动态X线胸片评估平静呼吸下慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者横膈运动

目的 观察动态X线胸片定量分析平静呼吸下慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者横膈运动的价值。方法 对96例COPD患者（COPD组）和50名健康对照者（对照组）行平静呼吸下动态X线胸片检查，经后处理获得横膈运动幅度、速度及时间；记录2组肺功能检查结果，比较组间动态X线胸片及肺功能参数值差异，分析COPD横膈运动参数与肺功能参数的相关性。结果 平静呼吸下COPD组左、右侧横膈运动幅度[（18.63±7.45）mm、（15.64±5.98）mm]均大于对照组[（14.69±5.40）mm、（13.13±4.84）mm，P均<0.05]；吸气时和呼气时COPD组左侧横膈运动速度18.79（15.67，22.67）mm/s、16.00（12.36，21.23）mm/s，右侧为17.00（12.71，19.73）mm/s、13.75（9.50，16.83）mm/s；对照组左侧为15.33（13.96，17.71）mm/s、11.42（9.63，16.00）mm/s，右侧为（14.91±4.38）mm/s、（10.66±3.66）mm/s（P均<0.05）。2组肺功能检查结果差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。COPD组肺功能参数与动态胸片检查各参数均无明显相关（P均>0.05）。结论 动态X线胸片可定量分析COPD患者横膈运动，有望为临床精准评估COPD提供新的手段。     

脑卒中患者膈神经电生理及吸气功能变化的临床研究

目的:探讨脑卒中患者膈神经电生理功能及吸气功能的变化特征。方法:对86例脑卒中患者及42例同龄志愿者进行膈神经运动传导及吸气功能检测,分析脑卒中后健、患侧膈神经电生理及吸气功能变化。结果:卒中组较对照组吸气肌力指数、峰值吸气流速、吸气体积均显著下降(P0.05);卒中组患侧膈神经运动传导的潜伏期较健侧及对照组延长(P0.05),健侧与对照组间潜伏期未见明显差异;健侧波幅较患侧及对照组增高(P0.05),患侧与对照组间波幅未见明显差异;卒中组健、患侧获得最大波幅的最小电刺激强度均较对照组增高(P0.05)。结论:脑卒中后吸气功能显著下降,患侧膈神经运动传导潜伏期延长伴兴奋性降低;膈神经电生理检测可为脑卒中后膈肌功能评估提供客观依据。     

Causes of abnormal right diaphragmatic position diagnosed by ultrasound

Fifty patients with an abnormal right diaphragmatic position on posterior-anterior and lateral chest films and five patients following right thoracotomy were examined by ultrasound. The transabdominal and intercostal approach with the liver as an acoustic window was used. In all patients the cause for the change in the diaphragmatic position and the nature of an opacified right hemithorax after thoracotomy and pulmonectomy were identified.     

Sudden development of right and left lung asymmetry in a pediatric patient following craniotomy.

A 7-year-old girl presented to the pediatric intensive care unit following a craniotomy that left her with dysphagia, poor cough, and problems with retained secretions. Pulmonary function and blood oxygen saturation worsened for 3 days after surgery. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and increased fraction of inspired oxygen improved oxygenation. Glycopyrrolate was administered to decrease secretions but had little effect. The first chest radiograph showed left lung hyperinflation. The right lung showed loss of volume and elevation of the right hemidiaphragm. There was no mediastinal shift. Another chest radiograph 3 hours later showed substantial improvement. We discuss the causes of acute lung volume asymmetry and possible interpretations of the radiographs.     

Normal Diaphragmatic Motion and the Effects of Body Composition

Objective. To evaluate the quantitative measurement of diaphragmatic motion in healthy subjects and to investigate the effects of different variables such as body mass index and waist circumference on the diaphragmatic motion. Methods. The study included 164 healthy subjects. The subjects were grouped according to age, sex, body mass index, and waist circumference. Measurements of diaphragmatic motion were made by a 3.5‐MHz sonographic unit in the M‐mode of the system. The posterior diaphragm on both sides was identified, and measurements were performed during deep inspiration. Results. The mean diaphragmatic motion measurements ± SD were 49.23 ± 10.98 and 50.17 ± 11.73 mm on right and left sides, respectively. Female subjects had statistically significantly (P < .05) decreased diaphragmatic motion (right, 46.93 ± 10.37 mm; left, 47.57 ± 10.36 mm) than male subjects. The mean diaphragmatic motion (right, 40.90 ± 8.89 mm; left, 39.37 ± 9.15 mm) was less in subjects who were underweight (P < .05) when compared with subjects who were of normal weight, overweight, and obese. Subjects who had a waist circumference of less than 70 cm showed a statistically significant decrease (P < .05) in diaphragmatic motion (right, 42.55 ± 9.12 mm; left, 42.24 ± 9.73 mm) when compared with subjects who had a waist circumference of 70 to 85, 85 to 100, and greater than 100 cm. Also, subjects younger than 30 years had statistically significantly (P < .05) decreased diaphragmatic motion (right, 44.57 ± 10.57 mm; left, 44.44 ± 11.37 mm). Conclusions. Sex, body mass index, waist circumference, and age may affect the diaphragmatic motion to some extent. Healthy persons of younger age with a smaller body mass index and waist circumference may show a decreased amount of diaphragmatic motion.     

Feasibility and effects of transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation combined with an inspiratory impedance threshold in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock

OBJECTIVE: Intrathoracic pressure changes are of particular importance under hypovolemic conditions, especially when central venous blood pressure is critically low. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation, used in conjunction with an inspiratory impedance threshold, on hemodynamic variables during hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized laboratory investigation using a porcine model for measurement of hemodynamic variables, left and right ventricular diameter, and transmitral, transpulmonary, and transaortic blood flow employing transesophageal echo-Doppler technique. SETTING: University hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS: Thirteen female pigs weighing 28-36 kg. INTERVENTIONS: The anesthetized pigs were subjected to profound hemorrhagic shock by withdrawal of 55% of estimated blood volume over 20 mins. After a 10-min recovery period, the diaphragm was stimulated with a prototype transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulator at a rate of ten per minute while the airway was intermittently occluded with an inspiratory threshold valve between positive pressure ventilations. Hemodynamic variables were monitored for 30 mins. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Phrenic nerve stimulation in combination with the inspiratory threshold valve significantly (p <.001) improved right and left ventricular diameter compared with hypovolemic shock values by 34 +/- 2.5% and 20 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Moreover, phrenic nerve stimulation together with the inspiratory threshold valve also increased transaortic, transpulmonary, and transmitral valve blood flow by 48 +/- 6.6%, 67 +/- 13.3, and 43 +/- 8.2%, respectively (p <.001 for comparisons within group). Mean +/- sem coronary perfusion and systolic aortic blood pressures were also significantly (p <.001) higher compared with values before stimulation (30 +/- 2 vs. 20 +/- 2 mm Hg, and 37 +/- 2 vs. 32 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study suggests that phrenic nerve stimulation with the inspiratory threshold valve may improve cardiac preload and, subsequently, key hemodynamic variables in porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock.     

Reappraisal of radiographic signs of pneumoperitoneum at emergency department

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivities of the reported free air signs on supine chest and abdominal radiographs of hollow organ perforation. We also verified the value of supine radiographic images as compared with erect chest and decubitus abdominal radiographs in detection of pneumoperitoneum.

Methods

Two hundred fifty cases with surgically proven hollow organ perforation were included. Five hundred twenty-seven radiographs were retrospectively reviewed on the picture archiving and communication system. Medical charts were reviewed for operative findings of upper gastrointestinal tract, small bowel, or colon perforations. The variable free air signs on both supine abdominal radiographs (KUB) and supine chest radiographs (CXR) were evaluated and determined by consensus without knowledge of initial radiographic reports or final diagnosis. Erect CXR and left decubitus abdominal radiographs were evaluated for subphrenic free air or air over nondependent part of the right abdomen.

Result

Upper gastrointestinal tract perforation was proven in 91.2%; small bowel perforation, in 6.8%; and colon perforation, in 2.0%. The positive rate of free air was 80.4% on supine KUB, 78.7% on supine CXR, 85.1% on erect CXR, and 98.0% on left decubitus abdominal radiograph. Anterior superior oval sign was the most common radiographic sign on supine KUB (44.0%) and supine CXR (34.0%). Other free air signs ranged from 0% to 30.4%.

Conclusions

Most free air signs on supine radiographs are located over the right upper abdomen. Familiarity with free air signs on supine radiographs is very important to emergency physicians and radiologists for detection of hollow organ perforation.     

An asymptomatic case of pulmonary cryptococcosis with endobronchial polypoid lesions and bilateral infiltrative shadow

A case of pulmonary cryptococcosis with focal endobronchial polypoid lesions is described. A 64-year-old woman consulted our hospital for further evaluation of an abnormal shadow on a chest radiograph. She had been prescribed corticosteroid for rheumatoid arthritis. Chest radiographs revealed an infiltrative shadow in the right lower and left middle and lower lung fields, and chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral airspace consolidations and multiple nodules. A bronchoscopic finding revealed white polypoid lesions at the orifice of the posterior basal bronchus in the left lower lobe. Histopathological examination of transbronchial biopsy specimens demonstrated cryptococcal organisms. After fluconazole therapy for 4 months, the infiltrate had decreased in size and the bronchial polypoid lesions had disappeared.     

Long-term follow-up of pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia

The authors have previously shown that conditioning of the diaphragm for continuous bilateral pacing is a feasible and effective means of ventilation in patients with complete respiratory paralysis from high cervical (above C3) quadriplegia. The present study reports the long-term results of continuous diaphragmatic pacing. Twelve quadriplegia patients underwent bilateral phrenic nerve pacemaker placement and diaphragm conditioning from 1981 to 1987. Pacing was initiated at 11 Hz and progressively decreased to 7.1 Hz. A pulse train duration of 1.3 seconds for adults and 0.9 seconds for children was used. Long-term follow-up information obtained included pacing status (full-time, part-time, or mechanical ventilation), ventilation parameters, and social circumstances. Of the 12 patients, 6 continued to pace full time (mean 14.8 years); all were living at home. Three patients paced for an average of 1.8 years before stopping; two were institutionalized. One patient who paced full time for 6.5 years before lapsing to part time, lived at home. Two patients were deceased; one paced continuously for 10 years before his demise, the other stopped pacing after 1 year. Patients who stopped full-time pacing did so mainly for reasons of inadequate social or financial support or associated medical problems. All patients demonstrated normal tidal volumes and arterial blood gases while pacing full time. Despite theoretical concerns about long-term nerve damage, no patient lost the ability to pace the phrenic nerve. Threshold currents did not increase over time (original/follow-up: 0.46/0.47 for right, 0.45/0.46 for left), nor did maximal currents (original/follow-up: 1.16/1.14 for right, 1.37/1.26 for left). This follow-up confirms that quadriplegic patients are able to meet long-term, full-time ventilation requirements using phrenic nerve stimulation of the conditioned diaphragm. Careful review of diaphragmatic pacing candidates with respect to associated medical conditions, social support, and motivation is essential for appropriate patient selection and successful long-term results.     

Five thousand acute care/emergency department chest radiographs: comparison of requisitions with radiographic findings

Five-thousand portable or posterior-anterior-lateral radiographs of acute care emergency department patients were interpreted. They revealed serious disease in 35% of patients with chest symptoms, in 27% of all patients examined, and in 18% of patients with noncardiorespiratory symptoms. The highest incidence of abnormal radiographs (42%-79%) occurred in patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure, dyspnea, hemoptysis, dysrhythmia, and hypertension. Asthma (14%) and trauma (5%) presented the lowest incidence of significant findings. Radiographs of patients suspected of having pneumonia were abnormal in 25% of cases, and in those patients with either cough or fever alone, the incidences of pneumonia were 13% and 18%. Whereas 24% of patients with dyspnea alone had radiographic findings of congestive heart failure, 52% of those with congestive heart failure diagnosed on clinical grounds had abnormal radiographs. The chest radiograph continues to be a significantly important examination in the diagnosis of disease, the prevention of overtreatment, and the redirection of clinical investigation in the acute care emergency department unit.     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者呼吸功能及相关神经电生理研究初探

目的　初步研究慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)患者肺功能及其相关神经电生理指标 ,并探讨二者之间的关系。方法　对 5 0例COPD患者进行肺功能及膈神经运动传导 (PNC)检测 ,以 3 0例因其他原因就诊并无呼吸系统疾患的患者作为对照。肺功能检测主要包括最大通气量 (MVV)、一秒率 (FEV1/FVC % )和残气容积 (RV/TLC % )。PNC检测是在胸锁乳突肌后缘中点用电刺激膈神经 ,于第 7～ 8肋间和剑突处记录膈肌复合动作电位(dCMAP)。结果　①COPD患者肺功能各项指标均为异常 ,MVV、FEV1/FVC %和RV/TLC %分别为(4 9.6± 18.8) %、(62 .5± 16.4) %和 (5 4.1± 8.0 ) %。② 2组PNC潜伏期比较 ,差异无统计学意义 ;dCMAP波幅比率比较 ,差异有统计学意义 ,即COPD患者的dCMAP波幅比率明显减低。结论　COPD患者dCMAP波幅比率减低可能与肺功能减退有一定关系 ,通过PNC检测可能为肺功能异常者提供膈肌功能障碍的信息。     

Cervical muscle response to posterolateral impacts--effect of head rotation

BACKGROUND: Rear impacts may be offset, and may also occur with the head rotated at impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity rear impacts offset by 45 degrees to the subject's right, but also with the head rotated either right or left. METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent right posterolateral impacts of 4.6, 8.0, 11.0, and 13.1 m/s2 acceleration with head turned right or left. Electromyograms of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were recorded, as were acceleration of the sled, torso, and head of the participant. FINDINGS: At an impact acceleration of 13.1 m/s2, with head rotated to the right, the left sternocleidomastoid and the contralateral (to rotation) trapezius and splenius capitis generated more electromyogram activity than their counterparts (P < 0.05). Following impacts with the head rotated to the right, the left sternocleidomastoid generated 67% of its maximal voluntary electromyogram, and the right sternocleidomastoid 5% of the maximal voluntary electromyogram, whereas the remaining muscles did not generate more than 31% of the maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram. In impacts with head rotated left, the right sternocleidomastoid generated 53% of its maximal voluntary electromyogram, and the left splenius capitis and left trapezius showed more electromyogram activity than their counterparts (P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: Head rotation in a right posterolateral impact modifies the cervical response mainly by generating an asymmetry in the paired sternocleidomastoid electromyograms. This may asymmetrically affect the risk of injury to the sternocleidomastoids. An understanding of the muscular response to rear-impacts of different types and the effect of head rotation at the time of impact is relevant to understanding the mechanism of acute whiplash injury and may be helpful to develop targeted treatments and preventative measures.     

胸腔闭式引流不当致膈肌破裂1例

胸腔闭式引流术是急诊创伤外科常用的治疗方法之一,其主要目的在于尽快排出患者胸腔积液,恢复胸腔负压,保持呼吸和循环的稳定。由于操作简便、术后便于监测的临床特点,该术式已广泛应用于外伤性胸腔积液（积血）患者的救治。但是,由于外伤患者独特的临床特点,加之术者操作不规范也会发生各种并发症,导致严重后果。我院于2012年6月收治因胸腔闭式引流不当致膈肌破裂患者1例,现报告如下。     

创伤性膈疝的早期诊断与急救

目的：总结创伤性膈疝早期诊断与治疗的经验,提高临床诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析1994～2007年我院收治的16例创伤性膈疝病例的临床资料。24h内确诊15例,术前确诊8例。经胸切口3例,经腹切口8例,经胸和经腹切口3例,胸腔镜膈肌修补1例。结果：15例痊愈,1例死亡。结论：创伤性膈疝早期易误诊,胸部X线、B超和胸部CT是确诊的依据,早期诊断和手术,正确处理合并伤,是提高创伤性膈疝治愈率的关键。     

严重急性呼吸综合征(非典型肺炎)的胸片研究

目的分析严重急性呼吸综合征(severeacuteresplratorysyndrome，SARS)患者治疗前后的x线表现，探讨胸片在SARs诊断与治疗中的临床价值。方法61例SARS患者在治疗前与治疗后的不同时间作了胸部x线平片检查。男2j例，女38例，年龄17～63岁，平均33岁。观察一系列X线平片表现。结果61例均见肺纹理增粗，23例并网格状改变，肺内见薄雾状(10例)、云絮状(33例)、浓烟状(11例)或磨玻璃样(23例)阴影。首诊时肺内阴影在单侧单叶29例，单侧多叶9例，双侧23例。38例阴影出现在单侧者，28例在右侧(74％)。肺内阴影共累及129个肺叶，下肺叶71个(j5％)。患者还合并膈胸膜增厚(6例)、纵隔气肿(3例)、心影增大(1例)。18例胸片随访见肺部阴影增多，其中13例阴影由单侧向双侧发展。激素治疗可使肺部阴影在4～37天后吸收。结论SARS的胸片表现多种多样，无特异性。但胸片检查是SARS诊断、疗效观察及指导治疗的必需手段。     

Left diaphragmatic eventration diagnosed as congenital diaphragmatic hernia by prenatal sonography

Congenital diaphragmatic eventration is an abnormal elevation of the diaphragm resulting from failure of muscle fibers to develop during gestation. A mediastinal shift to the contralateral side may cause significant compression of the affected chest contents, resulting in compromised pulmonary function, especially when both sides are involved. Differentiating between congenital diaphragmatic eventration and congenital diaphragmatic hernia is very difficult but important because eventration has a better perinatal outcome than diaphragmatic hernia has. This report discusses a case of congenital diaphragmatic eventration that was initially diagnosed by prenatal sonography as a diaphragmatic hernia on the left side. In this case, the correct diagnosis was made at the time of surgery shortly after the infant's birth. The defect was repaired by plication, and the infant's outcome was favorable. Although the initial diagnosis was incorrect in this case, the use of sonography can aid in the prenatal detection and diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic anomalies.     

Intrathoracic cardiac position in the fetus.

In a 4-year period, 83 fetuses have been noted to have an abnormal fetal heart position within the thorax on fetal echocardiography. In 55 cases where the heart lay in the right chest, this was due to the presence of a left-sided diaphragmatic hernia; in one case, the heart was abnormally far into the left chest because of a left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Of the remaining 27 cases, the heart lay in the right chest in 16 cases. In seven of those 16, there was a congenital heart malformation; in six, there were lung anomalies; a hiatus hernia was present in one; both congenital heart disease and lung abnormality were present in one and one fetus had isolated dextrocardia. In nine cases, the heart lay in the center of the chest and in three, the heart lay further to the left than normal. Congenital heart disease was found in nine of these 12. Chromosomal anomalies were found in four of the 27 cases with an abnormal heart position but an intact diaphragm. In summary, it is important to be familiar with the normal cardiac orientation within the thorax and to investigate abnormalities of position. A diaphragmatic hernia will be the most common underlying cause but, where the diaphragm is intact, other explanations must be sought in order to counsel correctly or plan appropriate perinatal management. Lung disorders, congenital heart disease and chromosomal anomalies will be the principal differential diagnoses.     

Pseudomass of the left upper quadrant from inversion of the left hemidiaphragm: CT diagnosis

Two cases of inversion of the left hemidiaphragm due to a large pleural effusion and presenting with dysphagia were diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) scanning. The relationship of the dysphagia to the diaphragmatic inversion, a differential of the causes of this entity, and the role of CT in its diagnosis are discussed.     

Blind Cannulation of the Left Pericardiophrenic Vein: An Unusual Cause of Diaphragmatic Pacing

Diaphragmatic stimulation as a complication of cardiac pacing due to right ventricular perforation of an endocardial lead or penetration of a screw-in lead along the right atrial free wall, adjacent to the right phrenic nerve, has previously been described. A case of diaphragmatic pacing due to inadvertent insertion of a temporary pacing lead into the left pericardiophrenic vein via the left internal jugular vein is presented and anatomical considerations are discussed.     

纵隔静脉异常在胸部增强CT上的表现

目的 进一步了解纵隔静脉异常的CT表现和意义。方法 收集胸部增强CT上出现纵隔静脉异常者34例，均作回顾性重建，成像参数(准直／有效层厚／重建间隔)为2．5mm／3．2mm／1．6mm或5mm／6．5mm／2mm，并作容积成像和曲面重建处理。结果 34例静脉异常可分为5种类型，包括左侧上腔静脉16例、左头臂静脉与奇-半奇静脉系统异常连接14例、左下肺静脉曲张2例、奇静脉瘤l例以及异常引流肺静脉l例。容积成像很好地显示异常，曲面重建有效地补偿前者没有曲面的不足。结论 常规胸部CT增强结合回顾性重建容积成像可以有效显示各种静脉异常，正确认识这些异常有一定的意义。