胃食管反流病的诊治进展

胃食管反流病（GERD）是指胃内容物反流入食管、口腔（包括喉部）或肺所致的症状和并发症[1]。流行病学显示,GERD在西方国家的发病率为10%～20%[2];在亚洲的发病率已上升至10.5%。GERD主要包括非糜烂性胃食管反流病（NERD）、反流性食管炎（RE）和Barrett食管。1 GERD的典型症状烧心和（或）反流是GERD的典型症状,但需注意的是它们并不是GERD所特有的症状。烧心和（或）反流在GERD中的特异性约为70%,亦可见于消化性溃疡、功能性烧心、嗜酸性细胞性食管炎、食管癌或胃癌等患者。     

胃胆汁反流与胃食管反流病关系的探讨

[目的]探讨胃镜下胃胆汁反流与胃食管反流病的相关性,指导临床治疗。[方法]临床诊断为胃食管反流病(GERD)的患者列入研究组(173例),将同期行健康检查、胃镜未发现明显器质性病变者作为对照组(92例)。统计分析研究组与对照组胃胆汁反流阳性率、GERD中各型胃胆汁反流阳性率及反流性食管炎(RE)中不同分级的胃胆汁反流阳性率,比较其差异性。[结果]研究组胃胆汁反流阳性率29.5%(51/173)、对照组16.3%(15/92);GERD中RE型胃胆汁反流45.7%(21/46)、Barrett食管(BE)型26.4%(14/53)、非糜烂性反流病(NERD)型21.6%(16/74);RE中A级胃胆汁反流31%(9/29)、B级64.3%(9/14)、C级100%(3/3),未见D级。胃胆汁反流阳性率比较:研究组与对照组、GERD中RE与BE型、RE与NERD型之间差异均有统计学意义;RE中A级与B级之间比较差异也有统计学意义。[结论]胃镜下胃胆汁反流与GERD具有相关性。GERD患者如胃镜下发现胃胆汁反流,治疗时应将胆汁反流作为重要的致病因素考虑。     

消化道出血病因学研究

目的探讨消化道出血的病因,分为上消化道出血和下消化道出血的病因.方法作者对本院建院以来门诊、内镜室和住院患者确诊为上消化道出血者1238例,下消化道出血者310例,进行统计分析,探讨消化道出血的病因,有利于采取有效的治疗措施,从而达到良好的治疗效果.结果上消化道出血者1238例,其中消化性溃疡549例占44.43%,食管静脉曲张破裂出血者132例占10.66%,急性胃粘膜病变者85例占6.86%,慢性胃炎者56例占4.52%,胃癌者201例占16.24%,食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征11例占0.88%,胃粘膜脱垂症11例占0.88%,食管裂孔疝及反流性食管炎与出血性十二指肠炎各38例占3.06%,食管、胃及十二指肠憩室24例占1.94%,胆道出血5例占0.4%,胰源性上消化道出血11例占0.88%,胰腺及壶腹癌8例占0.65%,血管疾病10例占0.8%,脑溢血及颅内疾病22例占1.77%,全身疾病32例占2.58%.下消化道出血310例,其中结肠癌122例占39.35%,息肉64例占20.6%,慢性结肠炎58例占18.1%,溃疡性结肠炎23例占7.4%.Crohn病19例,内痔肛周病变12例,结肠单纯性溃疡3例,肠阿米巴病1例,肠结核4例,术后吻合口炎2例,结肠憩室3例,结肠静脉曲张1例,原因不明8例.结论上消化道出血的最常见病因是消化性溃疡,其后依次为胃癌、食管静脉曲张破裂出血、胃粘膜病变、慢性胃炎.下消化道出血的最常见病因是结肠癌,其次为息肉、慢性结肠炎等     

胃镜诊断上消化道憩室257例临床分析

目的探讨上消化道憩室经胃镜的检出情况及临床特点。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2011年12月我院消化内镜中心经胃镜诊断的257例上消化道憩室资料,包括患者性别、年龄、憩室部位、大小、数量、消化道症状以及并发症。结果 257例患者中男138例,女119例,50岁以上患者占68.48%。267处憩室病灶中,食管憩室105处(39.33%),其中食管中段憩室最多见,占69.52%;胃憩室35处(13.11%),以胃底憩室(34.29%)、胃窦憩室(48.57%)多见;十二指肠憩室127处(47.57%),其中降部憩室占69.29%,且降部憩室患者胆石症、胰腺炎的发生率均高于球部憩室患者(χ2=4.43,P<0.05;χ2=5.58,P<0.05)。结论上消化道憩室患者没有典型症状,胃镜检查可以明确诊断,对合并有严重并发症者应争取早发现、早治疗。     

反流性食管炎的临床特征分析

目的通过对14年间内镜诊断的反流性食管炎(RE)病例分析,探讨反流性食管炎的临床特征。方法收集1990年至2004年间经内镜诊断的反流性食管炎3851例,按LA分级系统分级,对其一般状况、临床症状、内镜表现以及部分患者进行的食管动力检测资料做回顾性分析。结果14年间RE占总胃镜检查人数的2.95%,而2000年至2004年间达4.25%。RE的男女性别比为3.4:1。近4年原发性RE发病年龄为(53.9±14.5)岁,其中A、B级者85.8%,C、D级者仅14.2%。RE患者行24 h食管pH、胆汁监测的pH<4时间百分比、光吸收值≥0.14时间百分比等均明显异常, 且在轻、重度患者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有反流症状者占67.23%。反流症状的发生率在轻、重度患者中无显著差异,但相对高龄、男性、合并消化性溃疡等在重度RE中的比例明显较高。结论反流性食管炎在近年来发病率有增高趋势,但仍以轻度RE为主,老年男性、合并消化性溃疡可能是发生重度RE的危险因素,酸反流、十二指肠胃食管反流在RE的发病中有重要作用。近年对反流症状识别率的提高有助于胃食管反流病的诊断。     

第五届全国胃病学术大会征文通知

中国胃病专业委员会定于 2002年 4月在广州召开第五届全国胃病学术大会。现将征文有关事项通知如下：征文内容： (1)幽门螺杆菌相关性疾病：慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌、 MALT淋巴瘤、增生性胃息肉等病因病机研究和诊断治疗； (2)胃动力障碍性疾病：胃食管反流病、反流性食管炎、贲门失弛缓症、功能性消化不良、胃轻瘫、胆汁反流性胃炎等疾病的基础和临床研究； (3)上消化道出血：急性胃粘膜病变、消化性溃疡、肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床表现、诊断评估和抢救治疗； (4)其他胃部疾病：胃血管病变 (Dieulafoy病、西瓜胃、胃弥…     

非糜烂性反流病研究的现状

非糜烂性反流病(NERD)又称内镜阴性反流病(ENRD)或症状性胃食管反流病(symptomatic gaslro-oesphagel refluxdiscase)。1999年Genval工作会议报告中明确提出胃食管反流病(CERD)包括伴有食管炎的反流病和内镜阴性的反流病。以往研究主要集中在反流性食管炎(RE)，事实上，NERD占GERD的大多数，而伴或不伴食管炎的患者由症状所导致生存质量下降的严重程度是相似的，     

胃食管反流病患者食管下段鳞状上皮细胞间隙的改变

目的观察胃食管反流病患者食管下段鳞状上皮细胞间隙的改变。方法11例胃食管反流病患者(非糜烂性反流病6例和糜烂性食管炎5例)及5名健康对照者行胃镜、24h食管pH值监测检查。于齿状线上方2cm处取活检,透射电镜下观察。结果健康对照组、非糜烂性反流病组和糜烂性食管炎组食管下段鳞状上皮平均细胞间隙分别为(0．374±0．073)μm、(1．308±0．079)μm和(1．332±0．144)μm,健康对照组和非糜烂性反流病组及糜烂性食管炎组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05),非糜烂性反流病组和糜烂性食管炎组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。结论非糜烂性反流病及糜烂性食管炎患者透射电镜下均存在食管上皮细胞间隙的增宽。     

消化不良与器质性疾病

引起消化不良样症状常见的器质性疾病有慢性消化性溃疡、胃食管反流(伴或不伴反流性食管炎)病及消化道恶性肿瘤等,其中较常见的有消化性溃疡病及胃食管反流病,少见的有胆道系统疾病与胰腺炎。罕见的有胃、胰腺或结肠的恶性肿瘤、胃的其他浸润性疾病、吸收不良综合征及血管异常等。一些药物及多种系统性疾病也会引起消化不良的临床表现(见表1)。功能性消化不良的诊断只有在排除了以上这些因素引起消化不良以后才能做出。     

慢性浅表性胃炎根治幽门螺杆菌与胃食管反流病的关系研究

幽门螺杆菌（Helieobaeter pylori，H．pylori）是慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡的主要致病因素之一，胃食管反流病（gastroesophageal reflux disease，GERD）则是常见的上消化道动力障碍性疾病。H．pylori与胃食管反流病的关系是近年来研究的热点，本文对120例慢性浅表性胃炎患者进行H．pylori根治治疗，观察GERD发病率的变化，现报告如下。     

反流性食管炎、Barrett食管和食管腺癌的研究

背景:胃食管反流病(GERD)是一种常见疾病,包括非糜烂性反流病(NERD)、反流性食管炎(RE)和Barrett食管(BE),近年其发病率逐渐增高。目的:探讨RE、BE与各种因素的关系。方法:应用反流性疾病问卷筛选具有胃食管反流症状的患者,行胃镜检查检测RE、BE和食管腺癌的检出率,分析吸烟、饮酒、饮食、年龄、性别和民族与RE、BE的关系。结果:共纳入1834例具有胃食管反流症状的患者,其中RE患者234例(12.8%);BE患者213例(11.6%),包括特殊肠化生型BE 47例;食管腺癌5例(0.3%)。蒙古族RE、BE的检出率显著高于汉族和其他民族。饮酒者中RE和BE的比例明显升高。BE患者中-重度异型增生和食管腺癌的检出率升高。结论:蒙古族人群RE和BE的检出率较高,饮酒与食管反流致损伤的关系密切,BE为食管腺癌的癌前病变。     

Study of the influence of hiatus hernia on gastroesophageal reflux

AIM: To explore whether the presence of a sliding hiatus hernia influences gastroesophageal reflux.METHODS: Endoscopy and 24 h pH monitoring were performed for 197 outpatients with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.RESULTS: Of the 197 patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, patients with hiatus hernia accounted for 36%. The incidence of esophagitis in patients with hiatus hernia was significantly higher than that in patients without hiatus hernia. The results of 24 h pH monitoring showed that 84 patients had physiological reflux, 37 had pathological reflux without esophagitis, 64 had reflux esophagitis and 12 had physiological reflux concomitant with esophagitis. All the patients with hiatus hernia had a longer percentage time with supine reflux and a higher frequency of episodes lasting over 5 min at night compared to those without hiatus hernia. The incidence of combined daytime and nocturnal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia was significantly higher than that in patients without hiatus hernia.CONCLUSION: Pathological reflux and reflux esophagitis in some patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux represent two different stages of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pathological reflux is the first stage, in which the lower esophageal sphincter is incompetent but the esophageal mucosal resistance effectively prevents regurgitated acid from damaging the esophageal mucosa. Reflux esophagitis represents the second stage, in which the aggression of the regurgitated acid is so strong that the esophageal mucosa fails to resist it and the epithelium of the esophagus is damaged. Patients with hiatus hernia have a high incidence of combined daytime and nocturnal reflux, with the latter being responsible for esophagitis.     

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Elderly: More Severe Disease That Requires Aggressive Therapy

Objective: To evaluate gastroesophageal reflux disease in the elderly (people ≥ 60 yr). Methods: Basal gastric-acid secretion was prospectively determined in 228 consecutive patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease who had upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and were diagnosed with either pyrosis alone (n = 98), erosive esophagitis (n = 87), or Barrett's esophagus (n = 43). Results: Patients ≥ 60 yr (n = 66) had significantly more esophageal mucosal disease (erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus) than patients < 60 yr (n = 162)- 81% versus 47% ( p = 0.000002, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, 87% of patients ≥ 70 yr had esophageal mucosal disease. For each decade from < 30 yr to ≥ 70 yr, there was a significant increase in esophageal mucosal disease ( p = 0.002; X ² test, 23.96); however, there were no significant differences in severity of pyrosis symptoms or in mean basal acid output for each decade. When 146 of the 228 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease were given enough ranitidine (mean, 630 mg/d; range, 300–3000 mg/d) for the relief of all pyrosis symptoms and healing of all esophageal mucosal disease, there were no significant differences in ranitidine therapy between each decade. Conclusions: Elderly patients with pyrosis symptoms severe enough to require upper gastrointestinal endoscopy have gastroesophageal reflux disease with more esophageal mucosal disease (erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus) than patients < 60 yr, and like younger patients, may require markedly increased doses of ranitidine as large as 2400 mg/d for effective therapy.     

Esophagitis: incidence and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma--a population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVES: Although symptoms of reflux are common, our knowledge of the epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease is sparse. The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increased among patients with acid reflux, but the contribution of Barrett's lesions is unknown. METHODS: With the aim to estimate the incidence of diagnosed endoscopic esophagitis lesions and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma among patients with previously diagnosed esophagitis, we extracted data on endoscopies, esophagitis diagnoses, and gastroesophageal cancer diagnoses from five population-based databases covering the period from 1974 to 2002, and covering all citizens in Funen County (population 470,000). RESULTS: In 2002, the incidence of esophagitis lesions was 2.4 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval 2.3-2.6), 18.3 per 1,000 persons (17.9-18.7) had previously diagnosed esophagitis. Incidence increased by calendar year and age, was higher among males than among females, and was closely related to rate of endoscopy. Among 11,129 patients with previously diagnosed esophagitis, 15 had esophageal adenocarcinoma during 58,322 person-years of follow-up (26 per 100,000 person-years). The expected number was 2.79 and the standardized incidence ratio was 5.38 (3.01-8.87). Ten of the 15 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma had previously diagnosed Barrett's esophagus. CONCLUSION: The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increased fivefold in patients with previously diagnosed esophagitis, but most of the adenocarcinomas occurred among patients with Barrett's esophagus.     

胆汁酸在Barrett食管和食管腺癌发病中的作用

目的探讨胆汁酸在Barrett食管(BE)及食管腺癌(EAC)发病中的作用,为预防、治疗BE、EAC的发生提供参考依据。 方法选取2017年8月10日至2020年10月30日于茌平区人民医院就诊,反流性疾病问卷评分>12分的患者,对其行无痛胃镜检查,镜下胃液留取及食管下段(胃食管结合部上1 cm处)黏膜组织活检,进行胃液、食管下段黏膜胆汁酸浓度检测。 结果所检患者胃液中均检测到不同浓度的胆汁酸,且BE、EAC患者胃液及食管下段黏膜组织总胆汁酸浓度较非糜烂性反流病(NERD)、反流性食管炎(RE)患者胃液及食管下段黏膜组织总胆汁酸浓度明显升高(P值均<0.05)。 结论胆汁酸在BE、EAC患者胃液及食管下段黏膜组织中的浓度较无Barrett食管的胃食管反流病患者的浓度明显升高,提示胆汁反流可能与胃食管结合部黏膜细胞恶性转化相关,抑制胆汁反流可能成为预防BE、EAC发生的必要干预措施。     

Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxations and Esophageal Body Muscular Contractile Response in Reflux Esophagitis

In patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are more frequently accompanied by acid reflux than in normals. The role of esophageal tone during gastroesophageal reflux events is unknown. We studied the tonic motor activity in the body of the esophagus during TLESRs with and without acid reflux in 11 patients with erosive esophagitis and compared the results with those previously obtained in healthy subjects. Esophageal peristaltic contractions were recorded 13, 8, and 3 cm above a sleeve that measured LES pressure. An intraluminal balloon was inflated 8 cm above the sleeve to induce an esophageal tonic contraction [artificial high pressure zone (HPZ)]. The percentage of TLESRs with acid reflux was significantly higher in patients with esophagitis than in healthy controls (58.3% vs 37.3%, P < 0.05). TLESRs per se were not associated with an inhibition or increase in esophageal body contractility, which, however, changed substantially immediately after reflux. In patients with esophagitis the esophageal body tonic contractility was inhibited in 59.5% of TLESRs vs 36% in controls (P < 0.05). Esophageal contractions during TLESRs traveled down the esophagus in 77% of the instances in patients vs 96.5% in controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, gastroesophageal reflux during TLESRs was more frequently associated with inhibition of esophageal body tonic contractility in patients with esophagitis than in normals. The different response of the esophageal body to reflux observed in GERD patients may partially contribute to the higher prevalence of reflux during TLESRs in these patients.     

Esophageal motor abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux and the effects of fundoplication

Recordings of esophageal manometry obtained from 18 healthy control subjects and 32 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease both before and after fundoplication were assessed. Preoperatively, the patients had a mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure at rest that was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that observed in the control group. The amplitude of peristaltic contractions, elicited by wet swallows, varied along the length of the esophagus. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, the mean amplitudes recorded from the upper, middle, and lower esophagus were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than those recorded from control subjects. No significant differences were observed between those patients with (53%) and without preoperative endoscopic evidence of esophagitis. After antireflux surgery (modified Nissen fundoplication), the mean amplitude of peristaltic contractions increased significantly (p less than 0.001) at all levels of the esophagus and were not significantly different from control values. This study describes motor abnormalities in the body of the esophagus associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. These may arise secondary to gastroesophageal reflux inasmuch as they disappear after fundoplication.     

The value of medical imaging in uncomplicated and complicated Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus is an acquired condition characterized by a progressive columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus caused by longstanding gastroesophageal reflux and reflux esophagitis. Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition associated with a significantly increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the radiologic aspects of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Review of the literature shows that some findings on esophagography that are relatively specific for Barrett's esophagus are not sensitive, while others that are sensitive have a low specificity. Specific radiologic features allowing a confident diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus are a high esophageal stricture or ulcer associated with a hiatal hernia and/or gastroesophageal reflux. A reticular mucosal pattern is a relatively specific sign particularly if located adjacent to a stricture and is highly suggestive of Barrett's esophagus. Unfortunately, these findings are only present in a minority of cases. More common but nonspecific findings include gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, reflux esophagitis and/or peptic stricture in distal esophagus. These findings may also be present in patients with uncomplicated reflux disease. Barrett's esophagus carries a risk of malignant change. Early adenocarcinoma may appear as a plaque-like lesion or with focal irregularity, nodularity, and ulceration of the esophageal wall. Invasive adenocarcinoma may be seen as an infiltrating ulcerated mass. The radiologic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is limited by lack of criteria that are both sensitive and specific. The major value of double-contrast esophagography is its ability to classify patients into high risk (high stricture, ulcer or reticular pattern), moderate risk (esophagitis and/or distal peptic strictures), and low-risk (absence of esophagitis or stricture) for Barrett's esophagus determining the relative need for endoscopy and biopsy. Endoscopy and biopsy are generally advocated to make a definitive diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound plays a role in the early detection of invasive carcinoma and the staging of proven carcinoma but has no role in the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus.     

Gastroesophageal reflux: the features in elderly patients

INTRODUCTlONWiththeintroduction0fintraesophageal24-hpH-m0nitoringinclinicalpractice,itisnowpossibletoidentifypatternsofgastroesophagealreflux(GER)inthehealthypeopleandpatientsandtoassesstheeffectofH2blockersandH oc adenosinetriphosphatase(ATPase)inhibitorsonGERdiseasesL1Ai7I.ItisincreasinglyrecognizedthatsymptomaticGERmayoccurinthepatients0fallages.However,littleinformationisavailableonsymptomaticGERpatternsintheelderly.Recently,Moldetal,investigatedGERdisease(GERD)inpatientsag…     

Is Barrett's esophagus characterized by more pronounced acid reflux than severe esophagitis?

Objective: Barrett's esophagus is related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, only a small fraction of patients with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. We evaluated whether gastroesophageal acid reflux is more pronounced in Barrett's patients than in patients with moderate or severe endoscopic esophagitis.
Methods: Retrospective evaluation of results of esophageal manometry and 24 hour ambulatory pH monitoring performed between 1990 and 1996 at the Leiden University Medical Center in those patients who also underwent endoscopy ≤3 months before pH-metry. Included were 51 patients with Barrett's esophagus, 30 patients with severe esophagitis, 45 patients with moderate esophagitis, and 24 healthy control subjects.
Results: Patients with Barrett's esophagus had significantly increased acid reflux time (   p < 0.01  –0.05) compared to patients with moderate, but not compared to patients with severe esophagitis. Distal esophageal body motility and LES pressure were significantly (   p < 0.01  –0.05) reduced in patients with Barrett's esophagus compared to patients with moderate esophagitis but not compared to those with severe esophagitis.
Conclusion: Although acid reflux is increased in patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal motility is impaired, other factors apart from acid exposure and motility contribute to the development of Barrett's esophagus.