Current usefulness of free/total PSA ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer at an early stage

The aim of our study was to evaluate five different free/total PSA (f/t PSA) kits for the diagnosis of early stage prostate cancer. We compared the PSA density and the f/t PSA ratio to differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This prospective study included a total of 120 patients with suspected prostate cancer (PSA between 4 and 15 ng/ml) observed over a period of 30 months. All patients had a blood test as well as a prostate biopsy prior to inclusion. Serum immunoassay total-PSA (t PSA) and free-PSA (f PSA) were carried out using five different assay kits: IMX Abbott (A), Kryptor Brahms (B), Immulite DPC (D), IRMA Immunotech (I) and IRMA DiaSorin (S). The results were compared to determine sensitivity, specificity, threshold values, and to differentiate between BPH and cancer. No difference was found between assay reproducibility and variation in the assays, however, only a slight variation was observed in the mean t PSA values, whereas a significant difference was found with f/t PSA. Receiver operating curves were generated for t-PSA and f/t PSA. The area under the curves did not show any significant differences for either t PSA or f/t PSA. A low comparative variability between the five kits tested for tPSA was observed, which suggest that the f/t PSA ratio has no current usefulness in the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer, particularly in patients with larger prostates. Furthermore, no prognostic value was found for surgically positive margins in radical prostatectomy. The named authors wrote this article with the participation of the Members of the Normandy Urological Association     

Correlation of serum PSA and Gleason score in Nigerian men with prostate cancer

Objective  Prostate cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the predisposing factors are not fully understood, African descent is an important risk factor, and prostate cancer has become the number-one cancer in Nigerian men. This was a retrospective study of the correlation between serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason grade and score in patients of Nigerian descent. Patients and Methods  The University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan Cancer Registry was used to identify and quantify the incidence of prostate cancers occurring between 1998 and 2000. The histological slides of appropriate cases were reviewed to confirm the Gleason grade and score. The serum PSA values were retrieved from the patients' case notes and laboratory files. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to look for associations and correlations. Results  The study included 67 men with prostate adenocarcinoma and PSA measurements who were diagnosed and treated at the UCH Ibadan between January 1998 and December 2000. There was a positive correlation between serum PSA and Gleason grade, as well as between serum PSA and Gleason score in our cohort of Nigerian African men with prostate cancer. PSA levels were significantly lower in patients with stage B disease than in patients with stage D disease. Conclusion  Serum PSA is significantly higher in metastatic than in localized disease. Further studies are necessary to determine biomarkers that complement serum PSA and the Gleason grading system in the prognostication of prostate cancer in African patients.     

Prostate cancer detection in men with a 'normal' total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level using percentage free PSA: a prospective screening study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of percentage free/total prostate-specific antigen (f/tPSA) levels for detecting prostate cancer in a prospectively screened population of men with a 'normal' total PSA level. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men aged 50-65 years were contacted via their general practitioner and invited for prostate cancer screening. All had their total and f/tPSA levels measured; those meeting the biopsy criteria (PSA 1.1-3.99 ng/mL and f/tPSA < or = 20%) were offered a biopsy. The cancer detection rate was then evaluated and compared with other methods of detection. In all, 773 men were screened, of whom 115 met the criteria and agreed to undergo a prostate biopsy. RESULTS: Cancer was detected in 13 of the 115 men (11.3%) of whom most would have been missed by lowering the age-adjusted threshold for total PSA to 2.5 ng/mL. There was no significant difference in total and f/tPSA values in men with and without prostate cancer. Those cancers that could be evaluated were found to be clinically significant. CONCLUSION: In this study prostate cancer was detected solely on the basis of a low f/tPSA value. Most men with cancer would have been missed by simply lowering the age-adjusted threshold for total PSA. Using the f/tPSA level may allow the detection of clinically significant cancer in men at a time when they are most likely to benefit from treatment.     

Early detection of prostate cancer in 2007. Part 1: PSA and PSA kinetics

OBJECTIVE: This is the first of two review papers attempting to clarify the best way to detect prostate cancer (PCa) in 2007. Screening for PCa has not yet been shown to lower PCa mortality. Still, opportunistic screening is wide spread in Europe and in most other parts of the world. METHODS: Current literature and data from screening studies are reviewed and discussed. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been and remains one of the corner stones of early detection of PCa. Traditionally used cut-off values cannot be applied in an uncritical fashion after it was shown that a significant amount of overdiagnosis and that large proportions of cancers and poorly differentiated cancers are present in the low PSA ranges. The paper addresses the continued relevance of PSA cut-off values. The diagnostic value of PSA velocity is reviewed in conjunction with PSA cut-off values and as a possible replacement of total PSA. A need for more selective screening in the low PSA ranges is pointed out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The data show that men presenting initially with PSA values below 1 do not have to be rescreened for a period of 8 yr. In the PSA range 1-2.9 ng/ml, new parameters are needed that improve specificity and are selective for screening for aggressive lesions. PSA velocity so far has not been shown to be useful in the early detection of PCa but may be useful in detecting aggressive PCa selectively. For the time being, it seems sensible to continue using PSA cut-off values such as 3.0 or 4.0 ng/ml provided overtreatment is decreased by using available nomograms.     

PSA doubling time versus PSA velocity to predict high-risk prostate cancer: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Background

Our group has previously shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) is associated with the presence of life-threatening prostate cancer. Less is known about the relative utility of pretreatment PSA doubling time (PSA DT) to predict tumor aggressiveness.

Objective

To compare the utility of PSAV and PSA DT for the prediction of life-threatening prostate cancer.

Design, setting, and participants

From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we identified 681 men with serial PSA measurements.

Measurements

Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between PSAV, PSA DT, and the presence of high-risk disease.

Results and limitations

Within the period of 5 yr prior to diagnosis, PSAV was significantly higher among men with high-risk or fatal prostate cancer than men without it. By contrast, PSA DT was not significantly associated with high-risk or fatal disease. On multivariate analysis, including age, date of diagnosis, and PSA, the addition of PSAV significantly improved the concordance index from 0.85 to 0.88 (p < 0.001), whereas PSA DT did not.

Conclusions

These data suggest that PSAV is more useful than PSA DT in the pretreatment setting to help identify those men with life-threatening disease.     

年龄≤50岁非前列腺癌男性初始PSA及PSA速度的分布特点分析

目的 探讨年龄≤50岁非前列腺癌男性初始PSA及PSA速度的分布特点.方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2009年11月初始PSA检测年龄≤50岁的非前列腺癌患者的PSA值,计算PSA检测≥2次者的PSA速度.研究不同年龄段初始PSA及PSA速度的分布范围,分析初始PSA、初始PSA年龄及PSA速度之间的相关性.用生存分析和log-rank检验比较初始PSA高于和低于中位数2组患者将来PSA≥2.5 ng/ml风险的差异.结果 4206例非前列腺癌者,初始PSA中位数为0.6 ng/ml,其中≥1.0、≥2.5和≥4.0 ng/ml者分别1026例(24.4%)、177例(4.2%)和90例(2.1%).417例PSA检测≥2次者PSA速度的中位数为0.03 ng·ml-1·y-1,其中≥0.35、≥0.75和≥2.00 ng·ml-1·y-1者分别为25例(6.0%)、13例(3.1%)和8例(1.9%).年龄与PSA、年龄与PSA速度、PSA与PSA速度之间均无明显相关性(r值分别为0.019、-0.015和-0.006,P值分别为0.218、0.754和0.897).395例PSA检测≥2次且初始PSA＜2.5 ng/ml者随访3个月～7.1年,中位时间2.0年,初始PSA高于和低于中位数2组患者将来PSA超过2.5 ng/ml的风险差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论年龄≤50岁非前列腺癌男性的中位初始PSA和PSA速度分别为0.6 ng/ml 和0.03 ng·ml-1·y-1.初始PSA高于中位数的患者将来PSA超过2.5 ng/ml的风险明显增高.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the distribution and characteristics of initial PSA and PSA velocity in men younger than years without prostate cancer. Methods PSA in men younger than 50 years without prostate cancer from January 2001 to November 2009 were retrieved retrospectively from our computer center. PSA velocity was calculated if their PSA was measured twice or more. The distributions of initial PSA and PSA velocity were analyzed. The correlations between initial PSA, initial PSA age, and PSA velo-city were also analyzed. Kaplan-meier and log-rank tests were used to estimate the significant difference at the risk of PSA≥ 2.5 ng/ml after initial PSA measurement, stratified by median initial PSA (0.6 ng/ml). Results A total of 4206 men without prostate cancer were included. The median initial PSA value in these men was 0.6 ng/ml. Of these men, 1026 (24.4%), 177 (4.2%), and 90 (2.1%) had an initial PSA≥1.0, ≥2.5, and ≥4.0 ng/ml, respectively. A total of 417 men had their PSA measured these men, 25 (6.0%), 13 (3.1%), and 8 (1.9%) had a PSA velocity≥0.35, ≥0.75, initial PSA age and initial PSA, initial PSA age and PSA velocity, and initial PSA and PSA velocity (correlation coefficient r=0.019, -0.015, and -0.006, respectively; P=0.218, 0.754, and 0.897, respectively). After a follow-up of up to 7.1 years from baseline PSA measurement, the risk of PSA≥2.5 ng/ml, stratified by median initial PSA (0.6 ng/ml) was significantly different (log-rank test, P＜0.001). Conclusions The median baseline PSA and PSA velocity in men younger than 50 years old without prostate cancer are 0.6 ng/ml and 0.03 cancer with an initial PSA higher than median (0.6 ng/ml) have a subsequently higher risk of PSA value ≥2.5 ng/ml.     

The effect of percentage free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level on the prostate cancer detection rate in a screening population with low PSA levels

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prostate cancer detection rate at low total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) ranges of 2.6-4 and 4.1-10 ng/mL, according to different percentage free (f/t) PSA levels in a screening population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In all, 1809 consecutive screening volunteers with a tPSA level of 2.6-10.0 ng/mL were assessed. Ten systematic ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsies and, since 2000, an additional five Doppler-enhanced targeted biopsies were taken on the basis of age-specific tPSA reference ranges. We analysed the detection rate of prostate cancer according to f/tPSA ranges of 0-9%, 10-14%, 15-18% and >18%. RESULTS: The detection rates for the subgroups with tPSA levels of 2.6-4.0 and 4.1-10.0 ng/mL were 20.2% and 27.0%, respectively. The cancer detection rate in the first group (2.6-4.0 ng/mL) at 0-10% fPSA was 22.9%, and that in the second group (4.1-10.0 ng/mL) at 0-10% was 36.9%. There were significant differences between these groups. If the f/tPSA was 10-15%, the cancer detection rate for the two groups were 22.6% and 32.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the cancer detecting rates at an f/tPSA of 15-18% or >18%. CONCLUSION: There is a statistically significantly higher cancer detection rate when the f/tPSA is <15% than in groups of men with a f/tPSA of >15% in screening population assessed primarily using tPSA level.     

Longitudinal PSA changes in men with and without prostate cancer: assessment of prostate cancer risk

BACKGROUND: To determine longitudinal PSA changes over a period of 10 years in patients with and without prostate cancer. METHODS: Serial PSA measurements performed over 10 years were evaluated in 353 men who eventually developed prostate cancer and in 2.462 participants of a screening program without prostatic malignancy. RESULTS: In men with cancer, mean tPSA increased from 2.28 ng/ml at 10 years before diagnosis to 6.37 ng/ml at the time of postive biopsy (PSA velocity: 0.409 ng/ml/year). PSA velocity was significantly associated with Gleason scores and pathologic stage. In the benign group (n=2.462), mean tPSA increased from 1.18 to 1.49 ng/ml over a period of 10 years (PSA velocity of 0.03 ng/ml/year). Of the subjects with tPSA levels of 2 ng/ml or less, 2 years prior to cancer diagnosis, 11.4% had tPSA values of more than 4 ng/ml at the time of biopsy. Of the 972 men with tPSA below 1 ng/ml 2 years before the most recent measurement was obtained, 966 (99.4%) had no evidence of prostate cancer 2 years later, while six were found to have malignancies (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal PSA changes in men with and without prostate cancer are significantly different. Annual testing may not be required in men with baseline tPSA levels of 1 ng/ml or below, whereas in patients with levels higher than 1 ng/ml, it seems to be indicated because of the significant percentage of men presenting with tPSA levels of more than 4 ng/ml two years later.     

The role of prostate specific antigen in screening and management of clinically localized prostate cancer

International Urology and Nephrology -     

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in men with prostate cancer and rising PSA: effectiveness of a dietary supplement

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have shown significant relationships between the use of dietary components and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Large studies of primary prevention, which confirm these findings, are desirable but costly and difficult to design. The present tertiary prevention study reports on the effect of a dietary supplement in comparison with placebo on the rate of increase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). METHODS: 49 patients with a history of prostate cancer and rising PSA levels after radical prostatectomy (n = 34) or radiotherapy (n = 15) participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of a dietary supplement. Ethical approval of the protocol was obtained. Treatment periods of 10 weeks were separated by a 4-week washout period. The supplement consisted of soy, isoflavones, lycopene, silymarin and antioxidants as main ingredients. Changes in the rate of increase of PSA (PSA slope and doubling time) were the primary parameters of efficacy. Analyses according to intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) were carried out. RESULTS: Baseline parameters did not differ between randomised groups. Five participants were lost to follow-up, however 46 could be evaluated in an ITT analysis. PP analysis could be performed in 42 men with at least 5 PSA measurements. Per protocol analysis showed a significant decrease in PSA slope (p = 0.030) and (2)log PSA slope (p = 0.041). This translates into a 2.6 fold increase in the PSA doubling time from 445 to 1150 days for the supplement and placebo periods. No treatment-based changes in safety parameters were observed during the study. CONCLUSIONS: The soy-based dietary supplement utilised in this study was shown to delay PSA progression after potentially curative treatment in a significant fashion. More extensive studies of the supplement may be indicated.     

Annual PSA tests are not necessary for men with a PSA level below 2 ng/mL: Findings of the Imari prostate cancer screening program

BACKGROUND: Annual changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels detected by the Imari prostate cancer screening program were evaluated to establish a more efficient and cost-saving screening system, especially for men with low PSA levels. METHODS: Prostate specific antigen-based annual mass screenings for prostate cancer were conducted for men aged 60-69 in the Imari district, Saga, Japan. Between 1992 and 2000, 1822 men had their PSA levels tested. A total of 4661 PSA tests were conducted. Changes in PSA levels over the following 1 to 5 years were analyzed in men with PSA levels of 3 ng/mL or less, a range in which the detection rate of prostate cancer would seem to be negligibly low. RESULTS: The overall detection rate of prostate cancer between 1992 and 2000 was 0.73%. The detection rate in men with a PSA level between 3.1 and 3.9 ng/mL, and between 4 and 9.9 ng/mL was 1.6% and 8.3%, respectively. Of 4661 determinations of PSA, 2553 (54.8%) were found to be < or = 1 ng/mL, 1273 (27.3%) were between 1.1 and 2 ng/mL, and 401 (8.6%) were between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL. Four hundred and thirty-four men (9.3%) had PSA levels > or = 3.1 ng/mL, with possible indications for prostate biopsy. Of the men tested, 1.4% with an initial PSA level of < or = 2 ng/mL and 22.3% with an initial level between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL had a PSA level of > or = 3.1 ng/mL after 1 year. Almost the same rate of PSA increase was observed between the two PSA tests conducted at 2 to 5-year intervals. Of the men tested, 2.2% with an initial PSA level of < or = 2 ng/mL, and 21.9% with an initial level between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL, had a level of > or = 3.1 ng/mL after 5 years. CONCLUSION: Levels of PSA in men with an initial level below 2 ng/mL remained stable for up to 5 years. Levels of PSA in 97.8- 98.8% of men remained below 3 ng/mL after 1 to 5 years. In contrast, 18-35.3% of men with an initial PSA level between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL showed PSA progression to 3.1 ng/mL or more within 5 years. Our present data suggest that annual PSA testing is not necessary for men with a PSA level below 2 ng/mL. Prostate specific antigen testing could therefore be conducted at longer intervals in such individuals.     

不同穿刺针数经直肠前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的研究

目的探讨针对国人的不同体积前列腺理想的前列腺活检穿刺针数。方法临床表现怀疑前列腺癌患者879例,按照前列腺体积分为10～30ml组、30.1～40ml组,40.1～50ml组,以及50.1ml组,记录患者一般临床资料以及活检结果。依穿刺结果,按照不同体积对比分析不同穿刺针数的穿刺结果。结果总的肿瘤检测率为27.3%,随着前列腺体积的增大,肿瘤检测率降低(P0.05)。6、8、10和12针的肿瘤检测率分别为18.0%、28.0%、32.0%和29.0%。与8、10和12针比较,传统的6针穿刺有较低的穿刺阳性率(P0.05)。在不同的前列腺体积之间,8、10和12针穿刺阳性率之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在经直肠超声和经直肠指诊有可疑的患者中,穿刺阳性率分别为71.0%和65.0%。结论 6针穿刺具有较低的穿刺阳性率,按照不同的前列腺体积,8、10和12针有相似的穿刺阳性率,可疑部位活检能够提高穿刺的阳性率。     

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA significantly improves the prediction of prostate cancer at initial extended prostate biopsies in patients with total PSA between 2.0 and 10 ng/ml: results of a prospective study in a clinical setting

Background

Total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), ratio of free PSA (fPSA) to tPSA (%fPSA), and PSA density (PSAD) testing have a very low accuracy in the detection of prostate cancer (PCa). There is an urgent need for more accurate biomarkers.

Objective

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of PSA isoform p2PSA and its derivatives in determining the presence of PCa at initial biopsy with the accuracy of other predictors in patients with tPSA 2.0-10 ng/ml.

Design, setting, and participants

We conducted an observational prospective study in a real clinical setting of consecutive men with tPSA 2.0-10 ng/ml and negative digital rectal examination who were scheduled for prostate biopsy at a tertiary academic center.

Intervention

Outpatient transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were performed according to a standardized institutional saturation scheme (18-22 cores).

Measurements

We determined the diagnostic accuracy of serum tPSA, %fPSA, PSAD, p2PSA, %p2PSA [(p2PSA/fPSA) × 100] and the Beckman Coulter Prostate Health Index (phi; [p2PSA/fPSA × √tPSA]).

Results and limitations

Overall, 107 of 268 patients (39.9%) were diagnosed with PCa at extended prostate biopsies. Statistically significant differences between patients with and without PCa were observed for age, prostate and transition zone volume, PSAD, %p2PSA, and phi (all p values < 0.05). In univariate accuracy analysis, phi and %p2PSA were the most accurate predictors of PCa (area under the curve: 75.6% and 75.7%, respectively), followed by transition zone volume (66%), prostate volume (65%), patient age (63%), PSAD (61%), %fPSA (58%), and tPSA (53%). In multivariate accuracy analyses, both phi (+11%) and %p2PSA (+10%) significantly improved the accuracy of established predictors in determining the presence of PCa at biopsy (p < 0.001). Although %p2PSA and phi were significantly associated with Gleason score (Spearman ρ: 0.303 and 0.387, respectively; p ≤ 0.002), they did not improve the prediction of Gleason score ≥7 PCa in multivariable accuracy analyses (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

In patients with a tPSA between 2.0 and 10 ng/ml, %p2PSA and phi are the strongest predictors of PCa at initial extended biopsies and are significantly more accurate than the currently used tests (tPSA, %fPSA, and PSAD) in determining the presence of PCa at biopsy.     

血清PSA、FPSAR与前列腺癌病理分级、临床分期的相关性研究

目的 :探讨前列腺癌病人血清前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)、血清游离前列腺特异抗原百分率 (FPSAR)与前列腺癌病理分级、临床分期的相关性。　方法 :分别检测经病理检查确诊为前列腺癌的 4 2例病人血清PSA、FPSAR ,并根据标本苏木精 伊红染色切片中肿瘤的组织学形态及临床资料对病人分别进行病理分级、临床分期。采用Spearman等级相关分析 ,分析PSA、FPSAR与前列腺癌病理分级、临床分期的关系。 　结果 :前列腺癌病人PSA值越高 ,癌症恶性程度越高 ,PSA值与前列腺癌病理改变呈明显正相关性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与前列腺癌的临床分期无相关性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;前列腺癌病人FPSAR值与前列腺癌病理改变呈正相关 ,与病人临床分期呈负相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :与PSA值相比 ,FPSAR值预测前列腺癌的病理分级、临床分期和预后可能更为准确     

游离前列腺特异抗原百分率检测前列腺癌的临床观察

目的 评价游离前列腺特异抗原（ＰＳＡ）百分率（Ｆ／Ｔ百分率）检测前列腺癌的临床价值。方法 用免疫放射法测定１１７例血清游离ＰＳＡ（Ｆ－ＰＳＡ）、总ＰＳＡ（Ｔ－ＰＳＡ）值,并计算游离ＰＳＡ所占百分率（Ｆ／Ｔ百分率）值;其中前列腺癌３１例,前列腺肥大８６例。结果 Ｆ／Ｔ百分率值在前列腺癌组明显低于前列腺肥大组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;若总ＰＳＡ限定于４￣１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ范围内,应用Ｆ／Ｔ百分率值可区别前列腺癌与     

Improving the health of African American men: experiences from the Targeting Cancer in Blacks (TCiB) Project

Background

African-American men lack knowledge of cancer facts and risk factors, and their personal attitudes and beliefs along with health care system interactions are barriers to cancer prevention. This paper highlights cancer prevention information from men in the Southeastern United States.

Methods

This community-based participatory research project surveyed 12,444 Black adult residents in Nashville and Chattanooga, Tennessee and in Atlanta and Decatur, Georgia regarding their cancer prevention knowledge, attitudes and practices. A sample (928) of 1407 men's responses was analyzed for education and income differences.

Results

Analyses found no significant differences in cancer prevention practices between men with high income and high education versus those with lower income and lower education level, but did show significant differences between education and income groups in cancer prevention knowledge and attitudes.

Conclusions

Income and education are not equal predictors of cancer prevention. Direct outreach efforts to black men of low education and income levels may be effective if interventions are tailored to separate socio-economic groups. Clear and thorough information about diseases, including their risks, prevention/detection procedures, treatment and cure are needed within the health care system itself, as well as for patients in the office, clinic, and community in innovative interactions to assist underserved men to increase and improve their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding health promotion.     

The free-to-total serum prostatic specific antigen ratio as a predictor of the pathological features of prostate cancer

Objectives: Curative therapy and extendedperiod of disease free survival for patientswith prostate cancer is possible only if theradical prostatectomy is performed when thedisease is organ confined. It has been shownthat combined use of local clinical stage,Gleason score of transrectal needle biopsy andserum PSA can accurately predict the finalpathological stage in men undergoing radicalprostatectomy. Recently the free/total PSA (F/TPSA) has been shown to improve the specificityof serum PSA level in early detection prostatecancer. In this study the utility of F/T PSAratio in prediction the final pathologicalfeatures of the prostate cancer was investigated.Methods: 52 patients who had undergoneradical prostatectomy were included in thisstudy with mean age of 63 (ranging from 49 to73). According to the pathologic features ofthe tumors, patients were classified as organconfined in 37 (%71), specimen-confined in 39(%75) and as with favorable pathology whichwas defined as organ confined or specimenconfined with Gleason score lower than 7, 39(%75) patients.Results: Neither total PSA levels nor F/TPSA values correlate significantly with thepathological characteristics of the tumor. Thelogistic regression analysis showed that thebiopsy Gleason score was the only variable thatwas able to predict the pathology of the tumor(p < 0,05).Conclusion: As a conclusion Gleasonscore of the needle biopsy specimen is the mostpredictive factor of the final pathologicaloutcome. F/T PSA ratio did not provideadditional information about predictingpathological stage.     

游离前列腺特异抗原百分比/前列腺特异抗原密度在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨游离前列腺特异抗原百分比（FPSA／TPSA值）／前列腺特异抗原密度[（F／T）／PSAD值]在前列腺癌诊断中的意义。方法回顾分析204例行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检患者的诊断资料,其中前列腺癌90例、良性前列腺增生114例,分析总PSA（TPSA）、FPSA／TPSA值、PSAD、（F／T）／PSAD值等指标在判断前列腺癌的敏感性为90％时的截点及相应的特异性。结果不同血清PSA水平（〈4．0,4．0～,10．1～和〉20．0μg／L）的前列腺癌患者的（F／T）／PSAD值与良性前列腺增生患者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;前列腺癌患者的（F／T）／PSAD值低于良性前列腺增生患者;（F／T）／PSAD值比FPSA／TPSA值和PSAD更有助于提高诊断特异性,在敏感性为90％左右的前提下,FPSA／TPSA值的特异性为31．6％,PSAD的特异性为45．6％,（F／T）／PSAD值的特异性为64．0％;PSA水平不同,取的（F／T）／PSAD值截点也不同：PSA〈4．0μg/L时截点为2．5,PSA为4．0～20．0μg／L时截点为0．8;PSA〉20．0μg／L时截点为0．5。结论应用（F／T）／PSAD值能够在保持较高敏感性的前提下,显著提高前列腺癌诊断的特异性。     

PSA in the new millennium: a powerful predictor of prostate cancer prognosis and radical prostatectomy outcomes--results from the SEARCH database

OBJECTIVES: As a result of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, most men today with prostate cancer present with localized disease and serum PSA values < 10 ng/ml. Within this context, it is debated whether PSA remains an important prognostic variable in more recently treated patients. We examined the prognostic significance of preoperative PSA to predict pathologic stage and biochemical progression among men undergoing radical prostatectomy in the new millennium (2000-2006). METHODS: We performed a review of 925 men with prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy since 2000 within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. We examined the association between preoperative PSA and risk of adverse pathologic features and biochemical progression using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple clinical preoperative characteristics, higher preoperative PSA values were associated with increased odds of extracapsular extension (p<0.001), positive surgical margins (p<0.001), and seminal vesicle invasion (p<0.001) and increased risk of biochemical progression (p=0.009). When the analyses were limited to the 690 men with a preoperative PSA<10 ng/ml and after adjusting for multiple clinical characteristics, higher preoperative PSA values remained associated with increased risk of biochemical progression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.28, p=0.002). Even among the 448 men with a PSA<10 ng/ml and clinical stage T1c disease, preoperative PSA was associated with increased risk of biochemical progression (HR 1.14, 95%CI 1.00-1.31, p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: PSA remains an important prognostic marker among men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the new millennium treated with radical prostatectomy and remains an important predictor of outcome even among men with preoperative PSA level < 10 ng/ml.