孤独症谱系障碍儿童的行为管理

孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）是一类发生于儿童期的神经发育障碍性疾病,以社会交往和社会交流缺陷以及限制性重复性行为、兴趣和活动两大核心表现为特征。因此,ASD干预的一个重点即是通过进行有效的行为管理来改善行为紊乱问题。应用行为分析是一门科学,其在ASD儿童康复教育中的运用效果具有循证依据,在ASD儿童行为管理中,康复医师应牢牢掌握行为的基本原理理论,在理论指导下运用具有循证实践基础的策略和方法科学地开展工作。     

Feeding difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder: Aetiology,health impacts and psychotherapeutic interventions

Feeding difficulties are common and significant issues for children with autism spectrum disorder and their families. Key features of autism are intrinsically linked with factors contributing to these children's feeding difficulties. Following a multidisciplinary assessment to exclude non‐behavioural reasons for the feeding difficulty, there are two mainstay modalities of treatment: operant conditioning and systematic desensitisation. Currently, evidence points towards operant conditioning as the most efficacious psychotherapy. However, recent research into cognitive behavioural therapy for older children with feeding difficulties has shown promising results and will be an area to monitor in the coming years. This review outlines the causes and health impacts and evaluates current evidence supporting the available psychotherapeutic interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder experiencing feeding difficulties.     

Response to atomoxetine in boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Aim: To study the efficacy and tolerability of atomoxetine in high‐functioning boys with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Methods: Fourteen boys (age 7–17) participated in a 10‐week open‐label study. Atomoxetine doses were 0.5 mg/kg/day in week 1 and 1.2–1.4 mg/kg/day in weeks 2–10. Changes in AD/HD symptoms were measured by the AD/HD Rating Scale, and global improvements by the Clinical Global Improvement Scale. Both measures were used to assess drug response. Assessments were done at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 10. Teacher ratings were done at baseline and 10 weeks. Results: There were significant reductions in AD/HD symptoms rated by parents (p < 0.005) and by teachers (p < 0.05). One participant was rated as ‘Much improved’, five as ‘Moderately improved’, seven as ‘Minimally improved’, and one as ‘Unchanged or worse’. Seven subjects were classified as clinical responders. The most common adverse events were nausea and headache. Two participants discontinued treatment. Conclusion: Seven out of 14 boys with high‐functioning ASD and comorbid AD/HD showed significant reductions in AD/HD symptoms and were classified as responders to atomoxetine. Most children tolerated the drug well.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的运动技能障碍

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders, ASD儿童的运动技能障碍常表现为早期运动落后、协调障碍、体能下降及视动整合障碍等,在不同程度上影响了他们的生活、学习及社会交往。由于ASD儿童的核心症状相对明显,故其运动技能障碍常常会被忽视。ASD儿童应早期进行运动功能的监测,选择合适方法进行运动评估,针对其运动技能障碍特点进行相应训练,以促进其运动技能的发育,从而辅助改善其核心功能障碍。运动干预在改善ASD儿童功能的证据日益增加,临床上不应该忽视ASD儿童的运动技能障碍及其康复干预,而应得到更多关注。     

孤独症谱系障碍的多学科合作研究与干预

孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）是一组临床异质性高的神经发育障碍性疾病,常伴有共患病,其病因尚不明确,终身致残率高,可致儿童、青少年和成人在社交、认知和语言发展以及适应性功能等多个方面的障碍;在研究和干预中多学科（multidisciplinary）合作是新趋势,以从不同层面探究病因机制和临床转化;并提倡集合不同专业背景的人员对ASD患者及其家庭进行帮助,对临床诊断、教育、健康和社会关怀等方面的决策制定提供支持。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的康复干预模式

该文介绍了孤独症谱系障碍的康复干预模式的分类,并依据循证依据(evidence-base practice,EBP)以及混合性研究方式(mixing methodologies)判断有效的基础上举例介绍我国目前使用的一些方法及其进展。     

孤独症谱系障碍的共患病与药物治疗

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD是一组多因素导致的大脑发育障碍性疾病,目前尚无特效药物,以行为干预为主。ASD的共患病在ASD儿童中极为常见,共患病的存在对ASD的治疗和预后有着重要影响。近年来,ASD的病因研究及行为干预已成为国内外研究热点,但其共患病及药物干预的研究较少,为此,笔者就国内外相关文献加以概述,希望对临床ASD共患病及药物治疗研究有所帮助。     

Toxicity biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: A blinded study of urinary porphyrins

Background: Recent studies suggest that children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significantly increased levels of urinary porphyrins associated with mercury (Hg) toxicity, including pentacarboxyporphyrin (5cxP), precoproporphyrin (prcP), and coproporphyrin (cP), compared to typically developing controls. However, these initial studies were criticized because the controls were not age‐ and gender‐matched to the children diagnosed with an ASD. Methods: Urinary porphyrin biomarkers in a group of children (2–13 years of age) diagnosed with an ASD (n= 20) were compared to matched (age, gender, race, location, and year tested) group of typically developing controls (n= 20). Results: Participants diagnosed with an ASD had significantly increased levels of 5cxP, prcP, and cP in comparison to controls. No significant differences were found in non‐Hg associated urinary porphyrins (uroporphyrins, hexacarboxyporphyrin, and heptacarboxyporphyrin). There was a significantly increased odds ratio for an ASD diagnosis relative to controls among study participants with precoproporphyrin (odds ratio = 15.5, P < 0.01) and coproporphyrin (odds ratio = 15.5, P < 0.01) levels in the second through fourth quartiles in comparison to the first quartile. Conclusion: These results suggest that the levels of Hg‐toxicity‐associated porphyrins are higher in children with an ASD diagnosis than controls. Although the pattern seen (increased 5cxP, prcP, and cP) is characteristic of Hg toxicity, the influence of other factors, such as genetics and other metals cannot be completely ruled out.     

Childhood autism spectrum disorder in the Barwon region: a community based study

OBJECTIVE: To establish a community database for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to determine prevalence and identify subgroups based on key intellectual, clinical and family parameters. METHODS: Data were collected for children previously diagnosed with an ASD in the Barwon region using parental interview and review of the child's paediatric and psychological records. Preschool diagnoses were typically made by specialist psychologists and school-age diagnoses made by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-seven children in the Barwon region were identified as having ASD (82% response rate). The prevalence of ASD was one per 255 children aged two to 17 years. The prevalence increased 10 fold over a 16-year period and this increase was relatively even across all levels of child intellectual functioning. Forty-two percent of children were intellectually disabled (IQ < 70) and performance IQ was significantly higher than verbal IQ but typical block design-comprehension subtest patterns were not common. Nine sibling pair families were identified, 24% were labelled as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 6% had epilepsy, and 18.3% were macrocephalic where data were available. Family difficulty was associated with the degree of obsessions/rituals, frequency and intensity of anger/aggression, and ADHD but overall was not associated with the child's intellectual status. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively rapid increase in prevalence is consistent with overseas studies and suggests significant changes in diagnostic criteria, increasing community awareness and the need for support at all levels of intellectual functioning. Increased occurrence in siblings and relatives gives further evidence for a genetic cause.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的情绪意识及欺凌预防

情绪障碍是孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）患者的主要临床症状之一,与缺乏情绪意识、社交认知和叙情障碍有关。表现为难以识别、辨别和处理自己和他人的情感信息、做出不恰当的情绪反应行为。ASD儿童和青少年常以施害者、受害者或施害-受害者的身份参与校园欺凌,并由此带来一系列身心不利后果。欺凌预防不仅应包括针对ASD核心症状、共患病的干预,更涉及建立伙伴的同理心和社交技巧、教师责任和支持性服务、父母参与、社交融合等多个方面。     

孤独症谱系障碍相关风险基因与神经发育

<正>孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)是一种严重的神经系统发育性疾病,多发于儿童发育早期,大约影响全球1%的人群,男女患病率约4∶1,重度患者中男女比例约为1∶1。ASD伴复杂的临床症状,其核心症状有社会交往以及多元化社会互动的持续受损和狭窄、重复刻板的行为、兴趣或者活动等~([1])。除上述症状外,患者可能同时伴随有癫痫、睡眠障碍、抑郁、焦虑以及胃