急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血220例诊治体会

目的探讨急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血临床病因及诊治。方法回顾分析2005年1月～2006年12月南昌县人民医院急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血220例住院患者的临床资料。结果以消化性溃疡、上消化道肿瘤、应激性溃疡、急慢性上消化道黏膜炎症为常见病因，表现为黑便或呕血，抗酸及内镜止血效果好。结论各种病因所致的急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血各有其临床特点。     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血临床分析

目的分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床特征。方法回顾分析我院消化内科2009年1月-2011年12月期间收治的经胃镜证实的301例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血病例,分析总结非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的常见病因及临床诊治情况。结果非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的常见病因依次为消化性溃疡、消化道肿瘤、急性胃黏膜病变,内科保守治疗的有效率为96.35%(290/301),内镜下止血成功率93.55%(58/62)。结论消化性溃疡是非静脉曲张性上消化道出血最常见的病因。在消化道出血的救治中,急诊内镜、选择性血管造影以及内外科的紧密配合与协作发挥着重要作用。     

非静脉曲张良性上消化道出血内窥镜诊疗体会

目的 分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的病因，探讨不同原因引起的非静脉曲张良性上消化的出血的内镜治疗方法；方法 回顾性分析我院2000～2003年193例非静脉曲张良性上消化道出血内镜诊断和治疗；结果 ①消化性溃疡出血是非静脉曲张良性上消化道出血的主要病因，②早期内窥镜检查能提高出血责任病灶检出的阳性率，③绝大多数良性上消化小量渗血均可以通过内镜下局部注射及局部电凝法止血，④确认为小动脉/小静脉出血时，止血夹止血是主要的治疗方法；结论 ①无内窥镜诊疗禁忌症者，应及时内镜探查以明确出血原因，确定引起出血的责任病灶；②对于不同情况的上消化道出血应区别对待，使用不同的内镜止血方法，才能达到满意的治疗效果；③溃疡瘢痕出血的内镜下止血方法有待于进一步探讨。     

老年上消化道出血急诊内镜检查与治疗

目的探讨老年上消化道出血的病因与治疗措施。方法回顾性分析228例老年人消化道出血患者的临床资料，与同期接受治疗的非老年上消化道出血患者，比较急诊内镜检查与治疗结果。结果老年上消化道出血的最常见病因为消化性溃疡。急性胃黏膜病变、胃癌的发病高于中青年组。对非食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者给予质子泵抑制剂（PPI）美拉唑效果显著，优于H2受体拈抗剂（H2RAs）雷尼替丁（P〈0．05）；生长抑素及其类似物对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效与加用三腔两囊管压迫止血相当（P〉0．05），相对更安金。结论急诊内镜检查有助于早期诊断并指导治疗；针对非静脉曲张破裂出血患者应首选PPIs。     

内镜金属夹治疗上消化道急性出血20例分析

急性上消化道出血常见病因为消化性溃疡、门静脉高压食管静脉曲张、息肉、癌肿、血管病变及内镜治疗并发症等。近年来，我们对20例上消化道急性出血患者采用Olympus内镜金属夹治疗取得了满意的疗效，报道如下。     

上消化道出血的内镜及放射介入治疗

上消化道出血系指发生在食管上段至十二指肠悬韧带(Treitz韧带）之间消化管腔内的出血。按照内镜检查结果分类，上消化道出血可分为非静脉曲张性出血和静脉曲张性出血。前是指食管、胃或十二指肠粘膜下血管因溃疡或糜烂损伤而导致破裂出血，后则是因为门静脉压力过高而导致侧枝循环静脉扩张、膨大，逐渐加重乃至破裂出血。本重点介绍急性严重上消化道出血的消化内镜和放射介入治疗。     

上消化道非静脉曲张出血的内镜下治疗

上消化道出血是指屈氏韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠以及胰胆管的出血。常见的出血原因包括：消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂、急性胃粘膜病变、食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征、胃癌等。世界上每年的发病率为１００／１０万。据对５１９１例上消化道出血调查分析,门脉高压引起食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血占２５．４％,非静脉曲张破裂出血占７４．６％,其中溃疡病４８．７％,胃炎和胃肿瘤分别占４．５％和３．１％。上消化道出血的治疗包括内科保守治疗、内镜下治疗、放射介入治疗和外科手术治疗。内科药物治疗的有效率一般在７０％,并且主要…     

急诊内镜在急性消化道出血中的时机及治疗术式的选择

急性消化道出血是常见的急症，包括急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血、急性食管胃静脉曲张出血和急性下消化道出血。急诊内镜在急性消化道出血中起着重要作用，而急诊内镜的时机一直存在争议。本文就急性消化道出血急诊内镜的时机及内镜下治疗方式等作一综述。     

非静脉曲张上消化道出血内镜急诊止血297例临床分析

近年来，由于开展急诊内镜检查，非静脉曲张上消化道出血的病因诊断率大为提高，并在内镜直视下采取各种止血措施，对改善预后、降低病死率、减少输血量、缩短疗程等都起到积极的作用。我们对我院自2001年1月至2002年7月因上消化道出血进行内镜检查排除静脉曲张297例的治疗进行回顾分析。根据内镜检查时间的不同分为急诊内镜检查组和非急诊内镜检查组，其中急诊内镜组有215例，非急诊检查的有82例，根据资料现总结如下。     

肝硬化静脉曲张性与非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床特征

目的探讨肝硬化静脉曲张性与非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床特征。方法选取上消化道出血患者390例,根据内镜、患者病情等临床资料,分为3组。A组肝硬化静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者102例;B组肝硬化非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者124例;C组非肝硬化非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者164例。比较A、B两组患者的内镜检查结果、临床资料特点、合并症、并发症以及3组患者的预后情况。结果 1.A组呕血、肝功能Child A级发生率(分别为72.5%、31.4%)较B组(47.6%、8.5%)高(P值分别为0.000、0.006、0.025),咖啡样呕吐物发生率(7.84%)较B组(19.35%)低(P=0.014),差异有统计学意义;2.与B组相比较,A组Alb浓度、门静脉血栓发病率较高(P值分别为0.000、0.003),BUN浓度、冠心病发生率较低(P值分别为0.019、0.007),输血量较少(P=0.023),差异均有统计学意义;3.3组再出血发生率分别为A组17.65%、B组7.26%、C组4.88%(P=0.001);A组死亡率最高,为2.94%(P=0.014),差异具有统计学意义。结论肝硬化静脉曲张性上消化道出血(食管静脉曲张破裂出血比例最高)发生率低于非静脉曲张性出血(十二指肠溃疡出血比例最高),并发症门静脉血栓、再出血发生率、死亡率高于非静脉曲张性上消化道出血。及时的内镜检查和诊治尤为重要,对于指导临床治疗,改善患者的预后具有重要的临床意义。     

Intravenous Versus High-Dose Oral Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy After Endoscopic Hemostasis of High-Risk Lesions in Patients with Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Intravenous proton pump inhibitors (IV PPIs) decrease rebleeding following endoscopic hemostasis of bleeding peptic ulcers. Oral PPIs may be equally efficacious and may significantly reduce health care costs. This study aimed to compare outcomes in patients receiving oral versus IV PPI therapy following endoscopic hemostasis in patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB). We performed a retrospective review of all patients who received PPI therapy following endoscopic hemostasis for ANVUGIB. The primary outcome was the adverse gastrointestinal event rate. One hundred sixty-two patients met the entry criteria (72 oral PPIs, 90 IV PPIs). The difference in the rate of adverse gastrointestinal events between the two groups was 1% (P = 0.85). Postendoscopic IV PPI use was associated with an odds ratio of 1.01 for developing an adverse outcome versus oral PPIs (95% CI: 0.44–2.33). We conclude that oral PPIs are probably equivalent to IV PPIs for preventing rebleeding in ANVUGIB patients.     

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (2015, Nanchang,China)

Acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) is one of the most common medical emergencies in China and worldwide. In 2009, we published the “Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding” for the patients in China; however, during the past years numerous studies on the diagnosis and treatment of ANVUGIB have been conducted, and the management of ANVUGIB needs to be updated. The guidelines were updated after the databases including PubMed, Embase and CNKI were searched to retrieve the clinical trials on the management of ANVUGIB. The clinical trials were evaluated for high‐quality evidence, and the advances in definitions, diagnosis, etiology, severity evaluation, treatment and prognosis of ANVUGIB were carefully reviewed, the recommendations were then proposed. After several rounds of discussions and revisions among the national experts of digestive endoscopy, gastroenterology, radiology and intensive care, the 2015 version of “Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding” was successfully developed by the Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Journal of Digestion and Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy. It shall be noted that although much progress has been made, the clinical management of ANVUGIB still needs further improvement and refinement, and high‐quality randomized trials are required in the future.     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血内镜止血成功后再出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血（ANVUGIB）首次内镜止血成功后再出血的危险因素。方法回顾ANVUGIB首次内镜止血成功患者316例,按3d内是否再出血分为再出血组（n=80）和无再出血组（n=236）,对比两组患者临床及辅助检查资料、内镜下表现、内镜治疗及后续治疗等变量的差异。单因素X^2检验选出差异有统计学意义的因素,并以之为自变量,是否再出血为因变量,行多因素Logistic回归分析,寻找再出血的危险因素。结果两组患者恶性肿瘤出血、抑酸药使用、血红蛋白、入院时休克、病灶喷射样出血、支持治疗情况、内镜治疗方法等差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。经向后删除法Logistic回归分析,保留在模型中的变量有单一方法内镜治疗（OR=5．383）、恶性肿瘤出血（OR=4．812）、无后续PPIs（OR=4．351）、HGB〈90g／L（OR=4．342）、病灶喷射样出血（OR=4．320）、支持治疗不足（OR=3．271）,其95％CI下限均大于1。结论单一方法内镜治疗、恶性肿瘤出血、无后续PPIs、血色素低、病灶喷射样出血、支持治疗不足是ANVUGIB首次内镜止血成功后再出血的危险因素。     

急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血临床特征分析

目的分析急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ANNUGIB)病因构成、内镜下表现,探讨影响患者预后的危险因素。方法收集我院2005年1月-2010年12月已确诊因急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血(AN-VUGIB)首次入院且资料完整的患者临床资料,共计858例。出院后随访30 d,并将死亡或出院后30 d为临床研究终点,回顾性分析ANVUGIB临床特征。结果 (1)老年组发病率明显高于青、中年组,急性胃黏膜病变占老年组发病病因首位,而青、中年组中十二指肠球部溃疡占首位。(2)出血后行急诊胃镜(≤48 h)检查内镜下有出血征象明显多于>48 h的胃镜检查。(3)女性在十二指肠球部溃疡比率明显高于男性,复合性溃疡比率较男性高,男性在胃溃疡、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变以及食管癌和Mallory-Wiess综合征比率高于女性。(4)老年组病死率明显高于青、中年组(6.8%、0、1.9%),老年组再出血发生率高于青、中年组(9.3%、4.4%、4.9%)。结论 ANVUGIB以高龄男性多见,青、中年组发病病因中十二指肠球部溃疡占首位,老年组发病病因以急性胃黏膜病变为首位。ANVUGIB老年患者死亡率和再出血率均高于青、中年组,急诊胃镜有助于ANVUGIB的诊断。     

Treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 2020: New techniques and outcomes

The clinical outcome of upper gastrointestinal bleeding has improved due to advances in endoscopic therapy and standardized peri‐endoscopy care. Apart from validating clinical scores, artificial intelligence‐assisted machine learning models may play an important role in risk stratification. While standard endoscopic treatments remain irreplaceable, novel endoscopic modalities have changed the landscape of management. Over‐the‐scope clips have high success rates as rescue or even first‐line treatments in difficult‐to‐treat cases. Hemostatic powder is safe and easy to use, which can be useful as temporary control with its high immediate hemostatic ability. After endoscopic hemostasis, Doppler endoscopic probe can offer an objective measure to guide the treatment endpoint. In refractory bleeding, angiographic embolization should be considered before salvage surgery. In variceal hemorrhage, banding ligation and glue injection are first‐line treatment options. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided therapy is gaining popularity due to its capability of precise localization for treatment targets. A self‐expandable metal stent may be considered as an alternative option to balloon tamponade in refractory bleeding. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting should be reserved as salvage therapy. In this article, we aim to provide an evidence‐based comprehensive review of the major advancements in endoscopic hemostatic techniques and clinical outcomes.     

Risk analysis of 30-day rebleeding in acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Background and study aimsThis study aimed to compare the prognostic value of ABC, Glasgow-Blatchford, Rockall and AIMS65 scoring systems in predicting rebleeding rate within 30 days after endoscopic treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB).Patients and methodsA total of 93 patients with ANVUGIB were selected as the study subjects and they were divided into groups according to whether there was rebleeding in the 30 days’ follow-up period. 7 patients with rebleeding within 30 days were included in the rebleeding group, and the other 86 patients without rebleeding were included in the non-rebleeding group.ResultsBy drawing ROC curve, we found that ABC scoring system had the highest accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65]) in predicting rebleeding within 30 days compared with the AIMS65 (0.56; P < 0.001), RS (0.51; P < 0.001), and GBS (0.61; P < 0.001). ABC scoring system showed the highest risk of rebleeding in 30 days. When the 4 scoring standards were judged as medium–high risk patients, the efficacy of the ABC scoring system in predicting the risk of rebleeding at 30 days for ANVUGIB was found to be the best in diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy.ConclusionComprehensive evaluation showed that ABC score had the highest prediction accuracy. The negative differential significance of each evaluation method was great, that is, the risk of rebleeding was generally low when judged as low risk patients, while the value of predicting rebleeding was limited when judged as medium and high risk patients.     

Endoscopic management of colonic diverticular bleeding

Colonic diverticular bleeding is the most common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Colonoscopy can be used for both diagnosis and treatment of colonic diverticular bleeding. Identification of the stigmata of recent hemorrhage allows for various endoscopic hemostasis methods. Clipping, endoscopic band ligation, injection therapy, and thermal contact are available methods for endoscopic hemostasis. However, the optimal technique remains to be determined. Herein, we review the techniques and clinical outcomes of endoscopic hemostasis for colonic diverticular bleeding.     

Successful treatment of life-threatening bleeding from a duodenal posterior bulb peptic ulcer by an over-the-scope-clip

Bleeding of peptic ulcer at the posterior duodenal bulb still is a particular endoscopic challenge with increased risk of treatment failure and worse outcome.In this article,we report successful treatment of an actively bleeding peptic ulcer located at the posterior duodenal wall,using an over-the-scope-clip in the case of a 54-year-old male patient with hemorrhagic shock.Incident primary hemostasis was achieved and no adverse events occurred during a follow-up of 60 d.     

Guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) has compiled a set of guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding using evidence‐based methods. The major cause of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. As a result, these guidelines mainly focus on peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding, although bleeding from other causes is also overviewed. From the epidemiological aspect, in recent years in Japan, bleeding from drug‐related ulcers has become predominant in comparison with bleeding from Helicobacter pylori (HP)‐related ulcers, owing to an increase in the aging population and coverage of HP eradication therapy by national health insurance. As for treatment, endoscopic hemostasis, in which there are a variety of methods, is considered to be the first‐line treatment for bleeding from almost all causes. It is very important to precisely evaluate the severity of the patient's condition and stabilize the patient's vital signs with intensive care for successful endoscopic hemostasis. Additionally, use of antisecretory agents is recommended to prevent rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis, especially for gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. Eighteen statements with evidence and recommendation levels have been made by the JGES committee of these guidelines according to evidence obtained from clinical research studies. However, some of the statements that are supported by a low level of evidence must be confirmed by further clinical research.     

Long-acting octreotide is effective in controlling rebleeding angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract

BACKGROUND: Management of bleeding angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is often a major clinical problem. Lesions are frequently multiple, not detectable or missed during conventional endoscopy and patients are sometimes at high risk for complications because of advanced age and serious concomitant disorders. AIMS: To determine the efficacy of a new formulation of somatostatin analogue (octreotide long-acting) in management of recurrent bleeding angiodysplasia in patients resistant to endoscopic treatment and not suitable for surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients with recurrent bleeding angiodysplasia of gastrointestinal tract were treated with long-acting octreotide administered intramuscularly 20 mg monthly to each individual. The number of admissions for acute bleeding, hospital stay and number of blood units transfused before and after treatment (followup: 15-17 months) were regularly monitored. RESULTS: In each patient, a relevant decrease in number of hospital admissions, duration of hospital stay, number of administered blood units was seen and mean haemoglobin values significantly increased in all of them after introducing long-acting octreotide therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on use of long-acting octreotide in bleeding angiodysplasia of gastrointestinal tract. Data suggest that long-acting octreotide is a safe drug and is successful in controlling recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia in elderly patients not eligible for surgical or endoscopic therapy.