Correlation between early clinical response after catheter removal and diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection

We conducted a retrospective post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data of cancer patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) who developed bacteremia with positive quantitative blood cultures (QBCs) drawn simultaneously through peripheral vein and CVC and which grew the same microorganisms from both blood cultures. We investigated whether clinical response of bacteremia, within 24, 48, or 72 h post-CVC removal, could be diagnostic of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) when compared with microbiologic methods. Clinical response to antimicrobial therapy within 24 h of CVC removal in a patient with bacteremia was found to be highly suggestive of CRBSI, a finding that correlated well with semiquantitative catheter cultures and differential QBCs. However, response to antimicrobial therapy at >or=48 h after CVC removal was less likely to be diagnostic of CRBSI and could reflect a response to antimicrobial therapy irrespective of the source of the bloodstream infections.     

Clinical review: New technologies for prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

Intravascular catheters have become essential devices for the management of critically and chronically ill patients. However, their use is often associated with serious infectious complications, mostly catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), resulting in significant morbidity, increased duration of hospitalization, and additional medical costs. The majority of CRBSIs are associated with central venous catheters (CVCs), and the relative risk for CRBSI is significantly greater with CVCs than with peripheral venous catheters. However, most CVC-related infections are preventable, and different measures have been implemented to reduce the risk for CRBSI, including maximal barrier precautions during catheter insertion, catheter site maintenance, and hub handling. The focus of the present review is on new technologies for preventing infections that are directed at CVCs. New preventive strategies that have been shown to be effective in reducing risk for CRBSI, including the use of catheters and dressings impregnated with antiseptics or antibiotics, the use of new hub models, and the use of antibiotic lock solutions, are briefly described.     

Clinical review: new technologies for prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

Intravascular catheters have become essential devices for the management of critically and chronically ill patients. However, their use is often associated with serious infectious complications, mostly catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), resulting in significant morbidity, increased duration of hospitalization, and additional medical costs. The majority of CRBSIs are associated with central venous catheters (CVCs), and the relative risk for CRBSI is significantly greater with CVCs than with peripheral venous catheters. However, most CVC-related infections are preventable, and different measures have been implemented to reduce the risk for CRBSI, including maximal barrier precautions during catheter insertion, catheter site maintenance, and hub handling. The focus of the present review is on new technologies for preventing infections that are directed at CVCs. New preventive strategies that have been shown to be effective in reducing risk for CRBSI, including the use of catheters and dressings impregnated with antiseptics or antibiotics, the use of new hub models, and the use of antibiotic lock solutions, are briefly described.     

Each lumen is a potential source of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative rates of microbial colonization of individual lumens in triple-lumen central venous catheters (CVCs) and calculate the chance of detecting catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) if only one lumen is sampled. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of CVCs from suspected and nonsuspected CRBSI cases. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Triple-lumen CVCs from 50 cases of suspected CRBSI (a raised peripheral white blood cell count, temperature >37 degrees C, and/or local signs of infection at the catheter skin entry site) were evaluated. For comparison, 50 triple-lumen CVCs routinely removed at the end of use were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS: In both groups, peripheral blood cultures were taken before CVC removal. After CVC removal, each lumen was sampled in vitro using the endoluminal brush, and the tip was then cultured using the Maki roll technique. MAIN RESULTS: CVCs causing CRBSI had significant microbial colonization in one, two, or three lumens in ten (40%), ten (40%), or five (20%) cases, respectively. Overall, random sampling of only one lumen in CVCs causing CRBSI had a 60% chance of detecting significant colonization. CONCLUSIONS: If only one CVC lumen is sampled, a negative result does not reliably rule out infection. Each lumen of multiple-lumen CVCs should be considered as a potential source of CRBSI.     

The safety of prolonging the use of central venous catheters: a prospective analysis of the effects of using antiseptic-bonded catheters with daily site care

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) when antiseptic-bonded central venous catheters (CVCs) and standardized daily site care are used with no predetermined interval for removal. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Two major trauma centers. PATIENTS: All trauma patients admitted to two major trauma centers that received a CVC from May 1996 through May 1998. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Catheters were semiquantitatively cultured to identify bacterial colonization and CRBSI. Monitored variables included total catheter days, anatomical site of catheter insertion, and area in hospital of catheter insertion. CVC tips and intracutaneous segments were semiquantitatively cultured. A total of 460 (92%) of 501 catheters placed in 324 trauma patients were evaluable, representing 95.5% of all catheter days during the study period. Rates of catheter colonization and CRBSI were 5% (5/1000 catheter days) and 1.5% (1.511000 catheter days), respectively. Subclavian catheters were in place longer than femoral or internal jugular catheters (p < .0001), but the colonization rate was significantly lower (p = .03; relative risk, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.77). No differences in CRBSI rates among anatomical sites or between catheters used < or =14 days and those used >14 days were identified. CONCLUSION: Femoral and internal jugular antiseptic-bonded CVCs develop bacterial colonization earlier than subclavian CVCs. Subclavian antiseptic-bonded CVCs combined with standardized daily site care may be safely used >14 days in trauma patients.     

Rifampicin-impregnated central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND: The use of antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters (CVCs) for the prevention of CVC microbial colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) remains controversial. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating CRBSI and colonization of CVCs impregnated with rifampicin-based antimicrobial combinations. Our main analysis compared the occurrence of CRBSI with rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs with that of non-rifampicin-impregnated CVCs. The PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched (until October 2006). RESULTS: Eight RCTs were included in the analysis. The main analysis (seven RCTs) demonstrated that rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs were associated with fewer CRBSIs compared with catheters not impregnated with rifampicin/minocycline (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.14-0.40). The same was true regarding colonization (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.31-0.69). Further analysis, comparing rifampicin-based CVCs with non-rifampicin-impregnated CVCs, demonstrated superiority of rifampicin-based CVCs in reducing colonization (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24-0.62) and CRBSI (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14-0.40). Similar results, suggesting superiority of rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs, were noted in a subgroup analysis of colonization and CRBSIs in which rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs were compared with simple, non-tunnelled, non-antimicrobially impregnated CVCs, a subgroup analysis that was performed by excluding low quality RCTs, and a subgroup analysis for colonization comprising studies in which the sonication technique was used. No serious adverse events and no difference in mortality between the two treatment groups were reported. No clear conclusions can be made regarding the impact of the use of rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs on the development of antimicrobial resistance based on the available data. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs are safe and effective in reducing the rate of catheter colonization and CRBSI. Further research should focus on the possible development of resistance and on pharmacoeconomic issues related to the use of rifampicin/minocycline-impregnated CVCs.     

Strategic patient education program to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infection

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are used commonly for venous access during treatment, and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a frequent, yet highly preventable, hospital-acquired infection. One of the performance elements of the Joint Commission's 2012 National Patient Safety Goals addresses the education of patients and family members on CVC care and management, as well as CRBSI prevention before a central catheter is inserted. This article presents the history and roles of the Infusion Therapy Team at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in CVC care and describes an organized patient education program that plays a key part in the institution's strategy to reduce and prevent CRBSI. Institutional standard policies and procedures for patient care should be in compliance with guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Joint Commission before any patient educational initiative is implemented. Such standards will serve as a guide to set up, organize, and implement an effective program.     

Anti-infective-treated central venous catheters: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Objective This systematic review assesses the effect of anti-infective-treated central venous catheters (CVCs) on catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in the acute care setting. Methods Randomized controlled trials were retrieved from Medline and the Cochrane Library up to 15 January 2007. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Data for CRBSI were combined where appropriate, using a random effects model. The impact of the risk for CRBSI in the control group (baseline risk) on the benefit of anti-infective CVCs was studied by using meta-regression based on the binomial normal bivariate meta-analysis model. Results Twenty-one trials were included in the review. Mainly intensive care (IC) patients were studied. Eighteen trials showed that anti-infective CVCs reduced the risk of CRBSI. The number needed to treat (NNT) varied from 182 to 12, with baseline risks ranging from 1% to 10%. Nearly all trials had serious methodological shortcomings. Three trials comparing minocycline-rifampicin-treated catheters with antiseptic-treated catheters showed inconsistent results. One trial suggested that there is not any difference in CRBSI between heparin- and antiseptic-treated CVCs. Conclusion Because the NNT is large when the baseline risk is low, the use of anti-infective-treated CVCs in the acute care setting should only be considered in situations in which background rates of CRBSI are high. The magnitude of benefit as calculated in this review should be interpreted with caution because of strong arguments in favor of a systematic overestimation of the effect. Which type of anti-infective catheter is most effective could not be established from the available data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

抗感染中心静脉导管预防导管相关性血流感染的效果

目的评价抗感染中心静脉导管在预防导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）中的临床价值。方法采用随机数字法,将850例肿瘤患者随机分为实验组420例（采用抗感染中心静脉导管）和对照组430例（采用普通中心静脉导管）,比较两组CRBSI发生率,分析导管相关性血流感染病原菌的种类与特点。结果发生CRBS166例,其中实验组25例,对照组41例,两组导管留置7d前CRBSI感染牢差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．06,P〉0．05）,7d后实验组CRBSI感染率较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（χ2分别为3．91,4．30,P〈0．05）。实验组减少导管相关性血流感染的病原体主要为革兰阳性菌。结论抗感染中心静脉导管可明显减少导管相关性血流感染的发生,有很大的临床价值。     

Bloodstream infection

Bloodstream infection is the most serious disease and the third mortality rate among nosocomial infections. Recently, catheter-related bloodstream infection(CRBSI) is the major cause of the bloodstream infection, related to serious complication, leading to increase in morbidity and mortality. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and Candida spp. are most commonly causes of CRBSI. A variety of methods such as aseptic insertion techniques and appropriate catheter care have proved effective, which are also preferable to prevent CRBSI. If CRBSI occurs, empirical antimicrobial therapy should be immediately started after appropriate cultures of blood and catheter sample are performed.     

Incidence,risk factors and microbiology of central vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection in an intensive care unit

Although there are many studies about catheter related infection in industrialized countries, very few have analyzed it in emerging countries. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence, microbiological profile and risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in a Tunisian medical intensive care unit. Over eight months (1 January 2012–30 August 2012) a prospective, observational study was performed in an 18-bed medical surgical intensive care unit at Tunis military hospital. Patients who required central venous catheter (CVC) placement for a duration greater than 48 h were included in the study. Two hundred sixty patients, with a total of 482 CVCs were enrolled. The mean duration of catheterization was 9.6 ± 6.2 days. The incidence for CRBSI and catheter colonization (CC) was 2.4 and 9.3 per 1000 catheter days, respectively. Risk factors independently associated with CRBSI were diabetes mellitus, long duration of catheterization, sepsis at insertion and administration of one or more antibiotics before insertion. The mortality rate among the CRBSI group was 21.8%. The predominant microorganisms isolated from CRBSI and CC episodes were Gram negative bacilli. All Gram negative organisms isolated among dead patients in CRBSI group were Extensive Drug Resistant (XDR). In our study the mortality rate among patients with CRBSI was high despite a low incidence of CRBSI. This high rate can be explained by the high-virulent status of Gram negative bacteria involved in CRBSI.     

应用乙醇封管技术预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的研究

综述了应用乙醇封管技术预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）的研究现状,提出乙醇封管技术还存在很多争议,如乙醇浓度、乙醇在管腔内保留的时间、是否联用抗凝剂、是否联合全身性抗生素治疗、乙醇的慢性中毒反应等。应用乙醇封管技术预防CRBSI还需要多中心、大样本的随机对照实验,为这项技术的应用提供强有力的证据。     

Antimicrobial-impregnated catheters for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections

Central venous catheters are commonly used in critically ill patients. Such catheterization may entail mechanical and infectious complications. The interest in catheter-related infection lies in the morbidity, mortality and costs that it involved. Numerous contributions have been made in the prevention of catheter-related infection and the current review focuses on the possible current role of antimicrobial impregnated catheters to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). There is evidence that the use of chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine (CHSS), rifampicin-minocycline, or rifampicin-miconazol impregnated catheters reduce the incidence of CRBSI and costs. In addition, there are some clinical circumstances associated with higher risk of CRBSI, such as the venous catheter access and the presence of tracheostomy. Current guidelines for the prevention of CRBSI recommended the use of a CHSS or rifampicin-minocycline impregnated catheter in patients whose catheter is expected to remain in place > 5 d and if the CRBSI rate has not decreased after implementation of a comprehensive strategy to reduce it.     

Clinical epidemiology of central venous catheter–related bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit in China

Background

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are universally used during the treatment of critically ill patients. Their use, however, is associated with a substantial infection risk. At present, there are few studies on catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) that are comparable with international similar research. The aim of this study was to determine the rate, risk factors, and outcomes of CRBSIs in patients of an intensive care unit (ICU) in China.

Methods

A prospective study was performed in the Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. All patients admitted to the ICU from June 2007 to May 2008 who had a central line placed were monitored for the development of BSI from insertion until 48 hours after removal. One hundred seventy-four patients with 178 admissions to the ICU, 219 CVCs and 1913 CVC days, 21 episodes of CRBSI in 21 patients were enrolled.

Results

The mean rate of CRBSI was 11.0 per 1000 CVC days with a catheter utilization rate of 72.8%. Analyses of the pathogens showed that gram-negative organisms were predominant. The univariate analysis showed that 3 things seemed to directly impact the occurrences of CRBSI. These were the number of lines insertion, the applications of antibiotics before CRBSI, and the duration of catheter. In a multiple logistic regression analysis of the risk factors, patients with multiple central lines (odds ratio = 5.981; 95% confidence intervals, 1.660-21.547; P = .006) and with the applications of multiple antibiotics before CRBSI (odds ratio = 6.335; 95% confidence interval, 2.001-20.054; P = .002) were more likely to develop CRBSI.

Conclusions

The CRBSI rate in our ICU is higher compared with that reported by the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance and was associated with the applications of antibiotics before CRBSI and with the number of placed CVCs. Catheter-related bloodstream infections may be associated with a higher mortality rate and a higher incidence of ventilator-associated pulmonitis, which might lead to an increase in the total costs and medicine expenditures.     

降钙素原在血液透析患者导管相关性血行感染中的应用价值

目的研究降钙素原（Procalcitonin,PCT）在血液透析患者导管相关性血行感染（catheterrelatedbloodstreaminfection,CRBSI）中的应用价值。方法62例行中心静脉临时置管后l临床怀疑导管相关性血行感染的血液透析患者,采集血常规、C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原血样后拔除导管,同时留取血培养及导管标本。62例患者根据诊断标准分为CRBSI组27例和非CRBSI组35例,比较2组患者的年龄、性别、导管类型、导管留置时间、血白细胞计数（WBC）值、CRP值及降钙素原值（PCT值）,并对比CRBSI组治疗前后的PCT值。结果CRBSI组患者年龄、导管留置时间明显大于非CRBSI组,CRBSI组及非CRBSI组拔管时的血清PCT水平分别为7．16±5．84IIg／L和0．97±1．4411g／L（F=11．759,t=5．387,P〈0．001）,具有统计学意义,其WBC（109／L）分别为9．52±3．10及8．65±2．19（F=O．860t=1．291P=O．202）,CRP值分别为10．57±3．74mg／L及10．66±4．94mg／L（仁1．641,t=-0．081P=O．935）,2组均无统计学意义。CRBSI组拔管前后的降钙素原值（PCT值）分别为7．16±5．84ug／L及0．634-0．43IIg／L（t=5．904,P〈0．001）,具有统计学意义。结论PCT在早期诊断CRBSI方面具有较高的指导价值。     

导管保留法诊断导管相关性血流感染的研究

目的研究保留静脉导管时诊断导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的检验方法,为减少临床不必要的静脉导管拨除提供实验室诊断依据。方法从2009年11月起,华山医院中心重症监护室临床医生根据患者的临床表现将患者分为需要保留导管者和拔除导管者,保留导管者分别从外周静脉和中心静脉导管各抽血1套(1瓶厌氧培养和1瓶需氧培养)进行血培养,另外再分别抽取3 mL血进行血定量培养,必须拔除导管时,拔出导管并采集2套外周静脉血送检。结果 50例保留导管送检病例中,27例检出细菌生长,其中临床加实验室综合判定为CRBSI 10例,导管保留法正确判定8例,2例判定为定植;综合判定为定植者7例,导管保留法正确判定6例,1例阴性;1例污染。血定量培养仅见在加有中和剂的巧克力平板上有细菌生长。结论分别从外周和中心静脉抽血进行血培养和血定量培养能够可以准确检出CRBSI及导管细菌定植。     

Catheter-related infection in critically ill patients

Objective To describe the incidence of the catheter-related local infection (CRLI) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) of central venous catheters (CVCs) and arterial catheters (ACs).Design Prospective, observational study.Setting A 24-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit of a 650-bed university hospital.Patients We included 988 consecutive patients admitted to the ICU during 18 months.Measurements The incidence density of CRLI and CRBSI, per 1000 catheter-days, of CVC and AC.Results Central venous catheters had a significantly higher incidence density of CRLI (4.74 vs 0.97/1,000 catheter-days; p<0.001) than ACs. Femoral venous access had a higher incidence density of CRLI than subclavian (13.15 vs 1.81/1,000 catheter-days, p=0.003) and than peripheral access (13.15 vs 2.30/1,000 catheter-days, p<0.001). Jugular venous access had a higher incidence density of CRLI (6.29 vs 1.81/1,000 catheter-days, p<0.001) than subclavian access. We found no significant differences in the incidence density of CRLI and CRBSI between the different AC accesses.Conclusions In the CDC guidelines, catheter insertion at the subclavian site is recommended in preference to femoral and jugular accesses, and there is no recommendation about AC site insertion. Our data support these recommendations about CVCs. Because the AC infection rate was very low, our study suggests that the access site is probably not of major importance for this type of catheter.     

Usefulness of differential time to positivity between catheter and peripheral blood cultures for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infection: Data analysis from routine clinical practice in the intensive care unit

PurposeTo assess the accuracy of differential time to positivity (DTP) method for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in the routine practice of our intensive care unit (ICU).Materials and methodsOver a five-year study period, ICU patients with a central venous catheter in place for ≥48 h and undergoing DTP test with catheter tip culture were analyzed. We investigated: the accuracy of DTP test with the usual threshold of 120 min in confirming the clinical suspicion of CRBSI; the most accurate threshold value of DTP to detect CRBSI; the diagnostic accuracy of the ratio (rather than the difference) between times to positivity.ResultsAmong 278 episodes of paired blood cultures, 13% were CRBSIs. DTP value ≥120 min used for the diagnosis of CRBSI yielded 41% sensitivity and 74% specificity. Performance of DTP values in predicting CRBSI was low (AUC = 0.60 [95%CI: 0.48–0.72]). Cutoff value of the ratio between times to positivity was 0.80, with 46% sensitivity and 79% specificity.ConclusionsThe routine use of the DTP method at any cutoff point has inadequate accuracy in detecting CRBSI in the real every day clinical practice. Not even the ratio between times to positivity seems to be clinically useful.     

集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的循证实践

目的 探讨集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的应用并评价其效果。方法 纳入重症医学科在岗护士76名。选取2019年3-6月入住重症医学科留置中心静脉导管(central venous catfeter,CVC)的87例患者为对照组,2019年11月-2020年2月入住重症医学科留置CVC的83例患者为观察组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用基于循证实践的集束化护理,比较证据应用前后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的认知水平及2组中心静脉置管患者CRBSI的发生率。结果 最佳证据应用后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的相关知识得分高于应用前(t=16.367,P＜0.001),观察组导管相关性血流感染的发生率为明显低于对照组(χ²=4.088,P=0.043)。 结论 基于最佳证据的集束化护理措施的应用,可提升护理人员对证据相关知识的掌握程度,提高规范执行率,降低中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率,提高护理质量。     

Central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters

Introduction  

Central venous catheterization is commonly used in critically ill patients and may cause different complications, including infection. Although there are many studies about CVC-related infection, very few have analyzed it in detail. The objective of this study was to analyze the incidence of catheter-related local infection (CRLI) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) with central venous catheters (CVCs) according to different access sites.