例脑部疾病患者的临床资料,每天检测一次(或多次)血钠值,分析其与预后的关系。结果高钠血症的发生率与疾病种类无关;高钠血症患者的死亡率明显高于正常血钠者;高钠血症得到纠正与未得到纠正患者的预后比较差异无显著性。结论出现高钠血症提示脑部疾病病情严重,预后不佳。     

围术期血清钠离子水平对重型颅脑损伤患者病情及预后的影响

目的研究重型颅脑损伤患者血钠紊乱的情况以及血钠在重型颅脑损伤病情及预后评估的临床应用价值。方法以我院98例重型颅脑损伤患者为研究对象,结合患者GCS评分观察其血钠检测情况,并研究患者预后与血钠紊乱的关系。结果重型组与特重型组血钠紊乱发生率、低钠血症发生率以及高钠血症发生率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),均以特重型组发生率较高;2组低钠血症以及高钠血症血钠平均血清水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),低钠血症以特重型组血钠平均水平较低,高钠血症以特重型组血钠平均水平较高。2组总病死率、低钠血症病死率及高钠血症病死率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),均以特重型组发生率较高;血钠正常颅脑损伤患者病死率11.1%,低钠血症颅脑损伤患者病死率32.0%,高钠血症颅脑损伤患者病死率48.6%;差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),以高钠血症颅脑损伤患者病死率较高。结论血钠代谢紊乱程度可反映重型颅脑损伤患者病情的严重性并与患者预后关系密切,血钠紊乱程度越高往往预示着患者预后越差。     

蛛网膜下腔出血钠代谢失衡的临床分析

目的分析蛛网膜下腔出血钠代谢失衡的原因、特点、处理方法及对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析58例蛛网膜下腔出血患者并发钠代谢紊乱的临床资料。结果低钠血症发生率22.41%,高钠血症为5.17%。发生钠代谢失衡的患者意识障碍发生率、脑血管痉挛发生率、病死率均高于正常血钠组,低钠血症发生脑血管痉挛的危险较其他2组高。结论蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生钠代谢失衡与疾病本身的病理生理机制有关。低钠血症的发生率高于高钠血症,高钠血症一旦发生很难纠正,应积极消除造成高钠血症的因素,以预防为主。低钠血症与脑血管痉挛相关,发生后要及时纠正,要注意补钠的方法与速度。     

肺移植术后高钠血症1例并文献复习

选择原发性肺动脉高压并三尖瓣关闭不全、充血性心力衰竭患者1 例，在体外循环下行同种异体原位双肺移植术，移植后出现严重的持续性高钠血症合并严重代谢性碱中毒。回顾分析其病理过程及诊疗经过，并复习相关文献。患者移植后第1天血钠升高，达158.2 mmol/ L，第4天达167.9 mmol/ L，同时合并严重的代谢性碱中毒，最高pH值达7.6。经补充血容量、使用襻利尿剂、控制钠盐摄入综合治疗14 d后，血钠恢复正常至140 mmol/ L，碱中毒纠正，并维持酸碱及电解质平衡。提示肺移植后高钠血症的发生有其特殊性和复杂性，需要积极消除各种易感因素，及时对危重症患者进行病因和对症治疗，尽量减少医源性因素的影响。     

蛛网膜下腔出血钠代谢失衡的临床分析

目的 分析蛛网膜下腔出血钠代谢失衡的原因、特点、处理方法及对预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析58例蛛网膜下腔出血患者并发钠代谢紊乱的临床资料。结果 低钠血症发生率22．41％，高钠血症为5．17％。发生钠代谢失衡的患者意识障碍发生率、脑血管痉挛发生率、病死率均高于正常血钠组，低钠血症发生脑血管痉挛的危险较其他2组高。结论 蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生钠代谢失衡与疾病本身的病理生理机制有关。低钠血症的发生率高于高钠血症，高钠血症一旦发生很难纠正，应积极消除造成高钠血症的因素，以预防为主。低钠血症与脑血管痉挛相关，发生后要及时纠正，要注意补钠的方法与速度。     

神经科重症监护病房中急性脑卒中患者死亡危险因素的分析

目的 探讨神经科重症监护病房(NICU)中急性脑卒中患者死亡的危险因素.方法 归纳NICU中137例急性脑卒中患者的临床资料,对多种危险因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分析显示,年龄、昏迷、高热、肺部疾病、房颤/心脏扩大、卒中史、机械通气、脑中线移位、入院时血糖水平、急性生理与慢性健康评估(APACHE)Ⅱ评分、鼻饲管和导尿管及合并肺部感染在死亡组和生存组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,昏迷、高热、肺部感染、机械通气以及有房颤/心脏扩大者与急性脑卒中死亡关系最为密切.结论 昏迷、高热、肺部感染、机械通气及合并房颤/心脏扩大是NICU中急性脑卒中患者死亡的重要危险因素.     

急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的危险因素

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的危险因素,为早期发现和治疗提供依据.方法 比较分析72例急性脑卒中并发肾功能损害患者(肾功能损害组)和80例肾功能正常的脑卒中患者(对照组)的各项临床资料,对可能影响急性脑卒中患者肾功能的危险因素进行Logistic逐步回归分析.结果 Logistic逐步回归分析显示,GCS评分、大剂量甘露醇、高渗透压血症和SIRS与急性脑卒中患者肾功能损害有关(P＜0.05).结论 急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的主要危险因素是GCS评分低、大剂量甘露醇、高渗透压血症和SIRS.     

颅内压监测在幕上大面积脑梗死减压术后治疗的应用价值

目的 探讨颅内压监测在幕上大面积脑梗死患者减压术后治疗中的作用及对预后的影响.方法 根据手术方法不同,将43例幕上大面积脑梗死患者分为监测组26例(去骨瓣减压并颞肌贴敷术+颅内压监测术)及对照组17例(去骨瓣减压并颞肌贴敷术),分析两组患者术后7 d脱水剂使用量、术后并发症(肾功能异常、电解质紊乱、颅内感染、应激性溃疡...     

Mortality in mechanically ventilated patients of Guillain Barr�� Syndrome

Background:

The mortality of patients with Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) has varied widely with rates between 1-18%. Death results from pneumonia, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and less frequently due to autonomic dysfunction or pulmonary embolism. There are only few studies which have used a large sample and have in detail analyzed the circumstances relating to death and the prognostic factors for the same in a cohort, including only mechanically ventilated patients.

Objective:

The objective of our study was to analyze the circumstances and factors related to mortality in mechanically ventilated patients of GBS.

Materials and Methods:

Case records of patients of GBS, satisfying National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) criteria, and requiring mechanical ventilation from 1984 to 2007, were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 273 GBS patients were managed with ventilatory support (190 men and 83 women) during the period. Besides symmetrical paralysis in all patients, bulbar palsy was present in 186 (68.1%), sensory involvement in 88 (32.2%) and symptomatic autonomic dysfunction in 72 (26.4%) patients. The mortality was 12.1%. The factors determining mortality were elderly age group (P=0.03), autonomic dysfunction (P=0.03), pulmonary complications (P=0.001), hypokalemia (P=0.001) and bleeding (P=0.001) from any site. Logistic regression analysis showed the risk of mortality was 4.69 times more when pneumonia was present, 2.44 times more when hypokalemia was present, and 3.14 times more when dysautonomia was present. The odds ratio for age was 0.97 indicating that a higher age was associated with a higher risk of mortality.

Conclusions:

Ventilator associated pulmonary complications, bleeding and hypokalemia especially in elderly patients require optimal surveillance and aggressive therapy at the earliest for reducing the mortality in this group of GBS patients.     

阿司匹林对重症脑血管病早期发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征的影响

目的 探讨服用阿司匹林对重症脑血管病早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）发生率的影响。 方法 该研究为前瞻性队列研究,连续纳入收住首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院脑血管病中心神经 重症监护室（neurologic intensive care unit,NICU）的急性重症脑血管病[发病48 h内格拉斯哥昏迷评分 （Glasgow coma scale,GCS）≤8分]的309例患者,登记患者的性别、年龄、既往病史、卒中前服药史、基 线GCS评分、原发病、是否进行全身麻醉及开颅手术、是否早期发生ARDS以及机械通气时间、NICU住 院时间、死亡率等。按照患者发病前是否规律服用阿司匹林分为阿司匹林组和非阿司匹林组,对比两 组患者早期ARDS发生率。同时对发生ARDS的患者与非ARDS患者两组的临床因素进行比较。 结果 阿司匹林组（106例）较非阿司匹林组（203例）的ARDS发生率（20.8% vs 30.5%,P =0.045）显 著减低,阿司匹林组患者的平均年龄较大（[ 62.41±10.69）岁vs（57.40±14.80）岁,P=0.002]、合并高 血压（50.9% vs 38.4%,P =0.035）、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（31.1% vs 20.2%,P =0.032）、同时 服用他汀类药物的比例（26.4% vs 8.4%,P =0.002）也较高,原发病构成比例中缺血性卒中的比例 更高。ARDS组（86例）与非ARDS（223例）组比较,患者入院时GCS评分（[ 3.87±1.61）vs（6.48±1.51）, P =0.043]较低、机械通气时间[6（5～8）d vs 0（0～3）d,P =0.001]和NI CU住院时间[8（6～10）d vs 3 （2～4）d,P =0.001]较长,但死亡率无显著差异。 结论 发病前规律服用阿司匹林能够减少重症脑血管病患者早期ARDS的发生率,但不能降低机械 通气时间、NICU住院时间及死亡率。     

重型颅脑损伤后高钠血症的原因分析及防治对策

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后高钠血症的病因、发生机制,对患者预后的影响及防治对策。方法回顾性分析136例重型颅脑损伤后发生高钠血症患者的临床资料和临床转归,并对所得结果进行统计学处理。结果出现高钠血症38例。高钠血症与24h出入量、GCS评分关系密切,并发高钠血症的重型颅脑损伤患者病死率明显增高。结论医源性脱水过多及下丘脑损害致水电解质失衡是高钠血症的主要原因,密切监测血钠浓度、及时调整水电解质平衡、积极治疗原发病是防治重型颅脑损伤后高钠血症的关键。     

Evaluation of cardiac complications in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using echocardiography--a comparison between patients with and without mechanical ventilation]

Two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography were performed in 19 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy for evaluating right ventricular overload and left ventricular function. Five of 19 patients were treated with mechanical ventilation. We defined right ventricular overload as right ventricular enlargement and the presence of paradoxical ventricular septal motion. The right ventricular dimensions in patients with mechanical ventilation were significantly larger than in patients without mechanical ventilation (p less than 0.01). All the patients with and without mechanical ventilation showed no significant right ventricular enlargement and none of them showed paradoxical ventricular septal motion. As for left ventricular function, there were no significant differences in the incidence of regional or diffuse wall motion abnormalities between two groups. However, the left ventricular fractional shortening was significantly lower in patients with mechanical ventilation than in patients without it (p less than 0.05), and the incidence of mitral regurgitation was significantly higher in the former than in the latter (p less than 0.01). Our findings suggest that right ventricular function is preserved even in patients with respiratory failure by appropriate respiratory treatment. Therefore, we should give attention to the progression of left ventricular dysfunction in long term prognosis.     

High mortality from Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Bangladesh

Although Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) has higher incidence and poor outcome in Bangladesh, mortality from GBS in Bangladesh has never been explored before. We sought to explore the frequency, timing, and risk factors for deaths from GBS in Bangladesh. We conducted a prospective study on 407 GBS patients who were admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2010 to 2013. We compared deceased and alive patients to identify risk factors. Cox regression model was used to adjust for confounders. Of the 407 GBS patients, 50 (12%) died, with the median time interval between the onset of weakness and death of 18 days. Among the fatal cases, 24 (48%) were ≥40 years, 36 (72%) had a Medical Research Council sum score ≤20 at entry, 33 (66%) had a progressive phase <8 days, and 27 (54%) required ventilation support. Ten patients (20%) died due to unavailability of ventilator. The strongest risk factor for deaths was lack of ventilator support when it was required (HR: 11.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6–30.7). Other risk factors for death included age ≥40 years (HR: 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1–16.7), mechanical ventilation (HR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.02–5.2), longer progressive phase (>8 days) (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), autonomic dysfunction (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.05–3.6), and bulbar nerve involvement (HR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.5–19.2). In Bangladesh, GBS is associated with higher mortality rates, which is related to lack of ventilator support, disease severity, longer progressive phase of the disease, autonomic dysfunction, and involvement of the bulbar nerves.     

有创颅内压监测靶向管控在重型颅脑损伤患者围术期应用价值分析

目的探讨有创颅内压（ICP）监测靶向管控在重型颅脑损伤（sTBI）患者围术期的应用价值。 方法选取千佛山医院神经外科诊疗中心自2017年1月至2021年12月收治住院的168例sTBI患者的临床资料进行回顾性队列研究，将应用ICP监测的sTBI患者设为试验组（88例），同期未应用ICP监测的sTBI患者为对照组（80例）。对2组患者甘露醇的应用情况、术后并发症、出院时GOS评分、住院费用、住院时间及神经外科重症监护病房（NSICU）治疗时长进行对比分析。 结果相较于对照组，试验组患者甘露醇的使用时长及总量均显著降低，住院及NSICU治疗时长显著减少，而预后良好率更高，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；2组患者的颅内感染率和非计划再次手术率比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论有创ICP监测下的靶向管控对于sTBI患者可以动态监测患者ICP变化，及时评估病情，更有效地控制甘露醇的使用，显著降低住院时长，提高患者预后，降低颅内感染率。     

Prognosis of patients with primary malignant brain tumors admitted to the intensive care unit: a two-decade experience

The purpose of this study is to describe the reasons for ICU admission and to evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors of patients with primary malignant brain tumors (PMBT) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). This is a retrospective observational cohort study of 196 PMBT patients admitted to two ICUs over a 19-year period. Acute respiratory failure was the main reason for ICU admission (45%) followed by seizures (25%) and non-epileptic coma (14%). Seizures were more common in patients with glial lesions (84 vs. 67%), whereas patients with primary brain lymphoma were more frequently admitted for shock (42 vs. 18%). Overall ICU and 90-day mortality rates were 23 and 50%, respectively. Admission for seizures was independently associated with lower ICU mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.06], whereas the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 6.85), cancer progression (OR 7.84), respiratory rate (OR 1.11) and Glasgow coma scale (OR 0.85) were associated with higher ICU mortality. Among the 95 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, ICU mortality was 37% (n = 35). For these patients, admission for seizures was associated with lower ICU mortality (OR 0.050) whereas cancer progression (OR 7.49) and respiratory rate (OR 1.08) were associated with higher ICU mortality. The prognosis of PMBT patients admitted to the ICU appears relatively favorable compared to that of hematologic malignancies or solid tumors, especially when the patient is admitted for seizures. The presence of a PMBT, therefore, does not appear to be sufficient for refusal of ICU admission. Predictive factors of mortality may help clinicians make optimal triage decisions.