高清磁共振研究基底动脉粥样硬化狭窄重构模式在脑桥旁正中梗死中的应用

目的 应用3.0T高分辨磁共振成像（high resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI）探讨脑桥旁 正中梗死（paramedian pontine infarction,PPI）患者基底动脉管壁特征及重构模式。 方法 连续入组孤立脑桥旁正中梗死患者30例,行头颅磁共振平扫及头颅磁共振血管成像 （magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）检查,并用3.0T HRMRI对基底动脉检查,测量管壁特征并计 算重构指数（remodeling index,RI）（最窄处血管面积/参考处血管面积）。RI≤0.95为阴性重构,RI 在 0.95～1.05之间为无重构,RI≥1.05为阳性重构,比较阴性重构和阳性重构的斑块面积、斑块负荷等 特点。 结果 30例患者在MRA上共发现9例有基底动脉狭窄,21例显示管腔正常,而在HRMRI可发现25例患 者有基底动脉粥样硬化性斑块,并可见斑块位于脑桥旁正中梗死责任血管的穿支动脉口。对HRMRI上 发现有动脉粥样斑块的25例患者计算RI,其中阴性重构8例,无重构6例,阳性重构11例,比较两组数 据,阳性重构组的斑块面积（8.17±4.7）mm2及斑块负荷（29.07±15.03）%均大于阴性重构组的斑块 面积（1.08±1.89）mm2及斑块负荷（3.96±6.76）%,差异具有显著性。 结论 HRMRI有助于缺血性卒中的病因学分型并评估病变的RI。脑桥旁正中梗死患者基底动脉阴性 重构与阳性重构同样常见,阳性重构常合并较大的动脉粥样硬化斑块,且斑块面积及斑块负荷均大 于阴性重构。     

脑桥旁正中梗死层面数与基底动脉粥样硬化和早期进展关系

目的分析急性期脑桥旁正中梗死(paramedian pontine infarction,PPI)轴位弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)累及层面数与基底动脉狭窄程度及信号改变的关系,并分析与PPI引起的临床神经功能缺损早期进展的关系。方法选择经DWI确诊的脑桥旁正中梗死急性期患者96例,根据轴位DWI累及层面数,分为一层组和两层组(包括两层及两层以上)。采用MRA将基底动脉分为无狭窄、有狭窄;在T1加权像(T1weighted image,T1WI)上将基底动脉管壁分为无高信号和有高信号改变。应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评估临床早期病情进展。结果一层组49例(51.04%),两层组47例(48.96%),两组在基底动脉狭窄程度之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组之间基底动脉高信号改变差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组之间脑桥旁正中梗死临床神经功能缺损程度早期进展差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑桥旁正中梗死轴位DWI累及层面数增多时需结合MRA与T1WI综合评估基底动脉病变情况,且要预防神经功能缺损早期进展。     

脑桥旁正中梗死研究进展

累及脑桥腹侧表面的旁正中梗死主要是由基底穿支动脉起始部闭塞引起的,属于基底动脉穿支病.由于脑桥旁正中梗死在临床中较为常见,且在急性期常有进展加重或波动的临床特点,本文就其病因,发病机制、临床表现及治疗的研究进展做一综述.     

联合巴曲酶治疗急性脑桥旁正中梗死疗效观察

目的评价联合巴曲酶(东菱迪芙)治疗急性脑桥旁正中梗死的临床效果。方法急性脑桥旁正中梗死患者78例,采用随机对照方法分为治疗组和对照组。2组均采用阿司匹林0.1g qd口服,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇>2.06mmol/L辛伐他汀20mg每晚口服,0.9%氯化钠250mL注射液加血塞通注射液400mg静滴作为基础治疗。治疗组加巴曲酶注射液静滴,即巴曲酶加入生理盐水100mL静滴,首次10BU,隔日1次,以后5BU/次,共用3次,对照组加用安慰剂静滴。比较2组进展性卒中的发生率。结果疗程结束进展性卒中的发生率治疗组(21.6%)较对照组(41.5%)显著降低(P<0.01)。结论巴曲酶治疗急性脑桥旁正中梗死能显著降低进展性卒中的发生率。     

高分辨磁共振成像在脑桥旁正中梗死患者中的诊断价值

目的 探讨高分辨磁共振成像(high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, HRMRI)在脑桥旁正中梗死(paramedian pontine infarction,PPI)患者中的诊断价值。方法 连续收集经磁共振证实的PPI患者32例,全部行磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography, MRA)和HRMRI检查,利用HRMRI分析动脉粥样硬化斑块在基底动脉(basilar artery, BA)的分布位置,比较MRA与HRMRI识别BA狭窄能力的差异。结果 MRA检查显示BA狭窄者11例(34.4%),HRMRI 显示BA狭窄者27例(84.4%)(P<0.01)。HRMRI显示BA狭窄的27例患者,其粥样硬化斑块位于梗死病灶同侧25例(92.6%)、对侧2例(7.4%)。结论 HRMRI在诊断BA狭窄方面可信度较高; 脑桥旁正中梗死患者BA粥样硬化斑块大多分布在梗死病灶同侧     

不同类型急性孤立性脑桥梗死患者基底动脉的HR-VWI分析

目的分析不同类型急性孤立性脑桥梗死(AIPI)患者基底动脉的高分辨血管壁成像(HR-VWI)特点,探讨AIPI的发病机制。方法回顾性分析深圳市宝安区人民医院MR室自2016年6月至2019年12月检查的52例AIPI患者的临床及影像学资料。根据患者弥散加权成像(DWI)上病灶的形态和分布将其分为旁正中脑桥梗死(PPI)组和深部脑桥小梗死(SDPI)组,比较2组患者的临床资料,入院、出院时改良美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(mNIHSS)评分和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分以及HR-VWI上基底动脉斑块的发生率和特征。结果与SDPI组比较,PPI组患者入院、出院时mNIHSS评分较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PPI组患者基底动脉斑块的发生率明显高于SDPI组(92.9%vs.62.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与SDPI组比较,PPI组患者右侧壁斑块的发生率较高,腹侧壁斑块的发生率较低,向心性型斑块的发生率较高,血管壁最厚厚度增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论AIPI的发病机制与基底动脉的分支动脉粥样硬化病有关。PPI患者的临床症状、基底动脉斑块堵塞穿支开口均较SDPI更为严重,且基底动脉斑块较SDPI不稳定。     

脑桥梗死部位与椎基底动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系

目的 探讨脑桥梗死部位与椎基底动脉狭窄或闭塞之间的关系.方法 连续入选2005年2月至2007年9月收住北京宣武医院神经内科的新发脑桥部梗死患者139例,所有病例均行头部MRI以及全脑血管造影检查,排除有可疑心源性栓子来源的患者.将病例分为A(旁中央动脉组)、B(短旋动脉组)、C(长旋动脉组)、D(混合组)4组,并对各组进行与椎动脉、基底动脉狭窄或闭塞以及无血管病变的相关性研究.结果 139例患者中A、B、C、D组各占78(56.1%)、3(2.2%)、7(5.0%)、51(36.7%)例.左或右侧椎动脉闭塞者56例(40.3%),左或右椎动脉狭窄者60例(43.2%),基底动脉闭塞者14例(10.1%),基底动脉狭窄者14例(10.1%),无后循环血管改变者16例(11.5%).A组与椎动脉闭塞、基底动脉闭塞及无血管病变者相关,x2值分别为3.945、6.824、4.485,P值分别为0.043、0.021、O.041.D组与基底动脉闭塞相关,x2值为10.952,P值为0.006.对以上两者进行Logistic回归分析,发现A组与椎动脉闭塞更相关(OR值为2.261),D组与基底动脉闭塞更相关(OR值为15.750).结论 脑桥不同部位的梗死与椎基底动脉的狭窄或闭塞关系密切,提示临床医生在遇到相关病例时,应提高警惕,及时做血管检查.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the correlation between stenosis or occlusion of vertebralbasilar artery and the location of infarctions in pontine. Methods All 139 patients with acute pontine infarction who were admitted to the Department of Neurology,Xuanwu Hospital,Beijing,during February,2005 and September,2007 were studied. All patients received the examinations of head MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Patients with possible cardiac embolism were excluded from the study. All the cases were then divided into four groups: A( paracentral artery group); B (short rotary artery group); C (long rotary artery group) and D (combined group). Results In all 139 cases,78 cases (56. 1% ) were in A group,3 (2. 2% ) in B group,7 (5.0%) in C group and 51 (36.7%) in D group. Fifty-six cases (40. 3% ) have occlusion in vertebral artery,60 cases (43.2%) have stenosis of vertebral artery. Cases having stenosis or occlusion in basilar artery are 14 cases (10. 1% ) each. Sixteen cases (11.5%) have unimpaired vertebral-basilar artery. A group is related to occlusion of vertebral artery and basilar artery and unimpaired artery ( x2 =3. 945,6. 824,4. 485 ,P = 0. 043,0. 021,0. 041 respectively). D group is related to occlusion of basilar artery ( x2 = 10. 952,P = 0. 006). Logistic binary analysis found that A group is more related with occlusion of vertebral artery ( OR = 2. 261 ),while D group is more related to occlusion of basilar artery ( OR = 15. 750). Conclusions There is a significant correlation between stenosis or occlusion of vertebral-basilar artery and the locations of infarctions in pontine. The physicians are suggested to perform the examinations on cerebral vessels such as brain MRI or DSA in patients with infarctions in pontine.     

基底动脉狭窄对孤立性脑桥梗死预后的预测作用研究

目的 比较伴或不伴基底动脉狭窄的孤立性脑桥梗死患者的临床特征及合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄的情况,并分析基底动脉狭窄与患者出院时预后的相关性。方法 前瞻性收集了2007年10月至2008年8月北京天坛医院卒中单元连续收治的起病7天内急性孤立性脑桥梗死患者的临床及神经影像资料。比较伴或不伴基底动脉狭窄的危险因素、临床症状体征、神经功能缺损严重程度及出院时的预后情况。结果 共纳入101例孤立性脑桥梗死患者,与无或轻度基底动脉狭窄组患者相比,伴中、重度基底动脉狭窄或闭塞组患者,中枢性面瘫和吞咽困难的发生率高（P=0.008和0.002）,入院时神经功能缺损较严重（P=0.002）,同时合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄的比例也较高（P=0.009）。调整后的多因素分析显示：中、重度基底动脉狭窄或闭塞与孤立性脑桥梗死患者出院时预后不良相关（OR 2.7,95%CI 1.07～7.02,P=0.04）。结论 伴中、重度基底动脉狭窄或闭塞的孤立性脑桥梗死患者急性期神经功能缺损较严重,常合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄;中、重度基底动脉狭窄或闭塞是孤立性脑桥梗死患者出院时预后不良的独立预测因子。     

脑桥梗死不同病因机制的临床研究

目的 比较不同类型脑桥梗死的病因机制和临床特征。方法 选择脑桥梗死患者75例,分为基底动脉狭窄组9例和基底动脉无狭窄组66例,其中基底动脉无狭窄组又分为穿支病变组33例和小动脉病变组33例。比较各组的临床特征与影像学变化。结果 在各组的临床特征中,基底动脉狭窄组的糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、合并其他颅内血管中重度狭窄、神经功能缺损进展发生率、入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NationalInstitutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分、出院NIHSS评分、出院改良Rankin量表（modified RankinScal e,mRS）评分≥3比例较其他组增高（P＜0.05）。穿支动脉病变组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、入院收缩压、梗死灶大小、入院NIHSS、出院NIHSS评分、神经功能缺损进展、出院mRS评分比例高于小动脉病变组（P＜0.05）。结论 脑桥梗死存在不同的病因和发病机制。脑桥旁正中动脉梗死及合并基底动脉狭窄的脑桥梗死病变以动脉粥样硬化为主,病灶大,症状重,易发生进展,预后不良。     

酷似大脑半球病变的脑桥基底部梗死

脑桥梗死临床并不少见，其临床症状、体征呈多样化，有交叉体征者多被临床医生所认识，但表现酷似一侧大脑半球病变即颈内动脉系统血栓形成者尚鲜有报道。现将所收集的19例脑桥基底部梗死患者的临床征象报告如下。     

The origin of brainstem afferents of the paramedian pontine reticular formation in the cat

Transcannular microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) in adult cats to determine the origin of the principal sources of inputs to this important preoculomotor center for the production of saccadic eye movements. Retrogradely labeled cells were observed in numerous oculomotor-related structures, including the prerubral field (rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus), nucleus of Darkschewitsch, nucleus of the posterior commissure, deep superior colliculus, supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray, contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation, pontine raphe and dorsal medial pontine tegmentum medial to the abducens nucleus (purported to contain omnipause neurons), cell group Y, and the perihypoglossal complex (nucleus prepositus hypoglossi). Other sources of afferents to the region included the zona incerta, lateral and medial habenular nuclei, medial hypothalamus, medial mammillary nucleus, nucleus cuneiformis, medial medullary reticular formation, and the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei. The results are discussed in terms of the potential influence of these nuclei on the control of eye movement.     

Isolated INO as a presentation of midbrain paramedian area lacunar infarction in patients with diabetes

The clinical features and pathogenesis of the pure midbrain infarction need to be described. Of 4257 stroke patients who were on the stroke registry between January 2000 and December 2015, 25 patients with pure midbrain infarctions, as demonstrated on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, were enrolled. We analyzed the clinical features, MRI findings, and etiologic mechanisms of the infarctions. According to the distribution of each penetrating artery of the midbrain, we classified all the infarctions into paramedian (PM) area (13 patients), lateral area (10 patients), and PM and lateral areas (2 patients). In the lacunar infarction of the PM area group (8 patients), 6 patients had diabetes mellitus (DM), and 5 patients showed isolated anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)—the ratio was much higher than that of the non-PM-lacunar infarction group. Patients with DM were more likely to develop lacunar infarction of the midbrain PM area than that of non-diabetics. Data suggest that isolated INO is a presentation of midbrain PM area lacunar infarction in patients with DM.     

大脑中动脉狭窄脑深部小梗死发病机制的研究

目的 研究大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者脑深部小梗死的发生频率和发病机制。方法86例发病时间〈1周的急件脑梗死患者，行经颅多普勒超声、彩色超声、磁共振血管造影及功能磁共振成像等检查方法被明确诊断为症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄，并排除颈内动脉病变、心源性栓塞以及非动脉粥样硬化性狭窄。利用磁共振扩散加权成像观察梗死灶的形态学表现及特点，分析其发病机制。结果37例（43．02％）症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者存在深部小梗死，多呈孤立性单发病灶。其中内囊纹状体梗死及巨大腔隙者18例（20．93％），梗死灶体积多超过两个层面，少数病灶呈多灶分布的特点；直径较小的腔隙性梗死19例（22．09％），梗死灶体积〈15mm，多位于一个层面内。伴有大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的深部小梗死的患者，病情多不稳定，预后较差。所有脑深部小梗死患者均伴有大脑中动脉主干支狭窄，且梗死灶体积与大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度有关，内囊纹状体梗死多见于大脑中动脉重度狭窄者。结论约50％大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者存在脑深部小梗死，其发病机制与大脑中动脉粥样硬化斑块或斑块残端血栓蔓延堵塞深穿支动脉入口有关。对此类患者的治疗不同于经典的腔隙性脑梗死。     

大脑中动脉供血区单发腔梗的病灶位置与其发病机制的关系探讨

目的对大脑中动脉供血区单发腔梗(lacunar infarction,LI)的病灶位置及载体动脉硬化情况进行分析,探讨LI发病机制的异质性。方法将2009年10月~2015年10月期间于中国医科大学附属盛京医院神经内科住院的519例经头DWI证实的大脑中动脉供血区的单个新发LI患者纳入研究。根据病灶位置与载体动脉的关系将患者分为两组:近端腔隙性脑梗死组(proximal lacunar infarction,PLI)和远端腔隙性脑梗死组(distal lacunar infarction,DLI);评估每一位患者是否伴有载体动脉病(parent artery disease,PAD)、除载体动脉外的其它大动脉的动脉硬化情况(atherosclerosis of other cerebral artery,AOCA)、脑白质疏松程度、无症状性脑梗死(silent brain infarct,SBI)个数及其他临床资料,比较DLI和PLI两组患者在临床和影像学方面的差异。结果高龄、男性、吸烟、糖尿病、冠心病、AOCA、低密度胆固醇为PAD的危险因素。在PLI及DLI两组患者的临床特点和影像学资料的比较中,糖尿病在PLI组中的患病率高于DLI组,血清叶酸在DLI组中的水平低于PLI组。PLI组患者的病灶大于DLI组。PAD和AOCA为PLI的独立危险因素,脑白质疏松和SBI是PLI的保护性因素。结论不同病灶位置的LI在临床特点和影像学上有显著差异。我们将PAD和AOCA作为动脉硬化的标志,脑白质疏松和SBI作为微血管透明样变的标志,研究结果提示:PLI的发病机制可能与动脉硬化有关;DLI的发病机制可能与微血管透明样变性有关。     

Systemic atherosclerosis in patients with perforating artery territorial infarction

Background: Perforating artery territorial infarction (PAI) is usually a small artery disease (SAD). However, it may also result from branch artery occlusion or arterial embolism from the proximal atherosclerotic lesions. We hypothesized that patients with PAI caused by a SAD may have a distinct pattern of systemic artery involvement from those with PAI caused by large artery diseases. Methods: We investigated retrospectively 329 consecutive patients with PAI who had angiographic studies. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of atherosclerosis in the parent artery or relevant artery: no arterial lesion (NAL), relevant artery atherosclerosis (RAA) and parent artery atherosclerosis (PAA). The relevant artery was defined as any artery which can cause index stroke. The parent artery was defined as an original artery that branches out and forms small artery which was responsible for index PAI. Systemic evidence of atherosclerosis and risk factors were compared. Results: Of the 329 patients with PAI, 109 had RAA, 45 had PAA and 175 had neither RAA nor PAA. There were no differences amongst the groups in the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis. Evidence of atherosclerosis in arterial beds other than the relevant artery to the infarction (other cerebral arteries, coronary arteries, descending aorta and peripheral arteries) was significantly lower in the NAL group (49.7%) than in either the PAA group (88.9%) or RAA group (93.6%). Conclusions: Perforating artery territorial infarction with RAA or PAA when compared to PAI without atherosclerosis showed different involvement patterns of systemic atherosclerosis, suggesting potentially different aetiological mechanisms.