尖音库蚊复组不同地理株蛋白质的比较研究

采用PAGF和薄层IEF技术,对镇江、青岛、济南及烟台等不同纬度地区尖音库蚊复组成蚊的蛋白质进行比较研究。结果表明:不同地理株及其不同亚种或型的蚊蛋白虽有所区别,但基本特征相似。从PAGE结果来看,尖音库蚊复组内不同地理株的蚊蛋白电泳带相似;除青岛外,各地淡色库蚊蛋白电泳带的扫描图形亦基本相似;青岛地区该蚊较特异,与其特殊的生境密切相关。此外,镇江地区致倦库蚊及其中间型的蛋白电泳带扫描曲线亦有所不同,这主要是由不同基因所决定的。从TEF结果来看,济南和烟台地区的淡色库蚊之间蛋白电泳的差异仅为14.29%。经分析,尽管上述蚊虫蛋白电泳扫描图形的基本特征略有差异,但蛋白电泳区带无明显不同,故差异仍未超过亚种阶元。薄层IEF分辨率高,明显优于PAGE,是值得推广的简便电泳分析技术。     

淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊对杀虫剂抗药性的调查研究

目的 了解我国不同地区淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊对常用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性水平,为合理有效地使用化学杀虫剂提供依据.方法 采用滤纸接触筒法测定成蚊对10 000 mg/L溴氰菊酯和10 000 mg/L氯菊酯的1h击倒率和24 h死亡率.结果 北京市、河北和海南省淡色库蚊及致倦库蚊在溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯区分剂量下的24 h死亡率均＜80％,均为抗性种群.7株淡色库蚊对10 000 mg/L氯菊酯的24 h死亡率均＜50％;13株蚊虫对10 000 mg/L溴氰菊酯的抗性高低不一,24 h死亡率1％～66％不等.结论 北京市、河北及海南省淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了高抗性,蚊虫抗药性的产生与杀虫剂的使用密切相关,在创建文明卫生城市工作中要科学合理用药,开展抗药性监测,采取适当措施延缓蚊虫抗药性的产生和发展.     

Temperature-induced morphological change in Culex pipiens

The effect of temperature on Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and reciprocal hybrids of the two was investigated by monitoring the DV/D ratios of these stocks maintained at 15.6 degrees C and 23.9 degrees C over 10 generations. Little variation occurred in mean values of the parental subspecies at either temperature. At 23.9 degrees C, the mean ratios for both hybrid lines rose from an intermediate value to a level well above the accepted minimum for Cx. p. quinquefasciatus (0.4), and the proportion of individuals identifiable as that subspecies increased 16-fold. At 15.6 degrees C, hybrid mean DV/D ratios decreased to or below the pipiens maximum value (0.2), and the proportion of pipiens individuals increased 4 to 5 times. The need to monitor closely the status of Cx. pipiens hybrid colonies is evident.     

Molecular and electron microscopic identification of Wolbachia in Culex pipiens complex populations from the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, and Cebu City, Philippines

We detected Wolbachia infections in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes from the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, and Cebu City, Philippines, with the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rDNA of the bacteria and further confirmation by electron microscopy. Species of 5 different autogenous and anautogenous populations of Culex pipiens from Germany and 1 population of Culex quinquefasciatus from the Philippines were used in this study. Larvae were sampled from different localities and reared to the adult stage for further processing. Whole adult males and the heads of adult females were processed by PCR, whereas the abdomens of females were used for electron microscopic study when an infection was detected by PCR. All Culex populations assayed by PCR showed infection of Wolbachia at rates between 10 and 100%. Females from different populations exhibited higher infection rates than did the males, and, likewise, Cx. pipiens populations that were autogenous showed higher infection rates of Wolbachia than did anautogenous individuals. In Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, males were infected at 33.33% and females, only 10%. We studied the ultrastructure of Wolbachia in the ovaries of species belonging to Cx. pipiens complex by means of transmission electron microscopy. The bacteria exhibited typical morphology for Wolbachia with 3 enveloping membranes.     

Peroral susceptibility of Aedes albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Argentina to western equine encephalitis virus

The transmission cycle of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in South America is unknown. A WEE virus strain was isolated from Aedes albifasciatus in Argentina during the WEE epizootic of 1982-83. Also, Culex pipiens from Argentina was reported to be able to transmit WEE virus experimentally, but other results indicate that Cx. pipiens from the USA is refractory to this virus. We determined the susceptibility of Argentina strains of Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquitos to infection by WEE virus by the oral route. Adult females were fed on chicks infected with a WEE virus strain isolated in Cordoba Province, Argentina, or were fed on a blood/virus suspension. Each mosquito ingested between 10(1.6) to 10(6.4) vero cell plaque-forming units of virus. Each of 28 Ae. albifasciatus was positive for virus from the fourth day postfeeding, and there was evidence for virus replication. In contrast, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and only 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens was positive. Aedes albifasciatus is susceptible to infection by WEE virus and should be considered a potential vector of this virus in Argentina. Both subspecies of Cx. pipiens are refractory to peroral infection by WEE virus and probably do not play a role in the WEE virus cycle in Argentina.     

Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus

To identify the mosquito species competent for West Nile virus (WNV) transmission, we evaluated 10 California species that are known vectors of other arboviruses or major pests: Culex tarsalis, Cx. pipiens pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. erythrothorax, Ochlerotatus dorsalis, Oc. melanimon, Oc. sierrensis, Aedes vexans, and Culiseta inornata. All 10 became infected and were able to transmit WNV at some level. Ochlerotatus, Culiseta, and Aedes were low to moderately efficient vectors. They feed primarily on mammals and could play a secondary role in transmission. Oc. sierrensis, a major pest species, and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus from southern California were the least efficient laboratory vectors. Cx. tarsalis, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. erythrothorax, and other populations of Cx. pipiens complex were the most efficient laboratory vectors. Culex species are likely to play the primary role in the enzootic maintenance and transmission of WNV in California.     

Polymerase chain reaction assay identifies North American members of the Culex pipiens complex based on nucleotide sequence differences in the acetylcholinesterase gene Ace.2

Nucleotide sequence differences in the acetylcholinesterase gene Ace.2 were used to develop an assay to distinguish among North American mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. Taxon-specific polymerase chain reaction primers based on sequence differences within intron 2 of Ace.2 distinguish among the sibling species Cx. pipiens Linneaus and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say and their F1 hybrids. This assay may be used to confirm the species composition of mosquito pools, identify individual specimens collected in arbovirus surveillance programs and other mosquito studies, and define zones of hybridization.     

不同血源对流行性乙型脑炎媒介室内空间分布的影响

目的研究流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）媒介三带喙库蚊和致倦库蚊室内空间分布与血源的关系。方法利用人诱法,调查蚊虫的密度。结果在靠近动物（梅花鹿）血源的餐厅区房间,三带喙库蚊占74．80％,致倦库蚊占21．14％（n=472）;在以人血源为主的人居房间,致倦库蚊占60．28％,三带喙库蚊占36．62％（n=815）。三带喙库蚊的密度餐厅区房间高于人居房间（df=1,χ^2=5．32,P〈O．05,n=676）;致倦库蚊的密度也是餐厅区房间高于人居房间（df=1,χ^2=268．45,P〈0.001,n=611）。结论血缘的空间分布影响乙脑媒介在室内的空间分布。三带喙库蚊室内空间分布靠近动物血源;而致倦库蚊室内空间主要受人类血源分布的影响。     

Development time of Culex mosquitoes in stormwater management structures in California

A widely recommended strategy to minimize mosquito production in structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) is to ensure they hold captured water for no more than 72 h. However, this standard may be overly conservative for many mosquito species found in urban environments and may impede or prevent the capacity of BMPs to fulfill more stringent water quality standards in environmentally sensitive areas. Egg-to-pupa development of Culex tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were examined during July, August, and September 2006 in stormwater management basins and in water collected from these basins in 3 climatically distinct regions of California: the Lake Tahoe Basin, Sacramento Valley, and Los Angeles Basin. The observed minimum times to pupal development were 6 days for Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus and 8 days for Cx. pipiens. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate minimum predicted development times under optimal conditions for each region. The results suggest that water residence times of up to 96 h will not significantly increase the potential for Culex mosquito production in stormwater BMPs in the 3 regions included in this study.     

广东省蚊虫感染沃尔巴克氏体初步调查研究

目的 了解广东省蚊虫种群中沃尔巴克氏体（Wolbachia）的分布及其基因型别.方法 利用Wolbachia的wsp基因序列建立PCR检测方法,对蚊科中库蚊属、伊蚊属、阿蚊属和按蚊属部分蚊虫种类进行检测,同时利用Mega 5.2软件对所获基因序列进行系统分析.结果 分别从致倦库蚊、骚扰阿蚊、白纹伊蚊及未分型蚊种中检测到12条目的基因序列,其中11条成功进行测序,这些序列分别属于A和B2个超级基因组,分布在5个不同的基因族中.结论 广东省白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊和致倦库蚊中均存在A大组（含2个小组）和B大组（含3个小组）基因型的Wolbachia感染,埃及伊蚊和中华按蚊未检测出Wolbachia.     

浦东国际机场致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊的调查研究

目的了解致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊在浦东机场的分布与活动规律。方法帐诱法、灯诱法、人诱法、捞勺法和人工小时法。结果致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊是浦东国际机场的优势蚊种,4-11月均有危害;灯诱法调查,季节消长呈坡型,蚊虫于4月出现,5-6月达到高峰,10-11月逐渐减少至消失;蚊虫活动（帐诱法）主要在晚上,黄昏时有群舞习性,活动高峰为日落后1～4h,白天基本不活动;刺叮（人诱法）高峰时间为21：00,叮人频率最高为42次/15min;入室蚊虫以19：00-22：00为多,入室率最高为9只/15min;幼虫主要孳生于池塘、水坑、洼地、下水道和容器等污染或干净的静止水体中。结论致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊是浦东国际机场危害人类的常见蚊种,其活动规律的研究对媒介控制和虫媒病的预警提供了技术支撑。     

Insemination rates of hybrids between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus or Culex pipiens pallens at high temperature

Females of Culex pipiens pallens are rarely inseminated at temperatures above 30 degrees C. Insemination and egg-hatching rates (F2) were examined in females of hybrids (F1) between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C to examine temperature-dependent reproductive activity. Insemination rates were very high in hybrid females (F1) at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, and egg-hatching rate (F2) also was high at both temperatures. Crosses between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus did not show insemination rates and egg-hatching rates similar to the rates observed in Cx. p. pallens, suggesting that the hybrids expressed reproductive activity characteristic of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus.     

致乏库蚊对八种常用杀虫剂的抗性监测及防制对策

目的 为调查温州市等地现场致乏库蚊对敌敌畏等8种常用杀虫剂的抗性动态，以制订适宜的防制对策和相应的措施，指导灭蚊工作的深入开展。方法 药液浸渍法(WHO推荐方法)，测定Ⅳ龄期幼虫半数致死浓度。结果 现场致乏库蚊对敌敌畏、巴沙、三氯杀虫酯、二氯苯醚菊酯．溴氰菊酯5种常用杀虫剂的抗性倍数依次为：温州市：3．53、1．58、2．91、8．66．4．67；绍兴市：3．50、1．67、1．6l、6．69、5．33；衢州市：5．35、3．23、2．59、6．72、2．53；金华市：3．53、3．02、2．75、12．10、4．00；现场致乏库蚊对敌敌畏、巴沙、三氯杀虫酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、溴氯菊酯、DDT、右旋丙烯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯等8种常用杀虫剂的抗性倍数依次为：湖州市：3．78、3．06、1．54、5．15、9．00、1．25、3．27、2．62；嘉兴市：4．24、3．43、1．27、5．32、11．08、1．27、3．20、2．75。结论 现场致乏库蚊对8种常用杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性，尤以二氯苯醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯为最高。     

江苏地区尖音库蚊复合组种群组成调查分析

目的了解江苏地区尖音库蚊复合组种群构成,为进一步防控蚊虫蚊媒病奠定基础。方法于2012年采集江苏省连云港、常熟、张家港、盐城、泰州、徐州、南京、南通和无锡9个地区蚊虫,通过扩增mtDNA—COI基因、测序和基因比对,对上述地区尖音库蚊复合组进行分析。结果mtDNA—COI基因分析显示,江苏地区的尖音库蚊复合组差异明显,进化树显示分为2支,南京、泰州、无锡、盐城、徐州地区为一支,与淡色库蚊同源性较高;连云港、南通、常熟、张家港地区为1支,与致倦库蚊同源性较高。结论江苏地区尖音库蚊复合组存在淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊两类基因型,未发现尖音库蚊和骚扰库蚊基因型,亦未发现新的隐藏种。     

Effects of high temperature on the emergence and survival of adult Culex pipiens molestus and Culex quinquefasciatus in Japan.

The emergence rate and adult survival (longevity) of Japanese strains of Culex pipiens molestus and Culex quinquefasciatus were compared at temperatures of 21, 25, and 30 degrees C. The pupation and emergence rates in both strains were higher at 21 and 25 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. The adult emergence rate, especially in females, was lower in Cx. p. molestus than in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Longevity of females and males was lower in Cx. p. molestus at 25 degrees C and above. The survival of Cx. p. molestus was adversely affected by temperatures of 28 degrees C and higher. High temperature may restrict the distribution of this species. Therefore, if Cx. p. molestus infests the Okinawa region, the likelihood that it will become established is minimal.     

致倦库蚊及大劣按蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性测定

目的掌握海南省致倦库蚊和大劣按蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性发生及发展趋势。方法采用幼虫浸渍法，测定其对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性倍数。结果五指山市、澄迈县和海口市的致倦库蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性倍数分别为7．50、6．67、8．00倍，对氟氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为5．31、6．00、6．23倍；琼中县大劣按蚊对溴氰菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1．12和1．31倍。结论海南省致倦库蚊对这2种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了低抗药性；而大劣按蚊尚未产生。     

台州市区致倦库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗性研究

目的了解台州市区致倦库蚊对6种常用杀虫剂的抗性状况。方法药液浸泡法。结果台州市区致倦库蚊自然品系对6种常用杀虫剂均存在不同程度的抗药性,抗性倍数以溴氰菊酯最高,为9．0倍,其他依次为氯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏、仲丁威、三氯杀虫酯,抗性倍数分别为6．8、5．6、4．8、2．7、1．6倍。结论台州市区蚊虫对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性,应在环境治理基础上科学合理使用杀虫剂。     

广东国境口岸五种蚊种核糖体基因第2内转录间隔区分子鉴定方法研究

[目的]建立国境口岸不同蚊种的核糖体基因第2内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS2）分子鉴定方法及其系统进化关系。[方法]针对蚊虫的rDNA核酸序列保守性，设计扩增rDNA-ITS2编码区的PCR引物，对广州机场、江门和湛江等国境口岸采集的致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、骚扰阿蚊等成蚊和实验室喂养的蚊幼虫进行PCR扩增和序列测定，并与GenBank中已知蚊虫的rDNA-ITS2进行同源性比较和系统进化分析。[结果]不同蚊虫的rDNA-ITS2扩增片断长度不同，M2引物对致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊和中华按蚊的扩增片断分别为447bp-520bp、432bp-438bp、527bp-586bp、439bp-448bp和644bp。序列分析和系统进化关系显示，尖音库蚊组和三带喙库蚊聚类为库蚊属，再与白纹伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊聚类为库蚊亚科，库蚊亚科再与中华按蚊进行聚类，分子进化与蚊虫形态学鉴定的亲缘关系保持一致。[结论]建立的rDNA-ITS2分子鉴别技术可成功地应用于国境口岸范围内成蚊和幼蚊的亚科、属和种的区分和确定系统发育关系。这可以弥补蚊虫形态特征信息量的不足等传统分类系统的缺点，对国境口岸范围外来的或新发现的蚊种的鉴别提供了分子水平的技术依据。