城市一般人群艾滋病相关知识、态度及其影响因素调查

目的 了解城市一般人群对艾滋病知识的认识、态度情况。以确定城市一般人群艾滋病知识水平及其影响因素，为今后在一般人群中采取针对性的艾滋病知识宣传策略提供依据。方法 于2002年12月1日在广州市商业区采用街头随机拦截的方式，对一般人群采用匿名自填问卷的方法调查其艾滋病相关知识和态度。结果 本次调查共发放问卷200份，收回有效问卷147份。结果显示，艾滋病知识总知晓率为63．3％；传播途径知识总知晓率为59．2％；预防知识知晓率为46．9％；对艾滋病感染／患正确态度率为49．7％。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，艾滋病知识知晓率的影响因素为年龄、性别、化程度和婚姻状况。30～39岁年龄组(OR=0．101，95％CI：0．015～0．678)和40岁及以上年龄组(OR=0．060，95％CI：0．007～0．498)艾滋病知识总知晓率低于15～20岁年龄组；女性艾滋病知识知晓率(OR=0．230，95％CI：0．099～0．532)低于男性；化程度初中(OR=14．161。95％CI：2．195～91．364)、高中(OR=23．455，95％CI：4．568～120．434)、大专以上(OR=35．378,95％CI:6．001～208．571)艾滋病知识知晓率高于小学及以下组；已婚(OR=5．761，95％CI：1．589～20．893)高于未婚。结论 目前城市一般人群的艾滋病知识水平仍然很低，因此应进一步加强对一般人群的艾滋病知识的宣传，尤其是针对化程度低、未婚及女性人群开展艾滋病知识的宣传教育。     

深圳市婚前男女人群艾滋病相关知识调查

目的了解深圳市婚前男女人群对艾滋病相关知识的掌握程度，探讨针对该人群有效的艾滋病宣传教育方式。方法采用不记名问卷方式，对2005年10月1日至2006年9月30日在深圳市妇幼保健院、盐田区、福田区等共7所妇幼保健院进行婚前检查的1556名青年男女进行艾滋病相关知识调查。结果调查对象中，98．0％（1525／1556）的人听说过艾滋病，对艾滋病血液传播，性传播和母婴传播知晓率分别为93．1％（1448／1556），92．7％（1442／1556），87．2％（1357／1556）。文化程度越高对艾滋病传播途径的知晓率越高；对蚊虫、共同办公、共同进餐及握手拥抱是否会引起感染的问题看法上，文化程度较高人群误解率明显低于文化程度较低人群，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．0001）；91．8％（1428／1556）的人认为艾滋病是可以预防的，文化程度高者艾滋病预防知识知晓率明显高于低文化程度人群，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．0001）。调查对象获取艾滋病知识的主要来源于电视公益广告、报刊杂志及艾滋病专题报道，分别占71．5％（1113／1556）、67．6％（1052／1556）、55．5％（864／1556）。结论深圳市青年男女婚前对艾滋病传播的知晓率较高，但婚前艾滋病相关知识宣传教育仍然是必要的，特别是要加强对低文化层次人群进行艾滋病相关知识宣传教育。以减少艾滋病在青壮年中的传播及母婴传播。     

自贡市沿滩区不同人群的艾滋病知识及态度分析

目的对辖区内的暗娼、中学生和大众人群的艾滋病知识、态度和行为进行调查分析,为有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法获取暗娼人群、在校中学生,大众人群用健康问卷调查表进行面对面的访谈式调查,所有数据用Epidata录入,应用SPSS13．0软件处理数据,采用χ^2检验、多元线性回归和logistic回归等方法进行统计分析。结果共调查暗娼200名,中学生500名和大众人群500名,对艾滋病相关知识综合知晓率分别为70．38％、66．10％和59．35％,暗娼的艾滋病相关知识情况最好,其次是中学生,大众人群最低;3组人群所有知识点的知晓率都存在统计学差异;年龄、性伴和文化程度是暗娼人群艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素,性别、学校类型和年龄是中学生艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素,社区类别、年龄、性伴、文化程度是大众人群艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素;大众人群和中学生对待艾滋病家人的正性态度持有率为47．5％,其中大众人群为42．3％,中学生为54．8％;大众人群和中学生对待艾滋病同学的正性态度持有率为55．2％,其中大众人群为39．2％,中学生为71．2％。结论沿滩区艾滋病相关知识知晓率较低,尤其是中学生和大众人群更低,今后沿滩区艾滋病健康教育工作,在继续搞好暗娼行为干预的基础上,要加强大众人群宣传和学生健康教育。     

天津市MSM人群艾滋病知晓情况的网络调查和影响因素

目的通过网络问卷的方式调查天津市男男性行为(MSM)人群对艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况并分析其影响因素。方法选择不记名的网络调查方法在天津市网络论坛上收集4 026份MSM艾滋病相关知识问卷开展影响因素分析。结果天津市MSM人群关于艾滋病的总体知晓率为95.03%,其中"男男同性性行为人群是我国目前受艾滋病危害最严重的人群"这一问题的知晓率最低,为85.5%;不同年龄、与异性婚姻状况、不同民族受访人群知晓率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同户籍、文化程度、性取向受访人群知晓率差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论天津市MSM人群对艾滋病相关问题的知晓总体较高,但仍需要进一步加大艾滋病知识的普及力度。天津市MSM人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓率高于外省市,文化程度越高知晓率越高,同性恋群体的知晓率比异性恋高。     

2004年高唐县新婚育龄夫妇艾滋病知识知晓状况调查

[目的]了解高唐县新婚育龄夫妇艾滋病知晓情况、艾滋病相关知识认知程度、行为态度、喜欢的宣传方式、所需要的传播媒介的现状。[方法]用设计的调查问卷对前来健康查体的新婚育龄夫妇286人进行现场自填问卷调查。[结果]通过调查，艾滋病、艾滋病为传染病、艾滋病的病原体、艾滋病是性病的知晓率分别为91．26％、89．86％、72．38％、35．32％。不同学历的人群对艾滋病的知晓率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），学历越高知晓率越高。艾滋病相关知识认知程度，对与艾滋病病人或感染者无套性交、共用注射器吸毒、输血可以感染艾滋病的认知率较高，达94％以上；母婴垂直传播的认知率较低为68．53％；对蚊虫叮咬会感染艾滋病认知程度最低为35．32％。[结论]应对该人群加强宣传和培训，提高知晓率。     

服务行业女性从业人员性病、艾滋病认知调查

目的了解深圳市某娱乐场所从业人员的人口学状况、行为特征及对HIV／AIDS相关知识的知晓程度。方法利用随机抽样方法，对深圳市某社区13家娱乐场所的245名女性从业人员进行性病、艾滋病知识的宣传教育；教育前后进行现场调查。结果首次性生活年龄最小13岁、最大25岁，中位数19岁；曾自愿接受HIV抗体检测占9．2％；经常使用安全套的仅占13．6％；教育前：HIV／AIDS相关知识知晓率2．0％（5／245）；HIV/AIDS经性传播相关知识知晓率22．0％（54／245）；教育后：HIV/AIDS相关知识知晓率16．7％（41／245）；HIV／AIDS经性传播相关知识知晓率35．5％（81／245）。结论娱乐场所从业人员对性病、艾滋病相关知识的了解和安全性行为的认知度低。有必要加强教育，以减少该人群性病和艾滋病的发生。遏制性病、艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群的蔓延。     

乌鲁木齐维吾尔族高危人群艾滋病相关知识和行为调查

目的了解维吾尔族高危人群与艾滋病有关的高危行为及艾滋病知识知晓率并探索健康教育和干预模式。方法对劳教所在押的维吾尔族高危人群进行匿名问卷调查，问卷内容包括一般情况、吸毒行为、性行为、艾滋病知识以及安全套使用情况。结果此次调查有效问卷223份，有吸毒史的占72．7％，其中静脉注射毒品者占89．5％，共用针具者占79．3％；入所前6个月内有性行为者占91．9％（205／223），首次性行为的年龄最小13岁，多性伴者占73．3％；安全套使用率低，86．6％的人从来不用，每次都用的只占3．1％；艾滋病传播途径的知晓率占73．2％，对几种非传播危险行为存在模糊认识；文化程度较低，AIDS知识的掌握程度、危险行为的发生、安全套使用率低与受教育的水平有关。结论提示对在押人员中开展安全性行为知识、毒品危害、AIDS/STD健康教育和正确使用安全套教育的必要性。     

外来务工人员艾滋病知识及影响因素分析

目的 了解清华大学校园内外来务工人员艾滋病知识知晓现状。方法 采用随机抽样的方法，对清华大学校园内1150名外来务工人员进行艾滋病相关知识的问卷调查。结果 调查对象对艾滋病三大传播途径的知晓率比较高。为83．996。对非传播途径知晓率普遍低。个别问题仅有30．596的调查对象能正确回答。对国家制定的相关政策知晓率更低，所有5个问题能正确回答的均不超过半数。单因素分析结果显示，性别、居住地、年龄、职业、文化程度、婚姻状况及收入与艾滋病知识综合得分有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，性别、年龄、文化程度、居住地、获取知识的态度、是否受过艾滋病知识培训是影响综合得分的6个因素。结论 应针对流动人口知识薄弱环节开展宣教，充分发挥社区服务中心的力量，切实做好该高危人群性病、艾滋病的健康教育工作。     

浙江省平湖市公民健康知识行为现状及其影响因素分析

目的了解平湖市公民健康知识知晓率和健康行为持有率水平,分析不同生活环境、性别、年龄、文化程度对健康知识掌握和健康行为养成的影响。方法采用单纯随机抽样的方法抽取调查对象,开展匿名自答式问卷调查。结果共调查1456人,回收有效问卷1432份,有效回收率为98．35％。浙江省平湖市公民健康知识知晓率为76．16％,行为持有率为66．47％;居民健康知识知晓率与年龄、性别、文化程度和人群类别相关,51岁以上组达标率是对照组的3．129倍;居民健康行为持有率最重要的因素是性别、文化程度和人群类别,与文化程度呈正相关,大专以上学历持有达标率最高,是小学学历的2．842倍。结论平湖市城乡居民的健康知识知晓率和健康行为持有率与深圳、江苏居民相近,但低于国家相关标准,应抓准其重点影响因素,开展针对性的干预活动。     

茂名市农村居民艾滋病性病健康教育及干预措施的调查

目的了解茂名市农村人群的艾滋病知识水平和对艾滋病感染者及病人的态度,探索在农村实施艾滋病健康教育干预措施的有效途径。方法选取茂名市所辖的高州市其中的2个镇的3个行政村的人群,采用整群抽样的方法分别开展集中观看VCD加现场交流方式、张贴健康海报和发放健康教育资料自学的健康干预等方式,采取自制的调查问卷对调查对象在健康教育前后进行匿名调查,比较健康教育前后调查对象艾滋病知识的知晓率以及三种不同的健康教育方式之间的效果,对性别、年龄、文化程度等因素进行单因素和回归分析,探索农村人群艾滋病相关知识的影响因素。结果健康教育后,调查对象的艾滋病相关知识的知晓率有较大提高(P<0.05);性别分布上,男性知晓率高于女性知晓率(P<0.05)。年龄分布上,55岁以上人口知晓率明显低于其他年龄组(P<0.05);文化程度较高的人群知晓率也较高。健康教育干预前后,调查对象对艾滋病人和感染者态度变化不明显。在三种健康教育模式中,以张贴海报的形式获得的成本-效益最高。结论健康教育干预活动对提高农村人群的艾滋病相关知识水平有良好效果,性别、年龄、文化程度影响居民艾滋病知识水平,健康教育前后居民对艾滋病人的态度改变不大。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.