自发性低颅压致脑静脉窦血栓形成合并多发梗死1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨自发性低颅压致脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床、影像学特点和发病机制。方法报道1例自发性低颅压致脑静脉窦血栓形成并脑内多发静脉性梗死患者的临床资料。结合临床、影像学特点及相关文献报道对其进行分析。结果自发性低颅压可导致脑静脉窦血栓形成。静脉系统扩张及血液瘀滞是血栓形成的主要机制。严重的血液瘀滞患者可出现多发皮质静脉性梗死,甚至脑干静脉性梗死,经治疗后多数患者症状消失。结论自发性低颅压是脑静脉窦血栓形成的重要危险因素。静脉性梗死可以出现在脑干。早期发现并治疗,多数患者预后良好。     

孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊治体会

目的探讨孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊断和治疗。方法选择2005-05-2015-09在我院治疗的孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓患者15例,回顾分析其临床资料。结果妊娠早期发病2例患者中1例经抗凝治疗后无效,转行静脉窦内接触性尿激酶溶栓治疗;妊娠晚期3例患者均行剖宫产终止妊娠,术后24h给予抗凝治疗,1例发生发生意识障碍转行血管内溶栓治疗。产褥期发病10例中经抗凝治疗无效2例,2例伴癫痫发作转行血管内溶栓治疗,1例出现颅内静脉窦广泛血栓合并脑内出血,经抢救无效死亡。结论孕产妇出现抽搐、急性和亚急性头痛等症状需警惕出现颅内静脉窦血栓,符合静脉窦引流区域的脑实质异常信号为颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊断依据,给予抗凝和溶栓等治疗以改善孕产妇结局。     

甲状腺机能亢进并发缺血性脑血管病

目的:分析甲亢合并缺血性脑血管的临床特点,探讨其发病机制及二者之间的关系。方法:对12例甲状腺机能亢进合并缺血性脑血管病(其中1例为MoyaMoya病,1例为静脉窦血栓)进行回顾性分析。结果:甲亢伴缺血性脑血管病.关键诱因是甲亢未得到有效控制。结论:甲亢做为中、青年缺血性脑血管病的一种病因,在临床上不容忽视。     

18例慢性脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床分析

相对动脉性卒中,脑静脉窦血栓形成较为少见,发病年龄较轻,临床表现复杂多样。慢性发病者(1个月以上)缺乏特异性临床表现,常被漏诊、误诊。我们对慢性脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,旨在加强对慢性脑静脉窦血栓形成的认识,提高诊断水平。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床与CT DSA

目的 :探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床特点与影像学改变。方法 :分析 18例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料 ,CT及 DSA改变。结果 :患者男 3例 ,女 15例 ,其中产后发病 11例 ,贫血 2例 ,化脓性中耳炎 1例 ,口服避孕药 1例。上矢状窦血栓形成 13例 ,横窦血栓形成 2例 ,海绵窦血栓形成 2例 ,上矢状窦合并其它静脉窦血栓形成 1例。 18例中痊愈 10例 ,好转 5例 ,死亡 3例。结论 :颅内静脉窦血栓形成早期诊断困难 ,应借助于脑 CT特别是 DSA,及早诊断及恰当治疗可降低病死率     

以丘脑病变为影像学特征的脑静脉窦血栓形成临床分析

对3例以丘脑病变为影像学特征的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料和发病特点进行回顾分析,均存在脑静脉窦血栓形成危险因素(急性脱水、产褥期);临床主要表现为头痛、恶心呕吐、记忆力减退、偏瘫、昏迷等。MRI检查可见单侧(1例)或双侧(2例)丘脑病变,脑血管造影(MRV和DSA)显示病变部位累及直窦(3例)、下矢状窦(2例)、上矢状窦(1例)和横窦(1例)。对于呈急性发病的单侧或双侧丘脑病变,尤其是存在脑静脉窦血栓形成危险因素的患者,应首先考虑脑静脉窦血栓形成之可能。     

多层螺旋CT平扫诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT平扫诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床价值。方法选取2010-01—2014-09于我院就诊的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者60例,均经临床脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断金标准DSA明确诊断,为DSA组,同时采取CT平扫诊断方法,与DSA组相对比,即为CT组。分析比较DSA和CT两种检查方法诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的阳性率及患者的满意度改善情况。结果 CT组患者脑静脉窦诊断阳性率与DSA差别无统计学意义(P0.05);CT组患者满意度明显优于DSA组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT平扫诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的准确性高,与其金标准DSA诊断无明显差别,可靠性高,且比较安全、创伤性小,患者满意度高,值得临床应用。     

成人肾病综合征合并颅内静脉窦血栓的研究进展

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）是指由于静脉窦内血栓形成导致脑静脉及脑脊液吸收障碍 而引发的脑血管疾病,其病因复杂多样,而肾病综合征（NS）被认为是CVST的重要原因之一。目前,国 内外关于NS 合并CVST的病例报道及相关研究越来越多,因此,现就对成人NS 合并CVST的发病机制、 诊断、治疗及相关研究进展等作一综述,旨在提高临床医师对于NS 合并CVST 的认识。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的早期临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析16例脑静脉窦血栓形成患的发病年龄、发病形式、首发症状、临床表现、影像学特征及脑脊液等检查结果与治疗方法。结果发病年龄以20～60岁多见，多数患为急性发病，早期临床表现为头痛、呕吐，伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损或癫痫发作。影像学检查表现为静脉窦闭塞及局限性梗死灶。脑脊液压力明显增高，白细胞数及蛋白质含量正常或增高，但感染性或癌性脑静脉窦血栓形成除外。应用脱水、抗凝、局部溶栓及病因治疗等方法后，16例患中6例基本痊愈，7例症状好转，1例无变化，2例死亡。结论脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床表现复杂多样，无特异性，对临床急性发病的头痛、呕吐、伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损及乏癫痫发作的年轻患，应高度怀疑脑静脉窦血栓形成，及时行磁共振成像(MRI)及磁共振血管造影(MRA)联合检查，以明确诊断。确诊后应尽早开始治疗。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成合并出血性脑卒中临床分析

目的 分析脑静脉窦血栓形成合并出血性脑卒中的诊断与治疗方法.方法 10例脑静脉窦血栓形成合并出血性脑卒中病人,CT常规头部OM基线扫描,颅底层厚5 mm,颅内层面10 mm,间距510 mm,共12～14幅图象.MRI常规T1WI、T2 WI及MRV序列扫描,根据病变范围扫描层数为19～20层,4例患者行增强扫描;所有患者入院后行血常规及生化检查,所有患者均给予甘露醇静滴脱水降颅压,低分子肝素钙针(5 000 U皮下注射,2次/d,)皮下注射抗凝,控制活化部分凝血酶原时间,延长2倍且不超过120 s,每日监测至少2次、并予营养神经药物、尼莫地平预防脑血管痉挛、支持对症治疗及护理.低分子肝素钙针应用1周后改为阿司匹林片口服.结果 脑静脉窦血栓形成合并出血性脑卒中临床较为少见,临床表现以急性严重头痛多见,出血部位常位于大脑凸面,静脉窦累及以矢状窦、乙状窦、横窦.10例患者给予相应的抗凝与综合治疗后,有效率为100％.结论 脑静脉窦血栓形成合并出血性脑卒中,临床表现不典型,急性严重头痛和静脉窦累及矢状窦、乙状窦、横窦出血是诊断的线索,抗凝治疗应根据病情进行.     

甲状腺机能亢进与癫痫样发作(附2例报道)

目的探讨甲状腺机能亢进伴发癫痫样发作的临床特点和发病机制。方法通过中文医学期刊全文数据库及Medline检索到从1974年至今国内外相关的文献报道共17例,附我院癫痫中心2例报道。结果甲状腺机能亢进伴发癫痫样发作的临床表现有3种形式:(1)以痫样发作为首发症状出现;(2)痫样发作为继发临床症状;(3)癫痫患者合并甲亢时痫样发作加重。发作类型以全面性强直阵挛发作为主。结论(1)甲状腺机能亢进可引起脑损害而导致癫痫样发作,发病机制有待于进一步研究证实;(2)癫痫与甲亢可能存在某些共同的免疫发病机制。     

The incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with overt hyperthyroidism: a retrospective multicentre cohort study

Hyperthyroidism is associated with several changes in the haemostatic system resulting in a hypercoagulable state. It is uncertain at this stage whether this leads to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine the risk of VTE in all patients with overt hyperthyroidism and to compare this to the risk of VTE in the general population. In three hospitals in the Netherlands, patients with biochemically confirmed hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease, multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma were included. All available electronic and handwritten records were examined. Primary outcome was the occurrence of VTE within six months before and until six months after the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. We included a total of 587 patients. Five patients experienced a VTE during the study period, resulting in an incidence rate of 8.7 (95% CI 2.8 - 20.2) per 1,000 person-years. Three of these five patients had a first VTE (incidence rate for first VTE was 5.3 [95% CI 1.1 - 15.6] per 1,000 person-years). Incidence rates of VTE in the general population are between 0.6 and 1.6 per 1,000 person-years for first VTE and 0.7 and 1.8 per 1,000 person-years for all VTE. In conclusion, the incidence rate of VTE in patients with hyperthyroidism appears to be high. Future prospective studies are needed to further explore this possible association and to address its clinical implications.     

甲状腺功能亢进并发周围神经病(附一例报告并文献复习)

目的　探讨甲状腺功能亢进并发周围神经病的临床表现、发病机制、电生理 (EMG)和病理特点、治疗以及预后。方法　详细收集病史及体格检查资料并进行随访观察 ,动态观察甲状腺功能 ,对比肌电图检查结果 ,并电镜观察腓肠神经活检标本。结果　此例甲状腺功能亢进并发周围神经病表现为运动重于感觉、远端重于近端 ;肌电图提示运动感觉传导速度均减慢 ;神经活检证实同时有脱髓鞘和轴索变性。甲状腺功能亢进控制后肌无力明显改善 ,神经传导速度亦明显恢复。结论　甲状腺功能亢进可并发周围神经病 ,但较罕见 ,其机制可能为自身免疫和代谢异常 ,预后与甲状腺功能亢进控制情况密切相关     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床与影像学特点

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床与影像学特点。方法对17例CVST患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组17例CVST患者的平均年龄为34.4岁,≤45岁的中青年患者12例(70.6%)。常见的临床症状:头痛15例(88.2%),癫痫发作5例(29.4%);体征:颈抵抗(+)8例(47.1%),视盘水肿4例(23.5%)。16例患者行腰穿CSF检查示压力增高15例,CSF细胞数和蛋白含量轻度增高分别为3例、4例。头颅CT检查显示CVST的直接征象3例(17.6%),间接征象10例(58.8%)。MRI检查显示CVST的表现15例(88.2%);MR静脉造影(MRV)检查有16例患者(94.1%)显示颅内静脉窦血流缺失或降低。经低分子肝素抗凝或合并肠溶阿司匹林、巴曲酶,以及脱水降颅压、抗感染等治疗后,基本痊愈+显著进步11例(64.7%),无变化4例(23.5%),死亡2例(11.8%)。结论 CVST大多为中青年发病,临床表现无特异性。头颅CT对CVST的诊断价值较低;而MRI和MRV诊断CVST的准确性高,能显示颅内静脉窦闭塞的表现。本病抗凝治疗的效果较好。     

白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成9例分析

目的 研究白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的临床表现、血 栓好发部位、治疗及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年8月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经内科住院的白塞病 相关CVST患者的临床资料。 结果 共收集白塞病相关CVST患者9例,其中男性2例（22.2%）,女性7例（77.8%）,年龄21～47岁,中 位数是35.9岁;急性起病1例（11.1%）,慢性起病8例（88.9%）;头痛4例（44.4%）、头晕1例（11.1%）、 阵发性黑蒙3例（33.3%）、双眼视力下降5例（55.6%）、视盘水肿9例（100%）、复视3例（33.3%）、耳 鸣1例（11.1%）;乙状窦血栓形成7例（77.8%）、横窦血栓5例（55.6%）、直窦血栓1例（11.1%）、下矢状 窦血栓1例（11.1%）、颈内静脉血栓2例（22.2%）;仅1处静脉窦受累的4例（44.4%）,同时有2处及2处 以上静脉窦受累的5例（55.6%）;所有患者均予醋甲唑胺50 mg 2次/日口服,3例予糖皮质激素冲击 治疗,其中1例合并华法林抗凝治疗、2例进行了腰大池-腹腔分流手术。随访1～32个月,所有患者治疗 后均好转。 结论 白塞病可引起颅内静脉窦血栓形成,可累及单处或多处静脉窦,CVST患者需除外白塞病可能。     

Platysmal myoclonus in subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism is associated with various movement disorders, such as chorea and tremors. We report on a young Chinese woman with an unusual presentation of myoclonus, involving both platysmal muscles, in association with subclinical hyperthyroidism. The myoclonus was preceded by symptoms of hyperthyroidism, namely weight loss, menstrual disturbances, and heat intolerance. The movements abated with clonazepam and hyperthyroidism was treated with carbimazole. The myoclonus recurred briefly when she stopped taking clonazepam, but she has since remained well and euthyroid.     

Stroke Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines

ObjectivesDevelopment of safe and effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains the cornerstone of controlling this pandemic. However, there are increasing reports of various types of stroke including ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) after COVID-19 vaccination. This paper aims to review reports of stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccines and provide a coherent clinical picture of this condition.Materials and methodsA literature review was performed with a focus on data from recent studies.ResultsMost of such patients are women under 60 years of age and who had received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Most studies reported CVST with or without secondary ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, and some with Vaccine-induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT). The most common clinical symptom of CVST seen after COVID-19 vaccination was headache. The clinical course of CVST after COVID-19 vaccination may be more severe than CVST not associated with COVID vaccination. Management of CVST following COVID-19 vaccination is challenging and may differ from the standard treatment of CVST. Low molecular weight heparin is commonly used in the treatment of CVST; however, it may worsen outcomes in CVST associated with VITT. Furthermore, administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and high-dose glucocorticoids have been recommended with various success rates.ConclusionThese contradictory observations are a source of confusion in clinical decision-making and warrant further study and development of clinical guidelines. Clinicians should be aware of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccination.     

Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: An unusual clinical presentation of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Ruptured cerebral aneurysm is the most common cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Rarely cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) may present initially as acute SAH, and clinically mimics aneurysmal bleed. We report 2 cases of CVST who presented with severe headache associated with neck pain and focal seizures. Non-contrast brain CT showed SAH, involving the sulci of the convexity of hemisphere (cSAH) without involving the basal cisterns. Both patients received treatment with anticoagulants and improved. Awareness of this unusual presentation of CVST is important for early diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the inclusion of vascular neuroimaging like MRI with venography or CT venography in the diagnostic workup of SAH, especially in a patient with strong clinical suspicion of CVST or in a patient where neuroimaging showed cSAH.Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) suggests the presence of a vascular lesion, most commonly ruptured cerebral aneurysm. It is rare for SAH to be associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), and its location is usually different from the arterial aneurysms.1,2 The exact pathogenesis of SAH associated with CVST remains unknown; however, it is believed that it is probably induced by the rupture of dilated thin-walled cortical veins.1 Diagnosis of CVST associated with SAH usually depends on a high index of clinical suspicion combined with radiologic confirmation, so that appropriate treatment can be timely initiated. To date, 74 cases of CVST with radiological evidence of SAH, usually seen at the cerebral convexities, have been reported in the literature.3,4We are reporting 2 cases of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis that presented initially with SAH. Our objective in presenting these cases is to highlight the fact that CVST may present early as SAH, and vascular neuroimaging should be considered in selected cases, especially those cases, in which cerebral aneurysm is not detected and there is still a clinical suspicious of CVST. We also have addressed the non-aneurysmal convexity SAH (cSAH) which is being increasingly recognized with characteristic radiological pattern of venous SAH, as opposed to aneurysmal SAH. The use of systemic anticoagulation as an initial therapy of CVST, even in the presence of SAH is also briefly discussed.     

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as a Rare Complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study

AimSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unusual risk factor for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). As few CVST patients with SLE have been reported, little is known regarding its frequency as an underlying etiology, clinical characteristics, or long-term outcome. We evaluated a large cohort of CVST patients with SLE in a multicenter study of cerebral venous thrombosis, the VENOST study, and their clinical characteristics.Material and MethodAmong the 1144 CVST patients in the VENOST cohort, patients diagnosed with SLE were studied. Their demographic and clinical characteristics, etiological risk factors, venous involvement status, and outcomes were recorded.ResultsIn total, 15 (1.31%) of 1144 CVST patients had SLE. The mean age of these patients was 39.9 ± 12.1 years and 13 (86.7%) were female. Presenting symptoms included headache (73.3%), visual field defects (40.0%), and altered consciousness (26.7%). The main sinuses involved were the transverse (60.0%), sagittal (40.0%), and sigmoid (20.0%) sinuses. Parenchymal involvement was not seen in 73.3% of the patients. On the modified Rankin scale, 92.9% of the patients scored 0-1 at the 1-month follow-up and 90.9% scored 0-1 at the 1-year follow-up.ConclusionsSLE was found in 1.31% of the CVST patients, most frequently in young women. Headache was the most common symptom and the CVST onset was chronic in the majority of cases. The patient outcomes were favorable. CVST should be suspected in SLE patients, even in those with isolated chronic headache symptoms with or without other neurological findings.     

Hyperthyroid-induced chorea in an adolescent girl.

Hyperthyroidism is invariably accompanied by nervous system dysfunctions. Irritability, emotional lability and hyperkinesia are the signs and symptoms most frequently observed. Chorea or choreoathetosis are only rarely associated with hyperthyroidism. It is the purpose of this work to describe the case of a young girl in whom chorea was the main manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. The chorea receded and disappeared as the patient became euthyroid. Hyperthyroidism, therefore, is to be considered an unusual cause of chorea and every patient with choreiform movements should be examined also for thyroid function.