带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣在尿道下裂再次手术中的应用

目的 总结带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣在尿道下裂再次手术中应用的适应证、手术技巧及其并发症.方法　2005年9月-2009年12月本院应用带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣再次手术治疗尿道下裂再次手术患儿35例,年龄3～15岁.其中22例为第2次手术,9例为第3次手术,4例为第4次手术,所有病例尿道局部瘢痕增生明显或尿道板已被破坏.手术方式分为2种:应用加盖岛状皮瓣法(Onlay术式)24例,应用岛状皮瓣管状尿道成形法(Duckett术式)11例.带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣长度为1～4 cm,新尿道采用F8或F10号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管,术后10～14 d拔除.结果　35例中27例(77.1%)一次手术成功,阴茎伸直良好,外形美观,排尿正常,成功率为77.1%.术后并发症:尿瘘6例,5例已行尿瘘修补,痊愈,1例等待修补;尿道狭窄2例,1例先行尿道狭窄处尿道造瘘,然后再次行尿瘘修补,痊愈,另1例已行尿道造瘘等待修补.结论　带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣可应用于尿道下裂再次手术,术后阴茎外形美观,但需注意根据手术适应证选择,而且手术操作较复杂,有一定的并发症.     

带蒂包皮双面皮瓣法联合DuplayⅠ期修复重度尿道下裂

目的 总结带蒂包皮双面皮瓣法(PPDIF)联合原位尿道板卷管(Duplay)治疗重度尿道下裂的方法及疗效.方法 1998年1月至2010年3月采用带蒂包皮双面皮瓣法加原位近端尿道板卷管(PPDIF+ Duplay)术式治疗重度尿道下裂72例,包括阴囊型50例,会阴型22例.结果 平均随访23个月,术后阴茎伸直及外观满意,尿道口位置正常.发生尿瘘10例(13.9％),尿道狭窄4例(5.6％),手术总成功率达80.6％.结论 PPDIF联合Duplay术式 Ⅰ期修复重度尿道下裂疗效肯定,具有术后外形美观,尿道狭窄、尿瘘等并发症少等优点.     

横裁岛状包皮皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的经验

目的总结横裁岛状包皮皮瓣法修复先天性尿道下裂的经验。方法对1999年-2005年我科56例采用横裁岛状包皮皮瓣法进行尿道成形的尿道下裂患儿进行回顾性分析。其中5例加用尿道口为基底的阴囊矩形皮瓣作Duplay尿道成形。结果本组病例均获随访,时间3个月-4年,阴茎外观良好,阴茎下弯矫正满意,排尿通畅。一次手术成功49例,占89．3％;术后尿瘘5例,经第二次手术修补后痊愈,尿道狭窄1例,经尿道扩张后排尿改善。结论横裁岛状包皮皮瓣符合阴茎皮肤的解剖生理特点,设计合理,采用吻合口连续缝合,更加降低了尿瘘的发生率,避免耻骨上造瘘及带来的膀胱损伤。对多数尿道下裂尤其是有阴茎下弯的尿道下裂,采用横裁包皮岛状皮瓣法并灵活加用尿道口基底矩形皮瓣是一个很好的选择。     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

包皮岛状皮瓣联合阴囊正中皮瓣成形术治疗阴囊型尿道下裂

目的　探讨包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术 (Duckett)联合阴囊中隔皮瓣尿道成形术治疗小儿阴囊型尿道下裂的疗效。方法　 2～ 12岁 18例尿道缺损长度 (4 .0～ 6 .0 )cm的严重阴囊型尿道下裂患儿 ,均应用包皮岛状皮瓣成形术联合阴囊中隔成形术治疗。结果　术后 10～ 12d拔除支架管 ,排尿正常 ,1例术后 2个月出现尿道外口狭窄 ,余患儿未发生并发症。结论　联合手术方法治疗阴囊型尿道下裂效果满意。     

445例先天性尿道下裂的治疗

目的 探讨不同术式对445例不同类型先天性尿道下裂患儿的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年—2003年445例先天性尿道下裂病例资料，其中采用阴茎阴囊纵隔带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术311例，包皮内板带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术52例，包皮及阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣尿道成型术61例，膀胱粘膜代尿道术21例。每例均同时行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术。结果 治愈率90．6％，并发症为9．4％。其中尿道狭窄11例，尿瘘31例。尿道狭窄中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法2例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法5例，联合皮瓣法3例；尿瘘中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法3例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法24例，联合皮瓣法3例。结论 根据尿道下裂类型选择不同的术式 尿流改道，并严格遵守整形外科的原则是尿道下裂手术成功的关键。     

阴茎深筋膜联合改良游离包皮移植物卷管尿道成形术与Duckett术在近端型尿道下裂中的疗效比较

目的比较在近端型尿道下裂患儿中, 使用阴茎深筋膜加盖于游离包皮尿道成形术与横裁包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术在术后并发症、阴茎外观等方面的效果。方法前瞻性研究2017年12月至2019年12月期间于复旦大学附属儿科医院厦门医院就诊的近端型尿道下裂, 需手术治疗的59例患儿。患儿按随机数字表法分为两组, 研究组(29例)行游离包皮移植物卷管尿道成形术+阴茎深筋膜加盖, 对照组(30例)行横裁包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术+常规筋膜覆盖。所有患儿经6个月以上随访比较两组患儿术后尿道狭窄、憩室等并发症率、尿道下裂阴茎评分(hypospadias objective penile evaluation, HOPE)、尿流率检测等指标。符合正态分布的计量资料采用t检验, 不符合正态分布的计量资料采用Mann-WhitneyU检验;计数资料采用卡方检验或Fisher精确概率法检验。结果所有患儿均顺利完成手术, 共55例患儿完成随访, 研究组27例, 对照组28例。两组在手术年龄、随访时间、阴茎长度、阴茎下弯程度、手术时间上差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);两组在尿道狭窄、尿道瘘、尿道憩室等单项并发症和总...     

前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法总结分析2002年1月～2004年6月对12例尿道下裂患儿实行的前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术的治疗经验。结果全部12例患儿阴茎外观满意。尿道口位置正常，仅有1例出现尿瘘，未发现尿道狭窄病例。结论对于远端尿道板薄弱同时合并明显阴茎下曲的尿道下裂患儿如行常规游离包皮内板尿道成形则原系带处保留的皮桥过薄，容易发生尿瘘且有部分患儿出现术后尿道口回缩，前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形是一种较好的手术治疗方法，阴茎伸直充分且可保证尿道开口于正常位置。尤其适用于阴茎及阴茎头发育良好的患儿。     

Dorsal tunica vaginalis graft plus onlay preputial island flap urethroplasty: Experimental study in rabbits

ObjectiveTo assess the use of tunica vaginalis graft plus onlay preputial island flap in urethral reconstructive surgery in rabbits through histopathology.Material and methodsWe developed an experimental model of urethroplasty that resembles one-stage complex hypospadias surgery with divided urethral plate. The tunica vaginalis graft is dorsally placed to recreate the urethral plate and the internal preputial island flap is placed onlay to complete the urethroplasty. Sixteen animals were divided into four equal groups and sacrificed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, the penis being sent for histopathological evaluation.ResultsThere were no deaths related to the procedure or wound breakdown; all rabbits voided spontaneously after surgery. Two urethrocutaneous fistulae were found. Microscopically, good tissue integration was observed, the tunica vaginalis mesothelium was gradually replaced by a more stratified epithelial lining, similar to the urothelial lining of the native urethra. The stratified squamous non-keratinized lining of the internal preputial island flap also changed into a thinner epithelial lining with only 4–5 cell layers. Two urethral diverticula were found.ConclusionA tunica vaginalis graft placed dorsally plus an onlay internal preputial island flap was shown to be a successful technique for urethroplasty in an animal model.     

应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂

目的探讨Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂的体会。方法2001-2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗146例尿道下裂。年龄1～16岁，平均3岁。其中治疗首诊病例62例；治疗已经过手术修复失败的病例84例。在同期，修复远端尿道下裂应用最多的是加盖岛状皮瓣法（onlay island flap法），共266例。结果首诊Snodgrass手术62例，成功57例（91．9％），2例尿道狭窄，3例尿道瘘。对失败的尿道下裂病例应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％），尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Onlay手术266例，成功256例（96．2％），尿道瘘10例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术适合尿道板发育好的无阴茎下弯的远端尿道下裂病例，以及部分失败的尿道下裂修复、长段尿道瘘病例。尿道板发育差的病例适合Onlay手术。     

Observational retrospective study on acquired megalourethra after primary proximal hypospadias repair and its recurrence after tapering

IntroductionAcquired megalourethra (AMU) after repair of proximal hypospadias can be a serious complication. An observational retrospective study of its incidence among different types of repair was performed.Materials and methodsClinical charts of patients operated on for proximal hypospadias were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: all primary hypospadias operated in 1991–2004, with the meatus positioned in proximal penile, scrotal or perineal position.ResultsOf 770 hypospadias cases treated, 130 (16%) were proximal. Seventy-two patients (55%) were treated using preputial flaps: 36 with a tubularized preputial island flap (TIF) and 36 an onlay island flap (OIF). Fifty-eight patients (45%) underwent staged repairs: Belt-Fuquà (BF) in 18 and Bracka procedure in 40 cases. After a mean follow up of 16 years (range 6–19) the overall incidence of complications for each technique was: TIF 36%; OIF 33%; BF 25%; two-stage Bracka 7.5%. The most common complication encountered was neo-urethral fistula. AMU occurred in only 5 cases, none with associated distal urethral stenosis, all in the TIF and OIF groups, and all successfully treated by reduction re-do urethroplasty.ConclusionA very small number of the patients operated using preputial island flaps techniques developed AMU. None of the staged repairs developed AMU, and this is the preferred choice in proximal hypospadias when the urethral plate requires division and/or substitution. All cases of AMU resolved after urethral tapering.     

分期Duckett术式治疗重度尿道下裂的疗效评价

目的：通过与一期 Duckett 术式手术效果进行比较,探讨分期 Duckett 术式治疗重度尿道下裂的应用及价值。方法2009年1月至2014年10月,我们收治重度尿道下裂72例,均为阴茎阴囊交界型或会阴型尿道下裂,患儿第1次手术时年龄2～3岁,平均2.4岁。其中38例采用管形包皮岛状皮瓣法一期尿道成形术,即一期 Duckett 术式,为 A 组,成形尿道长度4～6 cm。34例采用分期手术,一期手术中矫正阴茎下弯后,采用管形包皮岛状皮瓣法成形部分尿道,即分期 Duckett 术式,为 B 组;第一期成形尿道长度为3～4.5 cm;术后1年行二期尿道成形术,成形尿道长度1.5～2.5 cm,两期手术成形尿道总长度4～6 cm。结果两组均获随访,术后随访6个月至5年,平均3.5年,无一例阴茎下弯复发。A 组有7例（7／38,18.5％）术后发生尿瘘。B 组有3例（3／34,8.8％）术后发生尿瘘,均出现在二期尿道成形术后。A 组有4例出现尿道狭窄（4／38,10.5％）,B 组1例出现尿道狭窄（1／34,2.9％）。A组有4例出现尿道憩室（4／38,10.5％）,B 组无一例尿道憩室发生。A 组手术成功率为60.5％,B 组手术成功率为88.3％,差异有统计学意义（P ＝0．008）。结论与一期 Duckett 术式相比,分期 Duckett术式治疗重度尿道下裂,术后并发尿瘘、尿道狭窄和尿道憩室少。分期 Duckett 术式有效降低了重度尿道下裂的手术难度和并发症的发生率,提高了复杂尿道下裂的疗效,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Hypospadias repair using a double onlay preputial flap

 From an anatomical view, a more reasonable blood supply can be achieved in hypospadias repair using a double-faced onlay flap. A urethroplasty was performed in 15 patients with middle or posterior hypospadias using a double-faced onlay preputial flap (DOPF). In this method, the urethral plate is preserved and a double-faced preputial flap is developed. The inner face of the flap is sutured to the urethral plate to create the neourethra and the outer face together with the rest of the dorsal prepuce is used for ventral skin coverage. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients: 1 developed a fistula in the subcoronal region and 1 had dorsal skin necrosis and suture disruption of the glanular wings. The overall complication rate was 13%. The DOPF provides a well-vascularized ventral skin cover and reduces the area of avascular dorsal skin. The viability of the neourethra can be evaluated by simply looking at the outer face of the flap. However, the complication rate is similar to that of other techniques. Accepted: 27 October 2000     

精索外筋膜联合唇黏膜移植一期修复尿道下裂修复失败的初步报告

目的通过预置精索外筋膜改良唇黏膜移植的方法,同期联合局部皮瓣尿道成形一期修复术治疗手术修复失败的尿道下裂,并评价其疗效。方法2014年12月至2017年4月作者采用预置精索外筋膜移植床一期治疗13例修复手术失败的尿道下裂患儿,年龄2.5~6岁,患儿至少经历1次失败的尿道下裂手术,阴茎体与睾丸大小、质地均尚可,术前合并不同程度阴茎弯曲。沿原手术切口暴露原手术建立的尿道,人工勃起试验均提示存在阴茎体下弯(弯曲15°~45°)。自腹侧弯曲最显著处完全离断原尿道海绵体,深达阴茎海绵体白膜后完全伸直阴茎,剔除白膜表面原手术后瘢痕组织,尿道缺损长度2.2~4.9 cm;于一侧睾丸鞘膜表面自睾丸底部到腹股沟管处解剖长段精索外筋膜后,将其转移覆盖于白膜表面尿道缺损处,取同等长度的下唇黏膜移植于精索外筋膜表面,固定后游离局部带蒂阴茎皮肤加盖成型新尿道,一期完成重建手术。结果13例患儿留置导尿管3周后拔除,随访12~40个月后,2例出现尿道瘘(1例位于冠状沟、1例位于阴茎根部),均再次行手术修补;1例阴茎头裂开未予处理,1例尿道外口狭窄行尿道外口扩张后治愈。所有患儿阴茎勃起时无下弯,患儿家长对其术后阴茎体外观满意。结论通过预置精索外筋膜可增加唇黏膜的获取率,有效避免移植物挛缩的问题,可一次性完成尿道重建手术。     

Evaluation of Onlay Island Flap Technique in Shallow Urethral Plate Hypospadiasis

Background:

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital genital anomalies in males that necessitates to be operated early in infancy (when 6 to 9 months old). On the other hand, hypospadias is a challenging field of pediatric urology with multiple reconstruction techniques. A perfect hypospadias repair is supposed to return urethral continuity with sufficient caliber, eradicate phallus curvature, and supply an acceptable appearance with low complications.

Objectives:

This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of using onlay island flap technique in the repair of hypospadias with shallow urethral plate.

Patients and Methods:

In this prospective study within June 2012 to December 2013, we performed onlay island flap procedure to repair hypospadias with shallow urethral plate measuring less than 6 millimeter. This technique was selected for all types of hypospadiasis except subcoronal type. Nesbit’s dorsal plication procedure was established for chordee. In cases with very small glans, urethroplasty was performed without glansplasty.

Results:

Twenty three patients with mean age of 30 (range 10 - 60) months underwent onlay island flap repair; all had a shallow urethral plate < 6 mm, 3 had a very small glans, and 18 had chordee. Meatus was located in distal shaft in 5 cases, mid shaft in 8, proximal in 6 and penoscrotal type in 4 patients. Chordee was corrected with Nesbit’s dorsal plication in 16 cases. Complications were: meatal stenosis in 2 cases and urethrocutaneous fistula in 2 patients, all of which were repaired surgically. Mean follow up time was 13 (3 - 20) months. All cases that had glansplasty have excellent esthetic appearance.

Conclusions:

This technique offers acceptable results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.     

Evaluation of distally folded onlay flap in repair of distal penile hypospadias

ObjectiveTo evaluate the results of using a distally folded onlay flap in the repair of distal penile hypospadias, with regard to meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.Patients and methodsThis prospective study involved 36 patients with mean age 3.2 years (range 1–4); 18 had a shallow urethral plate, 10 a small glans, and 8 had undergone a previous operation but still had available preputial skin. All underwent the elective technique of distally folded onlay flap, which was carried out under general anesthesia using a 4× magnifying loupe. Starting with penile degloving and then harvesting the transverse island preputial flap provides a flap about 1 cm longer than the urethral plate. Two lateral incisions are made along the urethral plate with no need for dissection deep into the glanular wings. The flap is sutured to the urethral plate, leaving 1 cm distal to the tip of the glans, which is folded back to be sutured to the edges of the glanular wings.ResultsThere were no cases of meatal stenosis or requirement for urethral dilatation. Two patients had a urethrocutaneous fistula; one closed spontaneously while the other needed surgical repair 6 months later. Regarding esthetic appearance, 32 were scored good and 4 satisfactory.ConclusionThis versatile technique offers satisfactory results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.