Gene expression pattern in oral cancer cervical lymph node metastasis

Treatment protocols for malignant tumors in the oral cavity differ greatly based on the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis. We applied gene expression profiling to the pathological lymph node status and used a training-test approach to evaluate the reliability of cDNA microarray-based classifications of 15 matched resected primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and corresponding normal oral tissues. The clustering of all the microarray data was separated into two groups based on metastatic node positivity and node negativity. Furthermore, a 20-gene signature was identified that differentiated the testing set (n=8) with high classification accuracy (88%). Our findings support the hypothesis that the lymph node metastasis status can be predicted using the gene expression patterns of the primary OSCC, and may be a powerful tool in identifying patients at high risk of lymph node metastasis.     

Pattern of cervical lymph node metastasis in tonsil cancer: predictive factor analysis of contralateral and retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis

The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of cervical lymph node metastasis in tonsil cancer including the retropharyngeal (RPLN) nodal metastasis. Seventy-six tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent surgery-based treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Most patients had advanced stage (stages III and IV: 81.6%) tonsil cancer. Sixteen patients were treated with surgery only. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed to 38 patients, and chemoradiation to 22 patients. Seventy-one therapeutic neck dissections and 27 elective neck dissections were performed. Thirty-four patients underwent RPLN dissection based on the preoperative inclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant metastasis in level I or V nodes, when the ipsilateral multilevel, or contralateral nodes were positive. The rate of contralateral occult cases was 28.6%. T3-4 stages, primary lesions close to the midline, or ipsilateral multilevel involvement were significantly associated with contralateral metastasis. Ipsilateral multilevel involvement was the independent factor with multivariate analysis. RPLN metastasis was confirmed in 9 of the 34 (26.5%) subjects. Disease-specific survival rate was significantly different according to RPLN status (82.1% vs. 55.6%; p=0.021). Positive pre-operative image, posterior pharyngeal wall invasion, more than N2 stage, contralateral node metastasis, or ipsilateral multilevel involvement were correlated with RPLN metastasis. Bilateral neck dissection is mandatory for primary lesions close to the midline and advanced ipsilateral nodal disease. Elective RPLN dissection should be considered for patients with advanced neck and primary tumor, particularly for tumors with posterior pharyngeal wall invasion.     

端粒酶与宫颈癌及淋巴结转移的相关性研究

 目的　探讨端粒酶与宫颈癌及与淋巴结转移的关系。方法　采用银染色端粒酶重复扩增法检测各类宫颈组织中端粒酶活性。结果　正常宫颈组织、慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤样病变的阳性表达率分别为 6 .6 7%、8.5 7%、2 6 .31% ,而宫颈癌的阳性表达率为 78.84 % ,两组之间有显著性差异。有淋巴结转移宫颈癌组织与无淋巴结转移组其端粒酶活性阳性表达率分别为 94 .73%、6 9.6 9% ,两组之间有显著性差异。结论　端粒酶活性在宫颈癌组织中增高 ,且与淋巴结转移相关。端粒酶活性研究对宫颈癌的诊断、判断预后及指导临床治疗有重要意义。     

宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移情况分析

目的　分析宫颈癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移情况及淋巴结状态与临床病理的关系,以指导临床治疗。方法　回顾性分析了以手术治疗为主的Ⅰb、Ⅱ期宫颈癌228例中的42例淋巴结转移病例,淋巴结转移率18.42%。对淋巴结分布、状态及与临床病理的关系进行分析。结果　切除的淋巴结数目12~36个,平均23个。转移部位以闭孔最多,其余依次为髂内、髂外、髂总、股深淋巴结,左侧多于右侧, (P<0. 05)。髂总淋巴结转移率为1. 31 %, 3例髂总淋巴结阳性者皆为临床分期Ⅱ期、生长类型为内生型。双侧盆腔淋巴结转移率为6.59%,内生型者、肿瘤直径≥4cm发生双侧盆腔淋巴结转移率高,且差异有显著性(P<0. 01)。25例发生2个或2个以上淋巴结转移,其中肿瘤直径≥4cm、内生型者易有多个淋巴结转移且有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。结论　盆腔淋巴结切除对临床Ⅰb、Ⅱ期宫颈癌是必要的,但无常规行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫的必要性。盆腔淋巴结状态及相关临床病理因素可作为预后指标,以便术后补充治疗。     

宫颈癌前哨淋巴结研究新进展

宫颈癌淋巴结转移状态虽未纳入FIGO分期,但评价淋巴结是否转移不仅可以判断宫颈癌患者的预后,也可作为术后是否需要辅助治疗的依据。早期宫颈癌淋巴结转移率较低,系统淋巴结清扫导致的手术并发症是困扰临床医生的问题,前哨淋巴结活检技术有利于减少不必要的系统淋巴结清扫。该技术在宫颈癌中虽然已有十余年的研究积累,但由于各种原因仍未被临床广泛应用和接受。近几年宫颈癌新的应用策略的提出和新应用方向为宫颈癌前哨淋巴结的临床应用提供了新的契机,本文就宫颈癌前哨淋巴结应用策略新进展做一综述。     

临床规范化胃癌淋巴结转移评估的研究进展

淋巴系统转移是影响胃癌预后的关键性因素之一。临床上如何做到规范化淋巴结转移的评估是准确进行疾病分期和选择最佳治疗方案的基本前提。目前,国内、外针对如何做到规范化胃癌淋巴结转移评估尚未达成共识。本文从胃癌淋巴结转移的机制、常见的评估方式、分期的演变及淋巴结获取的保障等方面进行综述,以期评价出最为有效的临床规范化胃癌淋巴结转移评估的可行方式。      

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lymph node metastasis of cervical and vulvar cancer

Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), characterizes tumors with high potential for local invasion and lymph node involvement. We investigated the expression of COX-2 in primary tumors and metastatic regional lymph nodes (TDL) from untreated and chemotherapy treated cervical cancer, as well as vulvar cancer. Immunostaining of COX-2, expressed as values of COX-2 intensity density (COX-2 IDV) was performed on 57 metastatic TDL and 24 corresponding primary rumors from 14 cervical and 9 vulvar cancer patients admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of Rome. In 6 locally advanced cervical cancer tissue samples, from both primary tumor and TDL, were obtained after chemotherapy treatment. In untreated cervical cancer, COX-2 IDV in tumor cells from positive TDL were significantly lower (median 0.69, range 0.22-0.92) than those from primary tumors (median = 3.84, range 0.19-7.67) (p=0.011). In cervical cancer exposed to chemotherapy, COX-2 IDV in tumor cells from positive TDL were significantly lower (median = 2.06, range 1.48-6.52) than those from primary tumors (median = 6.4, range 4.5-13.7) (p=0.037). In vulvar cancer COX-2 IDV in tumor cells from positive TDL were lower (median = 0.39, range 0.02-6.09) than those from primary tumors (median = 2.49, range 0.71-8.10) (p=0.04). In conclusion, we showed that COX-2 expression is down-regulated in cervical and vulvar tumor cells invading the regional lymph nodes with respect to primary tumors, thus emphasizing the need for deeper insight into the tissue specific relation between tumor cells and node microenvironment.     

Ceruminous adenocarcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis

Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine sweat glands of the external ear. Tumours of the ceruminous glands are rare. Hence we report a case of adenocarcinoma of the ceruminous galnd with ipsilateral cervical lymph node metastasis.     

超声成像对乳头状甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声成像对乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析132例PTC患者的临床资料,通过建立Logistic回归模型分析超声成像对PTC颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值,应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析超声成像相关指标诊断PTC患者发生颈部淋巴结转移的准确度.结果 以颈部淋巴结清扫术病理学检查结果作为金标准,132例PTC患者中,共有49例PTC患者发生颈部淋巴结转移,颈部淋巴结转移率为37.1%,淋巴结内囊性变、甲状腺包膜被累及程度、收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、阻力指数(RI)与PTC患者发生颈部淋巴转移的关系最为密切,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.813、0.926、0.895和0.902,预测PTC颈部淋巴结转移的准确度分别为90.75%、94.83%、92.46%和92.47%.结论 超声成像诊断PTC颈部淋巴结转移与病理诊断结果吻合度高,其中,淋巴结内囊性变、甲状腺包膜被累及程度、PSV和RI对预测PTC颈部淋巴转移具有较高的诊断价值.     

Surgical approach to cervical lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer

BACKGROUND: Precautionary locoregional lymph node dissection in thyroid carcinomas for diagnostic and/or staging purposes is useless both in differentiated (papillary and follicular) and undifferentiated forms. It is only indicated in medullary carcinomas because of their frequent spread to regional lymph nodes. The objective of lymphadenectomy is to contain tumor spread; however, the procedure may be associated with intraoperative complications and postoperative sequelae. In order to improve the therapeutic management of patients with thyroid carcinoma, diagnostic scintigraphy with 201T1 or 99mTc-sestamibi is used in the advanced and undifferentiated forms of this tumor. METHODS: We have treated a woman submitted three years previously to total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma (pT3) without subsequent radiometabolic treatment. On physical examination we noted a swelling on the left side of the neck. The lesion was confirmed by ultrasonography, CT scan, and scintigraphic examination with 99mTc-sestamibi 24 hours before planned lymphadenectomy. During the surgical procedure we performed radiodetection to localize metastatic lesions. RESULTS: Intraoperative radiodetection may help to identify residual disease, which is often difficult to trace in the presence of post-surgical fibrosis. In our patient, histological examination of the removed tissue specimens demonstrated that intraoperative radiolocalization had been highly accurate. The eradication of residual disease was confirmed by scintigraphic follow-up after 12 months. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Scintigraphy with 99mTc-sestamibi has been proposed as a means to localize metastatic spread and possible residual disease after a supposedly radical thyroidectomy. Surgical eradication of all residual tumor guarantees the best disease control without having to resort to radiometabolic therapy. This approach will reduce the incidence of iatrogenic comorbidity and consequently improve the patients' quality of life.     

Intraoperative diagnosis of cancer metastasis in sentinel lymph node of oral cancer patients

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in the head and neck region is attracting attention. If intraoperative frozen section and/or cytology of SLN is available, one can select an appropriate patient who must undergo neck dissection in a one-stage procedure. We began intraoperative diagnosis of SLN biopsy in patients who underwent oral cancer surgery in 2003. From August 2003 to December 2006, 44 previously untreated patients were accumulated. All patients underwent SLN biopsy prior to the resection of primary cancer. Intraoperative diagnosis of SLN biopsy was performed by multislice frozen section analysis. Patients with positive SLN underwent immediate neck dissection in the same session. Imprint cytology specimen was prepared at the same time. The results of frozen section analysis and imprint cytology were compared with postoperative pathologic diagnosis of permanent specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, positive and negative predictive value of intraoperative multislice frozen section analysis in lymph node basis were 90.9%, 100%, 99.1%, 100% and 99.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the indexes of imprint cytology were 27.3%, 99.0%, 92.0%, 75.0% and 92.6%, respectively. All indexes of intraoperative frozen section analysis were superior to imprint cytology. In our experience, multislice frozen section analysis surpasses imprint cytology in intraoperative diagnosis of SLN biopsy.     

Clinicopathological and radiological evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis in head and neck malignancies

The cervical lymphadenopathy due to metastasis carry poor prognosis. The status of cervical nodes is of critical interest to surgical, radiation and medical oncologists who manage patients with head and neck cancers. We conducted a prospective randomized study to assess the role of palpation, ultrasound and CT in detection of cervical metastasis in 25 patients presented to us with head and neck malignancy irrespective of cervical nodal status. It was observed that clinical examination was least sensitive (73.33%) when compared with computerized tomography (80%) and ultrasound (93.93%). The computerized tomography was found to be most specific (90%) when compared to clinical examination or ultrasonography (70% each).     

多层螺旋CT检查诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT检查诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移临床价值,以期选择最佳方法,提高临床诊治水平。方法:选取2010年1月-2013年1月46例宫颈癌淋巴结转移患者,对宫颈癌髂总、髂内和髂外、腹总动脉旁淋巴结转移进行诊断,将多层螺旋CT检查数目和淋巴结清扫术病理检查结果进行分析。结果:对多层螺旋CT诊断淋巴结转移敏感性和特异性进行比较,髂总动脉敏感性为88.75%,特异性为68.93%;髂内动脉敏感性为87.67%,特异性为67.56%;髂外动脉敏感性为90.77%,特异性为73.15%;腹主动脉旁敏感性为92.14%,特异性为72.43%。多层螺旋CT诊断淋巴结转移总敏感性为89.83%,总特异性为70.52%。对多层螺旋CT和病理诊断淋巴结转移比较,CT诊断阴性符合率为63.04%,阳性符合率为36.96%;病理阴性符合率为30.43%,阳性符合率为69.57%,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:多层螺旋CT可作为诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的首选诊断方法,其诊断价值较高。     

Prognostic and clinical evaluation of axillary lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer

Axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) from esophageal cancer is rare. Its prognosis and effective treatments remain unknown. Between 1997 and 2005, esophagectomy was performed in 361 patients with esophageal cancer in our hospital. ALNM was identified in four patients (1.1%). All patients had left ALNM with ipsilateral left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. In two patients ALNM developed after radical esophagectomy with regional lymphadenectomy and in the other two patients after chemoradiotherapy of primary lesions. Axillary lymphadenectomy with chemoradiotherapy was given to all patients. Median survival time and disease-free survival (DFS) after initial treatment for primary esophageal cancer were 30.5 months and 11.5 months, respectively. One patient, who had a small number of regional lymph node metastases (two lymph nodes) at esophagectomy and prolonged DFS (22 months) until axillary node recurrence, is still alive, 67 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. The other three patients, who had larger numbers of regional lymph node metastases (average, 8.3) and shorter DFS (average, 9.7 months), died of recurrence an average of 13.3 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. In conclusion, although ALNM is considered a type of distant organ metastasis, if it is a solitary recurrence, good survival may be obtained after appropriate loco-regional therapy. The number of metastatic regional lymph nodes at initial esophagectomy and the duration of DFS until axillary node recurrence can help to guide the decision whether aggressive treatments are warranted.     

宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的临床特征及影响因素分析

目的 分析宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的临床特征,探究影响宫颈癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移的危险因素,为改善患者预后和提高生活质量提供一定的科学依据.方法 收集300例宫颈癌患者的一般人口学特征和临床分期、分化程度、肿瘤直径、组织学类型、肿瘤浸润深度、脉管癌栓情况、肿瘤宫旁浸润情况及患者术前化疗情况等资料.采用Logistic进行影响因素分析.结果 300例宫颈癌患者,35例发生淋巴结转移,占11.7％.临床分期为Ⅱ期的患者发生盆腔淋巴结转移的风险是Ⅰ期的3.283倍;肿瘤直径≥4 cm的患者发生淋巴结转移的风险是﹤4 cm的2.332倍;浸润深度≥1/2的患者发生淋巴结转移的风险是﹤1/2的1.823倍;脉管癌栓阳性的患者发生淋巴结转移的风险是阴性患者的1.739倍;宫旁浸润阳性的患者发生淋巴结转移的风险是阴性患者的1.672倍.结论肿瘤直径、临床分期、肿瘤浸润深度、宫旁浸润和脉管癌栓与宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移有关.     

口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理学特点及其对预后的影响

背景与目的口腔癌淋巴结转移率在50%～59%之间,对其处理好坏关系到患者的预后。本研究拟探讨影响口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理因素及其对预后的影响。方法对191例口腔鳞癌患者的临床病理学因素与颈淋巴结转移的关系进行回顾性研究,并对颈淋巴结转移状态、转移颈淋巴结大小、转移颈淋巴结数目、转移颈淋巴结累及区域、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域等淋巴结病理学因素对预后生存的影响进行Cox回归分析。结果口腔鳞癌患者5年生存率为48.7%。χ2分析显示,仅肿瘤浸润深度与发生颈淋巴结转移有关。Cox回归分析表明,临床N分期、颈淋巴结转移状态、转移颈淋巴结累及区域数、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域因素影响患者预后,特别是临床N分期、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域因素与口腔鳞癌患者预后明显相关。结论口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移是影响患者预后的重要因素,了解其颈淋巴结转移的规律,并对影响预后的淋巴结因素采取相应治疗措施,对提高口腔鳞癌治疗效果具有重要意义。     

能谱CT参数对非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移的定性评估价值

目的 探讨能谱CT参数对非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移情况的定性评估价值.方法 收集行胸部能谱CT增强检查的57例非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料,共获得淋巴结148枚,其中,转移性淋巴结66枚(转移组),非转移性淋巴结82枚(未转移组).所有患者均行能谱CT中的宝石CT能谱成像(GSI)模式进行双期(动静脉期)增强扫描,分析能谱参...     

Boron neuron capture therapy using epithermal neutrons for recurrent cancer in the oral cavity and cervical lymph node metastasis

The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the utility of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) using epithermal neutrons for cases of recurrent cancer in the oral cavity, which are not indicated for a conventional treatment modality. We enrolled four patients with local recurrence or metastasis to the regional lymph nodes after completion of initial treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Before receiving BNCT, patients underwent 18F-p-bononophenylalanine (BPA) positron emission tomography (PET) examinations to assess the BPA accumulation ratios in tumors and normal tissues. All patients showed at least a tentative partial response, while a marked improvement in quality of life was seen in one patient. Before BNCT, that patient could not be discharged from the hospital because of eating difficulties and malaise; after treatment, he was comfortably discharged. Mild malaise, oral mucositis and alopecia were seen as mild adverse effects; however, no life-threatening systemic symptoms were observed in any of the cases. Our results suggested that BNCT is a useful treatment modality for recurrent or regionally metastasized oral cancer.     

Prognostic evaluation of preoperative thermochemoradiotherapy for N(3) cervical lymph node metastases of oral cancer

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy, histopathological efficacy, and response to preoperative thermochemoradiotherapy for N(3) cervical lymph node metastases of oral cancer. METHODS: Preoperative thermochemoradiotherapy was performed in 8 patients with oral cancer and N(3) cervical lymph node metastasis. These patients underwent four-weekly sessions of hyperthermia, combined with radiotherapy (40 Gy) as well as chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP; 100 mg/m2), all prior to surgery. Radical neck dissection was performed 4 weeks after completion of preoperative thermochemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: The preoperative treatment of cervical lymph node metastases yielded a partial response in 6 patients, while 2 patients demonstrated no change. Histopathologically, grade III was detected in 1, grade IIb in 4 and grade IIa in 3 patients after surgery, according to the criteria of Shimosato. The follow-up period ranged from 13 to 64 months (mean 34). Of the 8 patients, 2 died (1 of lymph node metastasis and 1 had metastasis to a distant site), and 6 patients were alive at the last follow-up, with the longest postoperative disease-free survival being 63 months. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 70.0%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that preoperative thermochemoradiotherapy is a promising modality for patients with N(3) cervical lymph node metastasis of oral cancer.     

宫颈癌淋巴结转移风险的临床及预后分析

目的:探索临床病理因素及血清肿瘤标志物与总体宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的关系及淋巴结转移对预后的影响。方法:收集386例Ⅰa-Ⅱb期宫颈癌住院手术患者的临床资料,血清肿瘤标志物水平,对淋巴结转移及预后的高危因素进行单因素与多因素分析。结果:总体盆腔淋巴结转移率为25.0%（89/356）;肿瘤直径≥4cm（OR=2.778,95%CI:1.410-5.131,P=0.001）,术前SSCAg水平>3ng/ml(OR=2.645,95%CI:1.106-4.673,P=0.019)是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。病理类型（RR=3.638,95%CI:1.146-5.891,P=0.002）、FIGO分期（RR=2.672,95%CI:1.063-6.367,P=0.007）、SSCAg(RR=2.187,95%CI:1.121-4.287,P=0.001）对预后有影响。结论:肿瘤直径、术前SSCAg水平是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,病理类型、FIGO分期及SSCAg水平是影响宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移患者预后的独立危险因素。