创伤后急性呼吸窘迫综合征俯卧位与侧卧位机械通气效果比较

 目的 探讨俯卧位和侧卧位机械通气在多发伤患者急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用效果.方法 对50例多发伤引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者分别进行俯卧位和侧卧位机械通气,比较两组动脉血气、呼吸循环指标变化.结果 两组患者改变体位后动脉血PaCO2 无明显变化,PaO2、PaO2 /FiO2明显升高(P<0.01),以PaO2升高大于10 mmHg作为有效标准,侧卧位组18例(72%)有效,俯卧位组17例(68%)有效;两组有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).体位变动对气道峰压、心率和平均动脉压无明显影响.结论 俯卧位和侧卧位机械通气均能改善急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的氧合状况,侧卧位通气更方便实施.     

俯卧位通气对爆震伤、烧伤并发ARDS治疗的影响

目的通过观察仰卧位通气与俯卧位通气血流动力学指标和呼吸参数,探讨俯卧位通气在爆震伤、烧伤并发ARDS治疗中的价值。方法分别记录23例ARDS患者每次仰卧位（翻身前）及俯卧位（翻身后）5min、30min、60min时的血流动力学指标和呼吸参数。结果俯卧位通气对Hr、PIP、Raw、SaO2改善在俯卧位后5min、30min较明显,与仰卧位通气比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,但对CVP、Vt改变不明显（P〉0.05）。结论俯卧位通气较仰卧位通气能明显改善ARDS患者的氧合,对血流动力学没有明显影响。     

早期机械通气联合气道持续负压吸引技术治疗严重肺挫伤的疗效

目的 总结早期机械通气联合气道持续负压吸引技术在治疗严重肺挫伤中的临床应用价值. 方法 48例严重肺挫伤机械通气患者按随机数字表法分为机械通气+持续负压吸引气道管理技术(持续组)20例和机械通气+间断负压吸引气道管理技术(间断组)28例,机械通气模式采用同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)+呼气末正压通气(PEEP),比较两组动脉血气、机械通气时间、相关并发症等指标的变化. 结果 通气6,24 h后,观察组与对照组PaO2分别为(100.36±5.90) mmHg、(105.34 ± 7.40) mmHg、(75.36±8.95) mmHg、(76.36±8.35) mmHg(P ＜0.01),通气24 h后,两组氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)分别为(283.50±15.20) mmHg、(201.50±10.20)mmHg(P ＜0.01);两组机械通气时间及通气48 h后PEEP水平分别为(3.2±1.1)d∶(6.5±2.8)d、(4.5±2.3)cmH2O∶(8.5±2.5)cmH2O(P＜0.01).两组相关并发症差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 严重肺挫伤患者早期机械通气联合气道持续负压吸引技术能持续保持呼吸道通畅,改善氧合指数,降低PEEP水平,利于较早拔管,但并不能降低呼吸机相关性肺炎及肺不张等并发症发生率.     

危重症新型冠状病毒肺炎肺损伤治疗过程中应关注的问题

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病情进展迅速,部分患者很快发展至重型或危重型,甚至出现多脏器衰竭(MOF)而死亡。这类患者的治疗原则是以改善氧合和肺保护为核心的多脏器功能支持治疗。呼吸支持治疗包括经鼻高流量氧疗、无创面罩正压通气、气管插管机械通气、体外膜肺氧合(ECMO),以及肺复张、俯卧位通气等辅助方法。由于COVID-19进展快,呼吸治疗的难度大,该文结合在疫情一线救治COVID-19危重患者的临床实践,探讨应用上述方法时值得关注的方面,尤其是要早期识别经鼻高流量氧疗和无创正压通气治疗失败的危险因素,慎用肺复张,积极翻身拍背,取俯卧位进行体位引流,早期主动插管机械通气,早期体外膜肺氧合,让更多患者受益。     

6例高原肺水肿继发ARDS的临床治疗分析

目的 研究分析高原肺水肿(HAPE)继发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗方法及氧动力学变化特点.方法 对6例HAPE继发ARDS患者进行了机械通气、药物治疗及氧动力学监测.结果 6例患者经1 w治疗后,发绀明显好转,PaO2、SaO2、PaO2/FiO2较1 w前显著升高(P＜0.01).结论 对HAPE经常规治疗1 w左右不见好转的,应高度警惕并发症的发生.HAPE继发ARDS时,氧动力学已发生明显紊乱,病情危重,治疗的关键是早期机械通气,改善组织氧合,限制入量,同时予药物治疗.     

肺泡表面活性物质对ARDS机械通气患者呼吸功能和血流动力学的影响

目的探讨肺泡表面活性物质（PS）对ARDS机械通气危重患者呼吸功能及血流动力学的影响。方法对40例ARDS机械通气的危重患者,比较使用PS治疗前及治疗24h后动脉血气、呼吸力学及血流动力学参数的变化。结果 PS治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）及肺泡动脉血氧分压差（A-aDO2）较治疗前均有明显改善,P均〈0.05;PS治疗后潮气量（Vt）、气道峰压（Ppeak）、平台压（Ppause）、心率（HR）、中心静脉压（CVP）、平均动脉压（MAP）较引流前均有明显改善（P均〈0.05）。结论机械通气ARDS危重患者使用PS治疗可以明显改善通气和换气功能,并使患者的血流动力学趋于稳定。     

俯卧位对不同类型手术病人全身麻醉机械通气下肺顺应性的影响

目的观察俯卧位对全身麻醉机械通气下不同手术类型病人肺顺应性的影响。方法选择择期行脊柱手术患者53例(其中脊柱侧弯手术病人20例,脊柱普通手术病人33例)。麻醉诱导气管插管后,间歇正压通气模式机械呼吸,潮气量6～10 ml/kg,呼吸频率12次/min。术前仰卧位通气10 min后改为手术俯卧位通气10min,分别经麻醉机采集不同潮气量时压力-容积曲线,计算肺顺应性。结果全身麻醉机械通气下,脊柱侧弯手术病人术前仰卧位肺顺应性为(33.6±10.0)ml/cmH2O,术前俯卧位的肺顺应性降低为(28.2±8.6)ml/cmH2O,术前仰卧位与俯卧位的肺顺应性之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);普通手术组病人术前仰卧位肺顺应性为(40.2±9.1)ml/cmH2O,其术前俯卧位肺顺应性降低为(36.1±4.2)ml/cmH2O,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论俯卧位时全身麻醉机械通气下手术病人的肺顺应性下降。     

低氧性呼吸衰竭患者清醒状态下俯卧位通气Checklist核对单设计与应用

目的 设计能够用于低氧性呼吸衰竭患者清醒状态下俯卧位通气期间的Checklist核对单并应用于临床实践过程,以完善俯卧位患者的管理安全。方法 在循证医学转化基础上设计低氧性呼吸衰竭清醒状态俯卧位通气Checklist核对单,采用回顾性队列设计法将联勤保障部队第九〇四医院2018年1月—2020年10月(使用核对单前)41例低氧性呼吸衰竭患者纳入对照组、2020年11月—2022年6月(使用核对单后)43例低氧性呼吸衰竭患者纳入观察组,分析俯卧位通气操作时间、不良事件发生情况。结果 观察组俯卧位通气操作时间、回归仰卧位时间及总操作时间均短于对照组(Z=8.002、5.141、6.575,P均<0.001);观察组俯卧位通气准备时间长于对照组(Z=3.346,P=0.001);观察组患者仅发生1例非计划拔管、2例黏胶相关皮肤损伤不良反应,其不良反应发生率(6.98%)与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.865,P=0.027)。结论 低氧性呼吸衰竭患者清醒俯卧位通气Checklist核对单能够使俯卧位通气操作时间缩短,患者俯卧位通气期间的干预安全性有所改善,...     

短期重组人生长激素联合胃肠内营养在机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭病人中的应用

目的:观察重组人生长激素联合胃肠内营养支持在机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者中的作用.方法:①选我院2011年6月-2014年6月慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者53例.患者均知情同意.将患者随机分为2组:重组人生长激素联合全胃肠内营养(EEN+rhGH)组28例,全胃肠内营养(EEN)组25例.②所有患者入RICU后均经口气管插管和放置鼻胃管.均接受有创机械通气、抗感染、祛痰、平喘、强化血糖控制等治疗,入RICU当日开始鼻饲能全力.治疗组在一般治疗的同时给予重组人生长激素8u/天.③治疗1周时,分别测体重、上臂肌围、血清白蛋白、外周血淋巴细胞计数,总结一周内每日平均血糖水平与胰岛素用量;出RICU时计算住RICU天数、有创机械通气时间.④组内及组间计量资料差异比较分别采用配对t检验和独立样本t检验,计数资料比较进行卡方检验.结果:53例患者均进入结果分析.①营养指标:EEN组治疗后体重、上臂肌围、血清白蛋白、外周血淋巴细胞计数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).EEN+rhGH组治疗后体重、上臂肌围、血清白蛋白、外周血淋巴细胞计数均高于治疗前(P＜0.05),治疗后两组间外周血淋巴细胞计数有差异有统计学意义.②住RICU天数和有创呼吸机带机时间:EEN+rhGH组明显短于EEN组(P＜0.05).③两组胰岛素使用量差异具有统计学意义,血糖水平组间差异无统计学意义.结论:短期使用重组人生长激素联合胃肠内营养对于接受机械通气的慢性阻塞性肺疾病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,可望提高其体重、营养水平和细胞免疫功能,缩短有创机械通气时间和住RICU时间;短期生长激素的使用在强化血糖控制基础上对血糖影响不大,但会增加胰岛素用量.     

无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤45例分析

目的探讨无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤（ALI）的可行性和安全性。方法对无创通气治疗急性肺损伤共45例与常规给氧31例进行回顾性对比分析。结果两组治疗前呼吸频率（RR）、急性生理和慢性健康状态评分（APACHEⅡ）、氧合指数（OI）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）均相似,无创通气均可耐受。两组气管插管机械通气分别为：无创通气6.67%（3/45）,普通给氧者19.35%（6/31）。给氧治疗后各组PaO2均上升,OI逐渐纠正,但无创通气改善快、明显,常规给氧慢且在早期还有恶化倾向,各组OI升高比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论无创通气在严重胸外伤后ALI或急性呼吸窘迫综合征早期患者拒绝气管插管时应用是安全可行的。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后仰卧及俯卧位调强放疗的剂量学比较

目的 比较早期乳腺癌保乳术后仰卧位与俯卧位调强治疗计划靶区和危及器官的剂量学差异.方法 选取15例接受保乳术后放疗的大乳腺及乳腺下垂的左侧乳腺癌患者,分别进行仰卧位及俯卧位CT定位扫描,利用相同优化条件分别进行切线2野调强治疗计划设计.比较2种不同体位计划的靶区剂量分布、心脏、左肺及右侧乳腺受照剂量和体积,以及机器跳数的差异.结果 俯卧位调强计划适形度指数(CI)优于仰卧位计划(0.79±0.05 vs. 0.72±0.04,W=138,P<0.01),均匀性指数(HI)也优于仰卧位计划(1.09±0.01 vs. 1.12±0.02,t=-4.7,P<0.01).俯卧位计划靶区接受95%处方剂量照射的百分体积(V_95%)、最小剂量(D_min)大于仰卧位计划(t=7.1、6.4,P<0.01),平均剂量(D_mean)大于仰卧位计划(W=153,P<0.01),最大剂量(D_max)小于仰卧位计划(t=-3.6,P<0.01).仰卧位计划的右乳接受5 Gy照射的百分体积(V₅)小于俯卧位计划(W=160,P<0.01),心脏接受30 Gy照射的百分体积(V₃₀)大于俯卧位计划(t=5.4,P<0.01),心脏平均剂量(D_mean)、左肺接受20和5 Gy照射的百分体积(V₂₀、V₅)明显大于俯卧位计划(W=133、120、120,P<0.01).机器跳数间差异无统计学意义.结论 对于大乳腺及乳腺下垂乳腺癌患者,保乳术后俯卧位调强计划与仰卧位调强计划相比,靶区剂量分布更均匀,心、肺受照射剂量和体积明显减少.     

Positioning During CT Gastrography in Patients with Gastric Cancer: the Effect on Gastric Distension and Lesion Conspicuity

Objective

We wanted to prospectively evaluate the effect of various positions of the patient on gastric distension and lesion conspicuity during performance of CT gastrography (CTG).

Materials and Methods

One hundred thirteen consecutive patients with gastric cancer underwent CTG in the 30° left posterior oblique (LPO), supine, and prone positions. Two radiologists scored (a grade from 1-4) the degree of gastric distension and the lesion conspicuity according to the three scanning positions and the three gastric portions. Two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images were used for analysis. Finally, these data were compared with the endoscopic findings and surgical results.

Results

The mean scores of gastric distension and lesion conspicuity for the LPO and supine positions were higher than those for the prone position (p < 0.001) in the gastric middle and lower portions. However, there was no significant difference between the LPO and supine positions (p ≥ 0.21). As for the gastric upper portion, the mean scores of gastric distension in the prone position were higher than those in the two other positions (p < 0.001). The prone position showed better lesion conspicuity than the two other positions for only one of two cases of gastric cancer in the upper portion of the stomach.

Conclusion

CTG performed in the LPO position or the supine position combined with CTG performed in the prone position is optimal for achieving good gastric distension and evaluating the lesion conspicuity of gastric cancer.     

Usefulness of the non-distension of the stomach in the evaluation of perigastric invasion in advanced gastric cancer by CT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate by CT the usefulness of the non-distension of the stomach in determining invasion of the gastric cancer into perigastric space and adjacent organs. Forty-eight patients with pathologically proved gastric cancer were studied by conventional CT. Patients were examined using two techniques: (a) non-distension of the stomach in the supine position and 34 patients additionally in prone position; and (b) distension of the stomach with water or air in the supine and/or prone position. CT findings by both techniques were separately analysed preoperatively and compared to surgical findings. Invasion of perigastric fat was better demonstrated by the non-distension technique in 15 of the 36 patients with pathologically proven fat infiltration. Non-distension technique was more accurate than distension in detecting: (a) involvement of gastric ligaments (80 versus 67% for gastrohepatic, 85 versus 73% for gastrocolic and 80% by both techniques for gastrosplenic ligament); (b) perigastric lymphadenopathy (86% by both techniques for lymph nodes sited at the gastrohepatic ligament, 85 versus 75% for gastrocolic and 85 versus 80% for gastrosplenic ligament lymph nodes, respectively); and (c) pancreatic invasion (86 versus 80%). The prone position with non-distended stomach was particularly helpful in excluding pancreatic invasion in five patients with carcinoma of the gastric body. The distension technique was more accurate in demonstrating perigastric extension in gastroesophageal junction tumors in two patients. In conclusion, additional CT of the non-distended stomach with the patient in prone position can provide further evidence about infiltration of the perigastric fat, ligaments, lymph nodes and pancreas, in patients with gastric carcinoma, with the exception of gastroesophageal junction tumors.     

有创-无创序贯机械通气救治蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨有创、无创序贯机械通气治疗蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法选取22例蛇咬伤并呼吸衰竭的患者予有创后脱机拔除气管插管序贯无创机械通气治疗。19例采用传统机械通气治疗,记录并分析比较两组间患者有创机械通气时间、住呼吸重症监护病房时间、总机械通气时间,总住院时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP))发生率、再插管率等。结果有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗蛇咬伤并呼吸衰竭疗效显著,有创通气时间、总通气时间及入住呼吸重症监护室(RICU)时间较传统组显著减少(P<0.05),VAP的发生率也明显减少(P<0.05)。拔管后均无需再插管,死亡率两组无差异。结论在患者蛇毒控制,呼吸肌麻痹逐渐改善,咳嗽有力的情况下,停有创,序贯无创治疗具有优越性。     

The retrorenal colon in the supine and prone patient

Ninety patients underwent computed tomographic scanning in both the supine and prone positions to show the orientation of the retroperitoneal colon about the kidneys and allow evaluation of changes in colonic position and contents. The data were compared with data on 500 patients scanned only when supine. Particular attention was given to bowel found posterior to the kidneys (retrorenal colon): its frequency of occurrence on 500 scans of supine patients was 1.9%, but 10.0% in the 90 prone patients. Because most invasive renal procedures would not intersect with retrorenal colon located behind the lateral one-third of the kidney, the data were reevaluated after deletion of these patients, giving a frequency in prone patients of 4.7%. This was found exclusively at the level of the lower renal poles, and the involved colon was extensively distended with gas. Attention should be given at fluoroscopy to detect this unusual, posteriorly positioned, air-filled colon before any invasive renal procedure.     

Renal dimensions measured by ultrasonography in children: variations as a function of the imaging plane and patient position

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of patient positioning on sonographic renal measurements and to test if the patient position alters the three-dimensional shape of the kidneys. The maximum longitudinal renal length and transverse renal width and depth were measured in the supine and prone position in 100 children (200 kidneys). Age ranged from 6 months to 16 years (mean age 5 years). The results were compared for statistically significant differences. The maximum measured longitudinal renal length was statistically significantly larger in the supine than in the prone position (supine position, left: 8.0 cm; right: 7.7 cm; prone position, left: 7.9 cm, right: 7.6 cm; P<0.001). There was no statistically significant change in the transverse diameters (width and depth, P>0.001) and renal volume (P>0.001) in the supine vs. prone positions. Our results show that position-induced reshaping of the kidneys is unlikely to be responsible for the discrepancy in maximum longitudinal renal measurements comparing supine with prone positions. Position-dependent changes in the degree of filling of the renal calyces and pelvis as well as errors in caliper distance measurements for the different scan depths (supine vs. prone) are more likely to be responsible for the encountered differences. Consequently, we recommend to add prone renal length measurements in addition to the supine measurements. In follow-up examinations, renal length measurements should only be compared that have been collected in the same patient position.     

Comparison of CT myelography performed in the prone and supine positions in the detection of cervical spinal stenosis

AIM: To quantify the change in the cross-sectional area of the cervical spinal cord and subarachnoid space (SAS) in the supine neutral vs prone extension positions in patients with myelopathy undergoing cervical CT myelography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Axial CT myelgrams of 21 myelopathic patients were performed in both the supine neutral and prone extension positions. The SAS and cord cross-sectional areas were then measured at the disk spaces and mid-pedicle levels from C2 to T1 in both the supine and prone positions using a public domain NIH Image program, version 156b18. Mean area measurements in both positions were then compared for each level examined. RESULTS: Mean SAS cross-sectional area in the prone position was notably reduced compared with the supine position at C4-C5 [128.8 mm2 vs 168.1 mm2 (P<.05)], and C5-C6 [98.8 mm2 vs 143.2 mm2 (P<.05)] disk levels. The mean cord cross-sectional area failed to change significantly with positioning. CONCLUSIONS: Prone myelography may demonstrate a greater degree of cervical spine stenosis compared with CT myelography performed in the supine position in myelopathic patients. Imaging with the patient prone with neck extended in both myelography and CTM may improve precision in the results of measurements of the stenotic spinal canal when comparing these two methods. Blease Graham III, C. (2001). Clinical Radiology56, 35-39.     

Prone positioning improves distribution of pulmonary perfusion: noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy humans

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prone positioning on pulmonary perfusion using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR), a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging technique that requires no contrast medium. Seven healthy volunteers were studied in the supine and prone positions under three respiratory conditions: normal breathing of room air, unassisted breathing of 45% O₂, and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure. Signal intensities (SIs) were obtained from ventral, middle, and dorsal regions on sagittal lung images and dependent/nondependent SI ratios were calculated to evaluate pulmonary perfusion distribution. In the supine position, SIs increased significantly from the ventral to dorsal region under all three respiratory conditions and prone positioning inverted the perfusion distribution under all conditions. Right lung SI ratios were 2.34 ± 0.29, 2.74 ± 0.66, and 2.42 ± 0.73 in the supine position and 1.68 ± 0.48, 1.78 ± 0.36, and 1.92 ± 0.21 in prone for room air, 45% O₂, and CMV, respectively. The difference between supine and prone positions was statistically significant. The left lung showed a similar pattern and the difference was significant only under CMV. No difference was observed between the different respiratory conditions in both lungs. This study demonstrated that the distribution of pulmonary perfusion was more uniform in prone than in the supine position.