前路分段减压治疗多节段颈椎病

[目的]评价颈椎前路椎体次全切加椎间盘摘除分段减压结合钛网植骨及椎间植骨融合加长钛板内固定治疗多节段颈椎病的疗效和应用价值.[方法]16例患者全部采用单个或相邻两个椎体次全切加单纯椎间盘摘除分段减压钛网植骨及椎间植骨融合加长钛板固定术.[结果]16例6个月全部达到骨性愈合.JOA评分优10例,良4例,好转2例,由术前平均9.5分上升至15.5分.[结论]前路椎体次全切加椎间盘摘除分段减压结合钛网植骨及椎间植骨融合长钛板固定治疗多节段颈椎病疗效可靠,融合率高,并发症少.     

同种异体骨在脊髓型颈椎病椎体次全切除减压融合术中的应用

目的 评价同种异体骨联合前路钢板在脊髓型颈椎病椎体次全切除减压融合术中的应用效果。方法 对35例颈脊髓病患者行颈前路椎体次全切,同种异体骨植入联合前路钢板内固定并分析其结果。术前JOA评分4—15分,平均8．7分。结果 本组35例患者,次全切除椎体69个,其中单椎体次全切7例,双椎体22例,三椎体6例,完成减压104个间隙,无手术并发症。随访时间11—37个月,平均17．4个月。术后植骨稳定,未发现钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等现象,植骨融合率100％;融合时间约6—15个月,平均9．3个月;术后JOA评分7—17分,平均14．8分,改善率为73．5％,优良率为82．8％。结论 在颈脊髓病椎体次全切减压术中,使用同种异体骨结合颈前路钢板进行融合和固定可以简化手术步骤、减少创伤,且融合可靠。     

颈椎前路减压植骨融合术后颈椎后凸畸形的原因分析

目的：探讨颈椎前路椎体植骨融合术后颈椎后凸畸形的原因。方法：随诊1982年8月-2000年12月274例行颈椎前路减压、单纯植骨融合术的病例，对其中确诊为颈椎后凸畸形患者的手术减压节段、植骨方式、骨融合情况及术后颈椎后凸畸形的进展对疗效的影响进行分析。结果：随访2年3个月～7年6个月，平均4年1个月，17例患者确诊为颈椎后凸畸形；术后1年时融合节段前柱短缩明显，颈椎后凸畸形最明显，其中12例为双节段减压、Keystone式植骨；8例后期颈椎植骨融合节段上下相邻椎体不稳：17例患者术前JOA评分平均10．2分．术后1年平均15．2分，末次随访时为15．6分。结论：单纯颈椎前路减压植骨融合术后因减压节段和值骨方式的不同使融合节段前柱短缩及植骨融合节段上下相邻椎体不稳是颈椎后凸畸形的直接原因。     

跳跃性椎体次全切除治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病及后纵韧带骨化症

 目的 探讨前路跳跃性椎体次全切、分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病及后纵韧带骨化症的疗效。方法 15例多节段(≥3个节段)脊髓型颈椎病或后纵韧带骨化症患者均接受前路跳跃性椎体次全切除减压+自体髂骨或钛网植骨融合+前路钢板固定术。男9例,女6例;年龄51~80岁,平均56岁。术中对C4、C6椎体行次全切,在保留C5椎体基础上切除其后缘增生骨赘、突出的椎间盘和(或)骨化的后纵韧带,在C3~5和C5~7进行结构性植骨,以C5椎体为中间固定椎体行颈前路钢板内固定。术后采用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分系统评估神经功能恢复情况;摄X线片和三维CT重建评估融合程度;同时行MR检查,以观察脊髓减压程度和脊髓情况。结果 所有患者均获得9~42个月随访,平均26.7个月。15例患者均达到骨性融合。JOA评分由术前平均(13.44±2.81)分改善至术后(16.16±2.19)分。颈椎序列由术前1.16°±11.74°改善至术后即刻14.36°±7.85°,末次随访时为12.92°±6.17°。术后声嘶2例,吞咽困难1例。结论 前路选择性椎体次全切除结合分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病及后纵韧带骨化症疗效可靠。保留C5椎体提供了额外的把持力、增加了结构的稳定性,避免跨多节段植骨内固定而导致的内固定失败。     

椎间减压并椎体次全切术治疗多节段颈椎病

目的：探讨椎间减压与椎体次全切除减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病的效果。方法：对37例累及3个节段的多节段颈椎病采用一期椎间减压加椎体次全切除减压植骨融合术。结果：经3个月-7年2个月，平均1年6个月随访，按JOA评分标准评分，结果优25例，良9例，中2例，差1例。平均改善率59．6％，优良率91．6％。3-4个月植骨融合节段全部愈合，颈椎生理曲度全部获得不同程度的恢复。结论：采用一期椎间减压加椎体次全切除减压植骨融合术结合内固定能充分、有效地解除脊髓压迫，恢复与维持颈椎椎高度和生理曲度，融合率高，并发症少。     

颈椎前路融合后相邻节段的即刻运动范围

目的：观察中下颈椎前路单椎体次全切除减压植骨和应用颈椎前路钢板固定对相邻节段即刻三维运动范围的影响。方法：采用6具新鲜成人尸体颈椎标本，测量完整状态、C5椎体次全切除减压植骨、C5椎体次全切除减压植骨颈前路钢板固定3种状态上下相邻节段的三维六自由度运动范围。结果：3种状态下相邻节段的即刻三维运动范围无显著差异。结论：中下颈椎前路单椎体次全切除减压植骨和应用钢板内固定对相邻节段即刻运动范围没有显著影响，颈椎前路融合后相邻节段退变加快的原因需要进一步探讨。     

颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病

目的探讨颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病的可行性及疗效。方法对11例病变累及3个以上椎间隙脊髓型颈椎病患者,采用经颈前路单椎体次全切除,钛网内充填减压椎体松质骨植骨融合,单间隙减压采用聚醚醚酮椎间融合器植骨融合,并行带锁钢板固定。结果11例均获随访,平均15个月,植骨于术后12～16周骨性愈合。术后恢复的椎间高度未发生再丢失现象,颈椎生理曲度维持良好,无钢板及螺钉折断、椎间融合器滑脱、植骨不融合等并发症。手术时间150min（120～240min）,JOA评分由平均术前8．3分上升至术后13分。结论颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病及带锁钢板内固定应用前景良好。     

颈椎前路融合后相邻节段的即刻运动范围

目的观察中下颈椎前路单椎体次全切除减压植骨和应用颈椎前路钢板固定对相邻节段即刻三维运动范围的影响.方法采用6具新鲜成人尸体颈椎标本,测量完整状态、C5椎体次全切除减压植骨、C5椎体次全切除减压植骨颈前路钢板固定3种状态上下相邻节段的三维六自由度运动范围.结果3种状态下相邻节段的即刻三维运动范围无显著差异.结论中下颈椎前路单椎体次全切除减压植骨和应用钢板内固定对相邻节段即刻运动范围没有显著影响,颈椎前路融合后相邻节段退变加快的原因需要进一步探讨.     

单椎体次全切联合间隙减压治疗多节段颈椎病

目的探讨≥3个多节段脊髓型颈椎病的病情特点与治疗方法。方法25例多节段颈椎病患者,15例为“跳跃型”多节段脊髓型,10例为相邻多节段脊髓型。术前JOA评分平均为8·2分。采用受累节段单间隙减压联合椎体次全切减压融合内固定,单间隙采用cage植骨内固定,椎体次全切采用钛网植骨钢板内固定。术后费城颈托外固定保护3个月。结果25例获平均12个月随访,术后JOA评分平均为13·5分,所有病例均获骨性融合,无假关节形成。结论多节段脊髓型颈椎病病情复杂,采用单椎体次全切联合单间隙减压治疗,可获良好治疗效果。     

前路分节段减压在治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效分析

[摘要] 目的 评价经前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病的临床效果。方法 对我院近3年收治的37 例多节段颈椎病患者采用分节段减压术的连续性资料,其中21例3节段患者采用单间隙减压+单椎体次全切除植骨融合内固定术治疗,16例4节段段患者采用保留5椎体的切除颈4、6椎体的分节段减压。分析手术时间、术中出血量、术后6个月植骨融合率、JOA 评分改善率,节段性前突角度。结果 所有患者均获随访,平均12个月。手术时间110～230min,平均155min;术中失血约150～650mL,平均325.5mL;术后颈椎X-RAY提示均恢复颈椎生理曲度,及椎间高度;6个月植骨融合率91.8%。无植骨块脱出、钢板螺钉折断、脑脊液瘘等严重并发症发生。术后3、6个月JOA评分为( 13.6±1.9) 、（14.0±1.6）分,术后3、6个月平均改善率为53.4%、58.9%。节段性前突角度术前（9.68±3.2）°,术后（16.52±2.2）°。 结论 颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病是较好的手术方式,值得提倡。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.