焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘水平的关系

目的　探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中 1-羟基芘浓度之间的关系。方法　以某焦化厂 30 5名生产工人和 30名非接触者为调查对象 ,统一收集工作周末班后 6h尿 ,并收集个人信息。根据工人的工作岗位将调查对象分为炉顶、炉侧、炉底和对照 4个外暴露等级。采用碱水解 -高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘浓度。使用协方差分析和多元线性回归分析暴露等级、吸烟和饮酒等情况对尿中 1-羟基芘浓度的影响。结果　尿中 1-羟基芘的浓度呈炉顶 >炉侧 >炉底 >对照的趋势 ,与外暴露等级之间呈显著相关(Spearman相关系数为 0 5 35 ,P <0 0 1) ;在同样外暴露条件下 ,吸烟量显著影响尿中 1-羟基芘的水平(P <0 0 5 ) ;未发现饮酒对尿中 1-羟基芘水平的显著影响。结论　焦炉工尿中 1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级之间存在良好的剂量 -效应关系 ,可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平     

尿中2-萘酚作为多环芳烃接触水平的生物监测指标研究

目的 探讨尿中2-萘酚作为焦炉工多环芳烃接触水平生物监测指标的可行性.方法 以某市钢铁炼焦制气厂109名工人和50名本厂机关工作人员为对象,收集周末班后尿20ml,用改良的碱解-高效液相色谱法测定尿中2-萘酚.焦炉作业环境多环芳烃的车间空气监测结果以苯并(a)芘的浓度水平表示.用单因素方差分析、x2检验和spearman 等级相关分析.结果 尿中2-萘酚浓度炉顶工、炉侧工、炉底工和对照组分别为(11.32±4.82)、(9.82±5.11)、(5.24±4.97)和(2.97±2.36)μnol/mol Cr,呈炉顶>炉侧>炉底>对照组的趋势;尿中2-萘酚浓度与多环芳烃接触水平呈正相关关系(r=0.435,P<0.001).结论 焦炉工尿中2-萘酚水平可有效地反映个体短期多环芳烃接触的内剂量水平,可作为焦炉工多环芳烃接触水平的生物监测指标.     

尿中1-羟基芘作为焦炉工多环芳烃暴露监测指标研究

目的 探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘（1-OHPy）浓度的关系。方法 以某焦化厂120名生产工人和30名非接触者为研究对象，收集班后6h尿，并收集个人信息，用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘。结果 尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶〉炉侧〉炉底〉对照组的趋势。与外暴露呈显著相关性（r=0．653，P〈0．01）；同样外暴露条件下，吸烟者录中1-羟基芘水平显著高于未吸烟者（P〈0．01）。结论 焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级存在明显的相关性，可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平。     

尿中1-羟基芘作为焦炉工多环芳烃暴露生物监测指标的研究

目的探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHPy)浓度的关系。方法以某焦化厂120名生产工人和30名非接触者为研究对象,收集班后6h尿,并收集个人信息,用高效液相法测定尿中1-羟基芘。结果尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶>炉侧>炉底>对照组的趋势。与外暴露呈显著相关性(r=0.653,P<0.01),同样外暴露条件下,吸烟者尿中1-羟基芘显著高于未吸烟者(P<0.05)。结论焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级存在明显的相关性,可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平。     

炼焦职业暴露工人与对照人群尿中1-羟基芘水平比较

目的比较焦炉工和非职业暴露人群尿中1-羟基芘的不同水平,并探讨可能的各种影响因素.方法 2002年上半年,以某焦化厂265名炼焦作业工人和226名非职业接触对照人群为调查对象,职业接触组收集工作班末尿,对照组收集晨尿.根据环境中多环芳烃监测和调查表评价外暴露因素和可能的混杂因素,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘含量,比较两组人群尿中1-羟基芘的不同水平,并分析外暴露等级、吸烟、饮酒、年龄和体重指数的可能影响.结果尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶工〉炉侧工〉炉底工〉对照的趋势,几何均数依次为13.49、6.56、1.38和0.35 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义;各组人群尿中1-羟基芘浓度超标率分别依次为94.81%、84.73%、35.09%和0.88%,差异有统计学意义.对照人群中≥20支/d吸烟组的尿中1-羟基芘水平明显高于不吸烟组,修正几何均数分别为0.47和0.31 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义;对照人群中饮酒组的尿中1-羟基芘水平明显低于不饮酒组,修正几何均数分别为0.33和0.47 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义.结论焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平较高,以炉侧工和炉顶工最为明显,非职业暴露人群尿中1-羟基芘本底水平与吸烟和饮酒因素有关.     

焦炉工尿1-羟基芘水平及脱离职业暴露后浓度变化分析

以某焦化厂焦炉车间153名生产工人和无职业性多环芳烃接触者50人为研究对象。记录其离开工作岗位的时间,收集晨尿。用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘水平。采用方差分析和协方差分析的统计学方法研究不同焦炉位置作业及脱离职业暴露后不同时间对尿1-羟基芘水平的影响。焦炉工尿1-羟基芘水平呈现炉顶炉侧炉底对照趋势;脱离职业暴露后,焦炉工尿1-羟基芘水平呈8 h以内组8~16 h组16 h以上组趋势。说明焦炉的作业位置以及脱离职业暴露后的时间均可影响焦炉工尿1-羟基芘水平。     

萘代谢产物-白蛋白加合物作为焦炉工接触生物标志物的初步探索

目的探讨萘代谢产物的白蛋白加合物作为焦炉工接触生物标志物的可行性。方法随机选取某焦化厂28名焦炉作业工人(接触组)和22名对照个体(对照组),工人在连续工作4d的班后采集静脉血和尿样,并使用调查表收集个人信息。采用气相色谱质谱联机方法测定血浆中白蛋白加合物。结果在接触组及对照组中均检测出1,2萘醌及1,4萘醌与白蛋白的加合物(1,2NPQAlb和1,4NPQAlb)。接触组1,2NPQAlb水平(766pmol/g)高于对照组(449pmol/g),差异有统计学意义;1,4NPQAlb水平在接触组(486pmol/g)和对照组(442pmol/g)间差异无统计学意义。接触组1,2NPQAlb水平(766pmol/g)高于1,4NPQAlb(486pmol/g),差异有显著性。尿中萘、1萘酚、2萘酚及1羟基芘浓度与1,2NPQAlb水平间呈显著相关性,而与1,4NPQAlb之间未见明显的相关关系。结论1,2NPQAlb可有效地反映个体中长期暴露于气态多环芳烃的内剂量水平,有可能作为生物标志物用于焦炉工的生物监测。     

焦炉工多环芳烃接触与尿1-羟基芘及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α的关系

目的 探讨焦炉工外接触等级与尿中1-羟基芘物质的量浓度的关系,同时研究血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平能否作为焦炉工多环芳烃(PAH)的接触评价指标以及TNF-α与1-羟基芘物质的量浓度的关系.方法 以某焦化厂86名生产工人和35名对照者为研究对象,采集血清和班后尿,并收集个人信息,检测血清中TNF-α水平,用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘.结果 焦炉工尿1-羟基芘物质的量浓度(4.78±2.09)μmol/mol Cr显著高于对照组[(2.12±1.81)μmol/mol Cr,P＜0.001],并呈炉顶＞炉侧＞炉底＞对照组的趋势.与外接触呈显著相关性(r=0.727,P＜0.001);在同样外接触条件下,吸烟量显著影响尿中1-羟基芘的水平(P＜0.05);焦炉工血清中TNF-α水平(30.1±2.0)μg/L明显高于对照人群[(17.7±1.8)μg/L,P＜0.001];焦炉工尿1-羟基芘水平与血清中TNF-α呈弱相关(r=0.316,P＜0.001).结论 焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外接触等级存在良好的剂量-效应关系,可反映PAH接触个体的内剂量水平;焦炉工人血清TNF-α有可能作为PAH接触评价的参数.     

焦炉工多环芳烃暴露与尿中1-羟基芘含量的关系

[目的]探讨焦炉工人多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘(1-0H-Pyr)含量的关系. [方法]以某市焦化厂121名工人作为暴露组和50名本厂机关工作人员为对照组,收集其工作周末班后尿,并使用统一调查表收集职业暴露史、年龄、性别等个人信息,采用碱水解-高效液相色谱法测定尿1-羟基芘浓度. [结果]4组工人尿中1-羟基芘的含量均不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中炉顶工尿中1-羟基芘浓度为最高(10.38 ± 0.69)μmol/molCr,对照组工人尿中1-羟基芘含量为最低(1.07±0.73)μmol/molCr.尿中1-羟基芘浓度与PAHs外暴露的等级之间有正相关关系(r=0.879,P=0.001). [结论]焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘的含量与PAHs外暴露等级之间存在正相关关系,焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘的含量可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平.     

吸烟对焦炉工人尿中10种多环芳烃代谢物浓度的影响

目的 研究吸烟对焦炉作业工人尿中多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物浓度的影响.方法 采用高效液相色谱法检测工人工作环境中颗粒物载带上的PAHs浓度;通过职业健康体检和问卷调查的方式收集某焦化厂1401名男性焦炉工人的职业信息,并采集尿液;使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定尿样中10种羟基多环芳烃代谢产物(OH-PAHs)的浓度.按照工作岗位和工作环境PAHs浓度的差异分成对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组4组,采用协方差分析分别比较各组吸烟者与不吸烟者尿中10种OH-PAHs的浓度差异.结果 工作环境中16种PAHs的检测结果均显示高暴露组＞中暴露组＞低暴露组＞对照组,高暴露组的浓度明显高于对照组、低暴露组和中暴露组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组中,吸烟者尿中1-羟基萘(1-OHNa)和2-羟基萘(2-OHNa)的浓度明显高于不吸烟者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);4个组中,吸烟者的1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度与不吸烟者的差异无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 在焦炉作业人群中,尿中1-OHNa和2-OHNa可以作为评价吸烟对工人尿中OH-PAHs浓度影响的生物标志物.     

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

This study describes the exposure of coke plant workers to hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the breathing zone air and their oxygenated metabolites in the urine of coke plant workers are qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene and 14 different PAHs were measured at the different workplaces by personal air sampling. O-cresol, 1- and 2-naphthol, methylhippuric acid, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in hydrolyzed urine of workers collected after the work shift. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was applied to identify AHs in air and in urine samples. Time-weighted values of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons at a coke plant were: benzene (0.06–9.82 mg/m³), toluene (0.05–4.71 mg/m³), naphthalene (0.01–3.28 mg/m³), o-xylene (0.01–1.76 mg/m³) and m + p-xylene (0.01–2.62 mg/m³). At the coke batteries, the total concentration of PAHs ranged from 7.27 to 21.92 μg/m³. At the sorting department, the total concentration of PAHs were about half this value. Concentration of the urinary metabolites (naphthols and methylhippuric acid) detected in workers at the tar distillation department are three times higher than those for the coke batteries and sorting department workers. A correlation between inhaled toluene, naphthalene, xylene, and urinary excretion of metabolites has been found. Time-weighted average concentrations of AHs in the breathing zone air show that exposure levels of the workers are rather low in comparison to exposure limits. The 1-hydroxypyrene concentration is below 24.75 μmol/mol creatinine. The GC/MS analysis reveals the presence of AHs, mainly benzene and naphthalene homologues. It has been found that coke plant workers are simultaneously exposed to the mixture of aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in the breathing zone air of a coke plant. Exposure levels are significantly influenced by job categories. Compounds identified in the urine appear to be the products of the hydroxylation of AHs present in the air as well as unmetabolized hydrocarbons. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:445–454, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons at a coke plant: Part II. Exposure assessment of volatile organic compounds

The objective of the study is to assess the external and internal exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons in the tar and oil naphthalene distillation processes at a coke plant. 69 workers engaged as operators in tar and oil naphthalene distillation processes and 25 non-exposed subjects were examined. Personal analyses of the benzene, toluene, xylene isomers, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, indan, indene and acenaphthene in the breathing zone air allowed us to determine the time weighted average exposure levels to the aromatic hydrocarbons listed above. The internal exposure was investigated by measurement of the urinary excretion of naphthols, 2-methylphenol and dimethylphenol isomers by means of gas chromatography with a flame ionization detection (GC/FID). Urine metabolites were extracted after enzymatic hydrolysis by solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene resin. The time-weighted average concentrations of the hydrocarbons detected in the breathing zone air shows that the exposure levels of the workers are relatively low in comparison to the exposure limits. Statistically significant differences between average concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene isomers) determined at the workplaces in the tar distillation department have been found. Concentrations of the naphthalene and acenaphthene detected in workers from the oil distillation department are higher that those from the tar distillation department. Concentrations of naphthols, 2-methoxyphenol and dimethylphenol isomers in the urine of occupationally exposed workers were significantly higher than those of non-exposed subjects. Concentrations of the 2-methoxyphenol and dimethylphenol isomers in urine were significantly higher for the tar distillation workers, whereas concentrations of naphthols were higher for the oil naphthalene distillation workers. Operators at the tar and naphthalene oil distillation processes are simultaneously exposed to a mixture of different hydrocarbons, mainly benzene and naphthalene homologues.     

焦炉作业工人多环芳烃暴露与外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系

目的　探讨焦炉作业工人多环芳烃 (polycyclicaromatichydrocarbon ,PAHs)暴露与其外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系。方法　选取 2 35名焦炉作业工人和 30名非职业PAHs暴露者 ,使用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术评价外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤 ,采用高效液相色谱法测定工作周末班后 6h尿中 1 羟基芘水平 ,收集个人职业暴露、年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒等信息。结果　焦炉工外周血淋巴细胞的Olive尾矩高于对照组 [数值分别为 2 .4 7(0 .2 2～ 4 6 .6 8)、0 .94 (0 .4 2～ 4 .2 1) ],差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,且与尿中 1 羟基芘水平呈相关性 (Spearman偏相关系数 =0 .2 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。以非暴露者Olive尾矩的上 5分位数 1.9作为判断个体是否为DNA损伤阳性的界值 ,焦炉工发生外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤阳性的OR =5 .38,95 %CI=2 .0 7～ 14 .0 8,且随外暴露等级或内剂量水平的增高而呈增加的趋势。结论　焦炉工PAHs暴露水平与外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤呈良好的剂量 -效应和剂量 -反应关系。     

Assessment of potential damage to DNA in urine of coke oven workers: an assay of unscheduled DNA synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted in coke oven workers to evaluate the biological consequences of the exposure of these workers, particularly production of potential genotoxic factors. METHODS: 60 coke oven workers and 40 controls were recruited in the same iron and steel works. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed by job and measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP) in urine samples. An unscheduled DNA synthesis assay was performed on rat pleural mesothelial cells used as a test system to evaluate the effect of the workers' filtered urine on the DNA repair capacity of rat cells to determine whether DNA damaging agents are present in the urine of these workers. RESULTS: Urinary concentrations of 1OHP ranged from 0.06 to 24.2 (mean (SD) 2.1 (3.6)) mumol/mol creatinine in exposed coke oven workers, and from 0.01 to 0.9 in controls (0.12 (0.15)). These high concentrations in coke oven workers reflected recent exposure to PAHs and were in agreement with the assessment of exposure by job. No significant difference was found between coke oven workers and controls in the DNA repair level of rat cells treated with urine samples. However, the rat cell repair capacity decreased with increasing 1OHP concentrations in the exposed population (r = -0.28, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As high concentrations of 1OHP were found in the urine of some workers, a more stringent control of exposures to PAHs in the workplace is required. Exposure to PAHs was not associated with a clear cut modification of the urinary excretion of DNA damaging factors in this test, as shown by the absence of increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat cells. However, impairment of some repair mechanisms by urinary constituents is suspected.     

焦炉工外周血TH1/TH2型细胞因子表达与IFN-γ、IL-10 DNA甲基化分析

目的了解焦炉逸散物(coke oven emissions,COEs)暴露的焦炉工多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)内暴露水平及焦炉工机体外周血白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的表达,及IFN-γ、IL-10表观遗传机制在COEs暴露损伤中的表现。方法随机选取某焦化厂炼焦车间接触COEs的85名工人作为暴露组,同是焦化厂非COEs暴露的47名作业工人作为对照组,采集暴露组及对照组工人晨尿进行碱水解-高效液相色谱荧光法检测1-羟基芘(1-OHPyr)水平,尿肌酐校正;采集空腹外周静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清中IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10的表达;采用飞行时间质谱分析IFN-γ和IL-10的甲基化水平。结果焦炉工人尿1-OHPyr含量高于对照组(F=12.446,P<0.05),且炉侧工和炉顶工高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,焦炉工血清IL-2含量降低(F=14.774,P<0.05),焦炉工血清IFN-γ含量降低(F=46.379,P<0.05),焦炉工血清IL-4含量升高(F=17.426,P<0.05),焦炉工血清IL-10含量升高(F=33.515,P<0.05),焦炉工血清TH1/TH2比值降低(F=21.677,P<0.05)。在暴露组中,炉顶工IFN-γ水平高于炉底工,炉顶及炉底工IL-10水平低于炉侧工(P<0.05)。暴露组IL-10胞嘧啶(C)-磷酸(p)-鸟嘌呤(G)(CpG)-11、CpG-15和平均甲基化率低于对照组(P<0.05)。暴露组IFN-γCpG-5甲基化率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。焦炉作业工人尿1-OHPyr含量与TH1/TH2比值、IFN-γ表达水平呈负相关,与IL-4、IL-10水平之间呈正相关。随着尿1-OHPyr浓度增加IL-10 CpG-11、CpG-15甲基化率有降低趋势。结论 COEs暴露的炉侧工与炉顶工为职业健康重点监护对象;焦炉工COEs暴露影响免疫调节细胞因子的表达;COEs暴露引起IL-10甲基化率改变。