Sonography of ruptured appendicitis

Three girls and 4 boys with the final diagnosis of ruptured appendicitis underwent 19 sonographic studies, 5 before any therapy was instituted and 14 follow-up studies. Four abscesses identified before treatment and 2 seen postoperatively were ovoid, irregularly marginated, and contained lowamplitude echoes. Gastrointestinal ileus with gas- and fluid-filled loops of bowel made the studies technically difficult. Follow-up studies also showed fluid collections distant from the original abscesses. The complete resolution of the abscess was followed sonographically in 1 patient treated with antibiotics. Ultrasound can be useful in confirming or suggesting the diagnosis of ruptured appendicitis in the child with abdominal pain, but careful attention to detail is necessary in these technically difficult studies.     

经阴道超声在诊断异位妊娠中的应用

目的：探讨阴道超声诊断异位妊娠在临床治疗中的价值。方法：对疑为早期异位妊娠的病人经阴道超声检查和随访。结果：48例经阴道超声诊断出的异位妊娠，破裂型9例，未破裂型38例，宫内宫外同时妊娠1例，而未破裂型异位妊娠的诊断尤为重要，占总数79％，其声像图为附件区可见妊娠囊、空妊娠囊、Dount征和混合性回声四种。结论：经阴道超声检查，特别对未破裂型异位妊娠的检查，使异位妊娠的诊断时间大大提高，从而减少失血性休克，降低死亡率，指导临床治疗有着极其重要的意义。     

CT诊断高位急性阑尾炎

目的 分析高位急性阑尾炎的临床表现和CT特征,探讨CT诊断高位急性阑尾炎的价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术证实和临床、CT随访证实的高位急性阑尾炎21例.采用16排CT扫描机进行急诊腹部平扫检查,扫描范围分别为上腹、上中腹、中下腹和全腹.由2名放射科医师分别对图像进行分析.结果 21例中,14例(14/21,66.67%)...     

急性阑尾炎超声影像分析

目的结合阑尾炎的病理分型,分析急性阑尾炎声像图特征以提高其诊断准确率。方法应用凸阵、线阵探头分析41例阑尾炎患者的临床资料,总结不同病理分型的声像图表现。结果 41例患者超声发现病变阑尾40例,其中单纯性阑尾炎17例,化脓性阑尾炎15例,坏疽性阑尾炎8例,手术证实坏疽性阑尾炎1例;超声显示阑尾长轴呈肿大盲管样结构、短轴呈靶环征,壁增厚,无蠕动,管腔压闭性消失及穿孔阑尾管壁回声中断等自身变化继发改变。"超声麦氏征"阳性率100%。结论超声可清晰显示盲肠壁、阑尾孔及阑尾盲端,其典型的声像图特征有助于准确诊断急性阑尾炎。     

Roentgenographic features of acute nonobstructive appendicitis: A case report

We document a case of acute nonobstructive appendicitis and critically evaluate the pertinent literature. Although undoubtedly a rare entity, nonobstructive appendicitis may occur and should be differentiated from a normal appendix by barium enema examination. Mucosal and intramural inflammatory abnormalities are described which permit the diagnosis of nonobstructive appendicitis.     

Sonography of acute appendicitis

Graded compression sonography is an established imaging modality in the clinical setting of acute right lower quadrant pain or to diagnose acute appendicitis because of its easy assessability, noninvasiveness, real-time imaging. However, the ability to accurately diagnose appendicitis can be affected by several factors including operator dependence, deeper-located appendix, and obesity or muscularity of the patient. However, adjuvant techniques utilizing advanced equipment and accumulated operator's experience to conventional graded compression sonography will yield more frequent detection of the vermiform appendix and more accurate results of acute appendicitis on sonography. This article introduces adjuvant techniques and various know-how of real field in the detection of the vermiform appendix and diagnosis of acute appendicitis.     

多排螺旋CT诊断急性阑尾炎的价值分析

目的分析急性阑尾炎多排螺旋CT表现并探讨多排螺旋CT（MSCT）对急性阑尾炎诊断价值。方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的急性阑尾炎及阑尾炎并发症的MSCT表现及分型,采用16排CT对全腹部进行多期扫描,利用多平面重组（MPR）、曲面重组（CPR）及最大密度投影（MIP）等后处理技术进行观察。结果急性化脓性阑尾炎3例,急性坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎及阑尾脓肿12例,发生并发症10例,并发症均发生于阑尾坏疽穿孔或阑尾溶解病例,其中盆腔脓肿4例,腹腔脓肿3例,盆腔、腹腔均见脓肿1例,粘连性肠梗阻4例,腹腔脓肿伴输尿管炎性狭窄1例,阑尾脓肿累及盆腹壁致腹壁瘘、合并肓肠癌1例。术前14例正确诊断急性化脓性阑尾炎或阑尾脓肿,CT诊断率达93．3％。但急性化脓性阑尾炎与急性坏疽性阑尾炎无穿孔时鉴别困难。结论急性阑尾炎MSCT表现具有一定特征性,对急性阑尾炎诊断具有重要价值。     

穿孔性阑尾炎的临床表现及CT表现

目的 比较穿孔性和非穿孔性阑尾炎的CT及临床表现,探讨CT对穿孔性阑尾炎的诊断价值.方法 术后回顾性分析109例阑尾炎患者,将其分为穿孔性阑尾炎和非穿孔性阑尾炎2组,分析及比较二组临床症状、体征、实验室检查及CT征象.结果 症状持续超过3d、右下腹痛性包块,CT上阑尾管壁缺损、阑尾周围积气、阑尾腔外结石、腹腔脓肿、蜂窝组织炎等对于穿孔性阑尾炎的诊断具有较大的特异性,而反跳痛、腹肌紧张及CT上阑尾直径、阑尾周围肠壁增厚在穿孔性阑尾炎组中出现的概率也高于非穿孔性阑尾炎组(P＜0.05).结论 结合CT征象及临床表现可提高穿孔性阑尾炎的诊断,对于手术方案的选择具有较大的意义.     

经腹与经阴道超声对输卵管妊娠诊断价值的比较研究

目的　研究经腹超声 (TAS)与经阴道超声 (TVS)对输卵管妊娠的诊断价值。方法　 44例输卵管妊娠患者行TAS与TVS ,并与手术结果进行对比分析。结果　输卵管妊娠直接声像图表现为环状回声与附件区非特异性包块 ;TAS对附件包块的诊断敏感性与包块大小相关 ;TAS与TVS对破裂型输卵管妊娠诊断的敏感性无差异 ;TVS对早期未破裂型输卵管妊娠的诊断明显优于TAS。结论　TVS对输卵管妊娠的早期诊断具有重要的临床应用价值。     

MSCT对急性阑尾炎病理类型的预测价值

目的评价MSCT对急性阑尾炎病理类型的预测价值。方法回顾性分析112例经手术病理证实的急性阑尾炎患者的MSCT图像,观察急性阑尾炎的CT征象并进行评分;使用Spearman秩相关法对CT征象与病理分型进行相关性分析,筛选出与病理分型显著相关的CT征象,再利用上述征象作为变量进行Logistic回归分析,以预测病理类型,并评价回归模型的预测效果。结果阑尾直径、阑尾石、周围脂肪密度、管腔外积液、管腔内积液、箭头征、右侧腰大肌前缘模糊、盆腔积液、管腔内积气、盲肠条带征、乙状结肠壁增厚11个征象与急性阑尾炎病理分型存在显著相关,Logistic回归分析显示前5个征象可预测阑尾炎病理类型,预测值和病理分型的加权κ值为0.78,Logistic回归模型总体诊断准确率为85.71%(96/112)。结论应用上述5个MSCT征象建立的Logistic回归模型能够准确预测急性阑尾炎患者的病理学类型。     

经阴道超声对不典型输卵管妊娠的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声对不典型输卵管妊娠的诊断价值。方法应用阴道超声诊断不典型输卵管妊娠43例,与手术病理结果进行分析。结果超声诊断准确率为95．35％。超声图像改变分为未破裂型、流产型和陈旧型三类。结论经阴道超声检查既可早期诊断输卵管妊娠,又可对不典型病变作出正确判断。     

超声在急性阑尾炎中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声检查在急性阑尾炎诊断中的应用价值。方法对经手术病理证实的298例急性阑尾炎患者进行超声检查与病理进行对比分析。结果有253例显示了阑尾炎声象图改变,符合率为85%。结论较之CT、MRI等影像学检查,超声检查固有其简便、快速、可重复性、无损伤、费用低的优点,随着高频超声的应用及超声诊断水平的提高,目前已成为临床上的首选影像学检查方法。     

非典型急性阑尾炎的超声诊断体会

目的 探讨非典型急性阑尾炎的超声诊断。方法 临床拟诊经超声术前检查急性阑尾炎28例,手术病理证实27例为急性阑尾炎,超声诊断26例与手术病理一致。术前运用超声检查,将右下腹与左下腹（疑似病变处与健侧）的声像对比观察,确定有无病变存在。具体方法有如下三点：①前腹壁与腹后壁之间的夹角有无钝化;②腹膜壁层、腹后壁腰肌肌膜回声有无增厚、断续或模糊不清;③腹腔肠管有无局限扩张,蠕动有无增强或减低、随呼吸活动度大小。结果 超声拟诊28例非典型阑尾炎,26例与手术病理诊断一致,两例误、漏诊。26例中10例无明显包块,另16例无明显包块但表现为肠管局限轻度扩张,右下腹回声杂乱。结论 非典型急性阑尾炎,因右下腹声像看似无明显包块,且临床症状不典型时,超声诊断费时,容易误、漏诊。运用上述方法可以便捷、迅速判断局部病变的存在,从而提高诊断率和工作效率。     

Lung Sonography

Lung sonography represents an emerging and useful technique in the management of some pulmonary diseases. For many years, sonography of the thorax was limited to the study of pleural effusion and thoracic superficial masses because alveolar air and bones of the thoracic cage limit the propagation of the ultrasound beam. Only recently has it been highlighted that lung sonography is highly sensitive to variations of the pulmonary content and balance between air and fluids, like a real lung densitometer. Dynamic and static analysis of a combination of sonographic artifacts and real images makes accurate diagnosis of many lung disorders possible, particularly when lung sonography is applied in the emergency and critical care settings. Sonography is useful in the diagnosis of lung diseases in which the alveolar air content is impaired and interstitial and alveolar fluids are increased and also when air or fluids are collected in the pleural space. This article analyzes the basic principles of lung ultrasonography and all of the supposed limitations to its diagnostic usefulness. Moreover, the article reviews the three main fields of lung sonography application: interstitial, alveolar, and pleural syndromes.     

穿孔性阑尾炎CT征象

目的 探讨阑尾穿孔具有诊断价值的CT征象。方法 回顾性分析205例经手术病理证实的穿孔性和非穿孔性阑尾炎患者的CT图像。观察12项急性阑尾炎的CT征象,采用χ²检验筛选可用于鉴别诊断穿孔性与非穿孔性阑尾炎的CT征象,评价这些征象的敏感度、特异度和准确率。采用Logistic回归分析法分析阑尾穿孔最具诊断价值的CT征象。结果 205例中,40例(40/205,19.51%)阑尾穿孔与165例(165/205,80.49%)阑尾未穿孔患者间,脓肿、阑尾壁强化缺损、蜂窝织炎、阑尾腔外积气、阑尾腔外粪石差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),各征象鉴别诊断穿孔性和非穿孔性阑尾炎的敏感度、特异度和准确率依次分别为:脓肿80.00%(32/40)、97.58%(161/165)、94.15%(193/205),阑尾壁强化缺损50.00%(20/40)、98.79%(163/165)、89.27%(183/205),蜂窝织炎37.50%(15/40)、95.76%(158/165)、84.39%(173/205),阑尾腔外积气27.50%(11/40)、99.39%(164/165)、85.37%(175/205),阑尾腔外粪石5.00%(2/40)、100.00%(165/165)、81.46%(167/205),Logistic回归分析显示脓肿、阑尾壁强化缺损与阑尾穿孔相关(Wald=33.21、16.19,P均<0.001)。结论 脓肿、阑尾壁强化缺损是阑尾穿孔最有诊断价值的CT征象。     

多层螺旋CT对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。方法收集临床疑诊和／或经手术和病理证实为急性阑尾炎患者35例,回顾分析其CT表现。结果26例确诊急性阑尾炎病例中主要CT征象有：阑尾肿大24例（92％）,阑尾粪石10例（38％）,回盲部肥厚12例（46％）,阑尾周围炎20例（77％）,局限性脓肿2例（8％）。对照手术病理,MSCT诊断急性阑尾炎准确率89％、敏感性92％、特异度74％、阳性预测值92％、阴性预测值71％。结论MSCT显著提高了急性阑尾炎的术前诊断能力,应成为临床首选的影像学检查方法。     

阴道超声对30例未破裂型输卵管妊娠予米非司酮保守治疗的观察与分析

目的： 探讨阴道超声（ＴＶＳ） 对未破裂型输卵管妊娠保守治疗过程中监测的必要性。方法： 对未破裂型输卵管妊娠患者分别于服药前及服药后连续动态观察异位妊娠组织及非均质包块的形成、发展与转归。结果：本文３０ 例, 未破裂型输卵管妊娠予米非司酮保守治疗６～８ 周内异位妊娠包块消失２４ 例 （８０％ ）; 未破裂流产型４例（１３．３３％ ）; 无效２例 （６．６７％ ） 其中服药６００ｍｇ 后无效一例, 服药４００ｍ ｇ 后破裂一例。结论： ＴＶＳ可对异位妊娠提早做出准确诊断, 协助临床随时掌握病情变化, 指导临床及时采取有效治疗措施有重要意义。     

Can Color Doppler Sonography Aid in the Prediction of Malignancy of Thyroid Nodules?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether color Doppler interrogation of a thyroid nodule can aid in the prediction of malignancy. METHODS: We obtained color Doppler images of thyroid nodules undergoing sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration. The color Doppler appearance of each nodule was graded from 0 for no visible flow through 4 for extensive internal flow. The size, sonographic appearance, results of fine-needle aspiration, and surgical pathologic findings, if available, were recorded for each nodule. RESULTS: There were 254 nodules sampled, of which 32 were malignant (all confirmed at surgery) and 177 were benign. Fourteen (43.8%) of the 32 malignant nodules were color type 4, compared with only 26 (14.7%) of the 177 benign nodules (P = .0004, Fisher exact test). Thirteen (40.1%) of the 32 malignant nodules were solid, as were 18 (10.2%) of the 177 benign nodules (P = .006, Fisher exact test). Among solid nodules, the prevalence of malignancy was greater when the nodule was hypervascular (13 [41.9%] of 31) than when the color type was less than 4 (11 [14.7%] of 77; P = .004, Fisher exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Solid hypervascular thyroid nodules have a high likelihood of malignancy (nearly 42% in our series). The color characteristics of a thyroid nodule, however, cannot be used to exclude malignancy, because 14% of solid nonhypervascular nodules were malignant.