人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的膝关节功能评价

目的：探讨韧带增强重建系统( LARS)人工韧带重建前交叉韧带( ACL)手术的临床效果。方法采用随机数字表法将我院2011年9月至2013年5月收治的60例ACL损伤患者分为LARS组和自体腘肌腱( ST/G组)组,各30例,比较2组患者治疗前与治疗后3、6、9、18个月的Lysholm评分、主客观IKDC评分、末次随访的临床疗效及骨隧道扩大情况的差异。结果LARS组扶拐下地时间、弃拐行走时间、恢复运动时间3项指标均显著短于ST/G组(P<0.05)。与术前相比,2组Lysholm评分及IKDC评分术后3、6、9、18个月均显著好转(P<0.05);术前2组Lysholm评分及IKDC评分比较差异不显著(P>0.05);术后3、6、9个月LARS组Lysholm评分及IKDC评分显著优于ST/G组,至术后18个月2组患者的Lysholm评分及IKDC评分差异不显著(P>0.05)。末次随访时,LARS组疗效分布显著优于 ST/G 组(P <0.05);LARS 组优良率93.33%高于 ST/G 组的76.67%,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。 LARS组共6例患者出现骨隧道扩大,ST/G组14例患者出现骨隧道扩大,ST/G组出现骨隧道扩大率显著高于LARS组(P<0.05)。结论韧带增强重建系统人工韧带重建前交叉韧带较自体腘肌腱重建能够显著加快患者的恢复,同时提高术后疗效及降低术后骨隧道扩大的发生率。     

自体腘绳肌腱与人工韧带加强系统重建前交叉韧带的比较

目的比较自体腘绳肌腱(HT)和人工韧带加强系统(LARS)重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的效果。方法选择61例ACL断裂患者(均为单侧断裂),其中男性37例,女性24例;年龄17~57岁,平均年龄36岁。采用自体HT重建ACL30例(HT组),采用LARS重建ACL31例(LARS组)。按Lysholm评分系统及KT-2000检查评估功能。结果全部病例均获随访,随访时间26~30个月。Lysholm评分术后2年HT组和LARS组分别为(90.80±8.87)分、(91.70±6.54)分;KT-2000测试膝关节移动距离分别为(2.58±2.18)mm、(2.39±2.09)mm。两组膝关节Lysholm评分在术后均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间术后Lysholm评分及膝关节稳定性KT-2000检查比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论两种移植物均能够获得满意的临床效果,明显改善膝关节功能,LARS是一种良好的替代移植物。     

腓骨长肌腱和腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的系统评价

背景:近年报道,腓骨长肌腱可作为重建前交叉韧带新的移植材料,且能取得与腘绳肌腱同等效果,有必要对这2种重建前交叉韧带的移植材料进行系统评价。目的:采用Meta分析方法评价腓骨长肌腱和腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法:采用中英文分别在中文数据库(万方医学、中国知网、维普医药、中国生物医学)、英文数据库(Ovid、Pub Med、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane library)检索腓骨长肌腱和腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床对照试验,检索时限从自建库至2019年3月,并由2名评价员通过筛选文献、文献评价、提取数据,并在Revman5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果与结论:(1)通过制定的检索式共检索出中英文文献413篇,最终符合纳入标准10篇,包括647例重建前交叉韧带患者,其中271例使用腓骨长肌腱重建,376例采用腘绳肌腱重建;(2)Meta分析显示:腓骨长肌腱组术后12个月的Lysholm评分、术后6个月的IKDC评分高于腘绳肌腱组(MD=1.23,95%CI[0.31,2.51],P=0.0009;MD=3.19,95%CI[0.07,6.31],P=0.02),术后并发症发生率低于腘绳肌腱组(OR=0.15,95%CI[0.03,0.69],P=0.01);两组术后6,12个月的Tegner评分、关节活动度、关节松弛程度,以及术后6个月的Lysholm评分、术后12个月的IKDC评分比较差异均无显著性意义(P> 0.05);(3)结果表明,腓骨长肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床效果与腘绳肌腱相当,术后12个月的Lysholm评分、术后6个月的IKDC评分优于腘绳肌腱组,并且可减少术后并发症。临床上可推荐腓骨长肌腱代替腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带,但是纳入文献质量限制,需要更高级别的证据。     

前交叉韧带解剖重建股骨隧道与外侧副韧带解剖重建股骨隧道的关系

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)单束解剖重建股骨隧道与外侧副韧带(LCL)重建股骨隧道的关系,以期为临床中ACL解剖重建提供解剖学数据,便于临床实际操作中避免2个股骨隧道相互干扰,为ACL和LCL一期解剖重建提供依据。方法采用30例成人尸体膝部标本,保留膝关节上下至少20cm,排除关节明显退变、畸形及关节损伤。男性16例,女性14例,年龄在23~66岁,平均年龄38.7岁。屈膝120°经前内辅助入路(AMP)钻取股骨隧道。在股骨外髁外侧面寻找后外侧角(PLC)结构,钝性分离LCL,并钻取LCL隧道。标本进行CT扫描,在CT片上观察隧道碰撞数,并计算两个隧道的最短距离。结果在LCL股骨隧道深度为25mm时,其与ACL股骨隧道最短距离为(3.9±2.4)mm;在LCL股骨隧道深度为30mm时,其与ACL股骨隧道最短距离为(2.7±1.9)mm。在ACL股骨隧道深度为25mm时,其与LCL股骨隧道的最短距离为(4.4±2.6)mm;在ACL股骨隧道深度为30mm时,其与LCL股骨隧道的最短距离为(3.2±2.1)mm。在30例标本中,共发现6例隧道碰撞,碰撞的几率高达20%。结论我们发现两者隧道发生碰撞的几率高,临床一期解剖重建时,术前应做个体化准备,规划好LCL重建所需股骨隧道的长度和隧道直径,从而规避与ACL股骨隧道的碰撞。     

腓骨长肌腱转移重建膝交叉韧带的应用解剖

在30例成年下肢标本,观测了腓骨长肌形态、血管和神经.肌腱平均长13.5cm,肌腱与交叉韧带横经相近.自入肌的最低神经与血管分支处,将肌腹和肌腱逆转向上,可超出膝关节间隙14.7cm.采用腓骨长肌腱转位重建膝关节交叉韧带是可行的,肌腱游离度大,可作单条或多条韧带损伤重建.     

自体与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带

背景:前交叉韧带损伤修复采用自体腘绳肌腱还是同种异体肌腱目前在临床上的应用存在争议。目的:分析关节镜下自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法:前交叉韧带断裂重建患者123例,根据移植物的不同将患者分为自体肌腱组63例和异体肌腱组60例。治疗后随访进行Lachman试验、Lysholm评分评估疗效。结果与结论:患者均经过8个月以上随访。两组患者术后膝关节稳定性均较治疗前得到明显好转,两组患者治疗后Lysholm评分、Lachman试验结果均显著好于治疗前,末次随访组间比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结果说明自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效相近,医师应根据自身经验和患者情况灵活使用。     

腓骨长肌腱重建喙锁韧带的解剖与临床

目的:利用自体腓骨长肌腱重建喙锁韧带治疗重度肩锁关节脱位。方法:比较40例防腐成尸喙锁韧带、腓骨长肌腱、掌长肌腱及阔筋膜条的形态,并在临床上应用自体腓骨长肌腱重建喙锁韧带12例。结果:腓骨长肌腱长15.3±1.2cm,宽0.9±0.1cm,厚2.2±0.4mm,形态指标上优于阔筋膜与掌长肌;临床应用12例均获得满意的效果。结论:腓骨长肌腱可作为自体材料重建喙锁韧带,具有其优点。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带残端评估及保残重建的临床效果

目的 探讨关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）残端评估及保残重建的临床效果。方法 选取于我院行关节镜下人工韧带加强系统（LARS）移植重建ACL的患者111例,按照手术方式的不同分为Crain组（59例）及对照组（52例）。Crain组在改良Crain分型理论指导下保留残端并在鞘内重建ACL,对照组在ACL重建时清除残端。比较2组患者术前及术后24 h、72 h疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分。分别于术前及术后3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月采用Lysholm评分评估患者的膝关节功能。采用Lachman试验、轴移试验评估手术前后膝关节的稳定性。记录2组患者随访期间并发症发生情况。结果 Crain组患者术后24 h、72 h VAS评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。2组患者术前及术后9个月、12个月Lysholm评分比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,Crain组患者术后3个月、6个月Lysholm评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。2组患者手术前后Lachman试验及轴移试验阴性结果比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,2组患者术后Lachman试验及轴移试验阴性结果比较...     

关节镜下同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的临床观察

目的比较关节镜下同种异体肌腱移植和自体肌腱移植重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的临床效果。方法将130例膝关节前后交叉韧带断裂的患者按手术方式的不同分为2组,观察组采用同种异体肌腱移植,对照组采用自体肌腱移植,观察患者临床疗效。结果观察组手术时间明显少于对照组(P0.05);观察组IKDC评定与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者术后Lysholm及Tengner评分均明显高于术前,2组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组及对照组术后Lysholm及Tegner评分比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论同种异体与自体肌腱重建ACL及PCL的疗效相近,是重建ACL及PCL良好的移植物。     

关节镜下过顶位与解剖位(月国)绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带比较

目的:比较关节镜下过顶位与解剖位自体胴绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带的效果.方法:关节镜证实为前交叉韧带断裂的24例患者,按重建方法分成A组:过顶位;B组:解剖位,各12例,均行6-8股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建.术后摄X片与三维CT,膝关节功能采用关节伸屈功能、Lachman与轴移试验、IKDC、Lycholm评分判断.结果:随访时间平均10个月,Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、关节伸屈功能变化均明显改善,两组无显著性差异.X片:A、B组胫骨骨道中心分别位于胫骨髁间前后距的37.7%、34.2%,股骨骨道中心平均位于Blumensaat's线后21.4%、19.8%;Lachman试验:A组Ⅰ度2例;B组均阴性;轴移试验试验:A组Ⅰ度3例;B组Ⅰ度1例;A组4例更换工作.结论:过顶位与解剖位腘绳肌腱单柬重建前交叉韧带均可达到临床满意的效果,但解剖位重建有更好的旋转功能体查结果.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.