鼻鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系

目的量化研究鼻鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的发病的关系。方法用自行开发的计算机图像分析系统定量分析９１例慢性鼻窦炎患者的冠状位鼻窦ＣＴ，观测指标包括：骨性解剖结构变异（包括中鼻甲气化、反常曲线中鼻甲、Ｈａｌｅｒ气房、鼻中隔偏曲、上颌窦发育不良、鼻丘气房、钩突气化）、筛漏斗、钩突角度、筛泡等，测量相应结构的冠状位截面积、角度、长度。应用统计软件ＳＰＳＳ进行统计。结果全中甲或中甲下部气化的发生率随前筛、上颌窦内软组织影增厚而升高；有额窦炎组病人的鼻丘气房最大纵向垂径明显大于无额窦炎组（分别为１１．７±５．５ｍｍ和８．５±３．７ｍｍ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｈａｌｅｒ气房在上颌窦炎组和非上颌窦炎组的发生率无显著差异，但前组发生炎症的Ｈａｌｅｒ气房明显多于后组（分别为７７．８％和３３．３％，Ｐ＜０．０５），且前组Ｈａｌｅｒ气房的冠状位截面积明显大于后组（分别为９１．６±１７．８ｍｍ２和４１．６±１２．６ｍｍ２，Ｐ＜０．０５）；钩突角度随上颌窦内软组织增厚而减小；筛泡冠状位截面积随前筛窦内软组织增厚而增大（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论某些鼻、鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的发病相关。     

筛窦及其邻近结构CT影像学研究

为内窥镜鼻窦手术提供影像学资料，观察了筛窥及其邻近结构的关系，对９名健康人筛窦进行了横断民支面连续ＣＴ扫描，对２０名观察人进行了横断加冠状层面扫描，每人平均扫描２２次，发现个体间筛窦及其与邻近组织的解剖结构存在着很大的变异，横断扫描可清晰地显示出后级筛窦或蝶窦与视神经管的解剖关系和颈内动脉与蝶窦的解剖关系。冠状扫描可详细地观察到窦口鼻道复合体的筛窦与眼眶，前颅底的解剖关系，鼻窦ＣＴ扫描对鼻窦炎病因     

筛窦及其邻近结构CT影像学研究

为内窥镜鼻窦手术提供影像学资料，观察了筛窦及其邻近结构的关系。对９名健康人筛窦进行了横断层面连续ＣＴ扫描，对２０名健康人进行了横断加冠状层面扫描，每人平均扫描２２次，发现个体间筛窦及其与邻近组织的解剖结构存在着很大的变异。横断扫描可清晰地显示出后组筛窦或蝶窦与视神经管的解剖关系和颈内动脉与蝶窦的解剖关系。冠状扫描可详细地观察到窦口鼻道复合体和筛窦与眼眶、前颅底的解剖关系。鼻窦ＣＴ扫描对鼻窦炎病因学分析、鼻内窥镜手术设计和术中防止并发症的发生均具有重要意义。     

64排螺旋CT多平面重建技术在鼻窦检查中的价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT扫描多平面重建在鼻窦检查中的应用价值。方法 129例患者均行64排螺旋CT鼻窦轴位扫描,利用多平面重建技术得到冠状位、矢状位、轴位的多平面重建图像,观察鼻窦结构及病变范围的显示情况对图像资料进行影像分析。结果 64排螺旋CT多平面重建图像可以从各种角度、多切面地显示鼻窦的解剖、病变部位、范围及气道情况,清楚显示各鼻窦及窦口,其中93例上颌窦黏膜增厚、54例筛窦黏膜增厚、23例蝶窦黏膜增厚、9例额窦黏膜增厚。所有病例均显示钩突、筛窦、半月裂、筛泡及中鼻甲等的结构,鼻中隔偏曲39例,鼻窦炎合并息肉28例、中鼻甲气化11例,钩突肥大16例,钩突明显偏移9例,腺样体肥大5例,筛泡过度气化15例,鼻咽癌5例。结论 64排螺旋CT扫描多平面重建技术克服了常规CT扫描的缺点,并可以清晰方便显示副鼻窦腔内解剖结构及解剖变异,重组冠状位图像可获得与直接冠状位扫描相同的图像效果,为鼻窦炎及其原因的临床诊断提供可靠的影像资料,为经蝶窦颅内病变的手术治疗提供清晰手术路径,为鼻内镜手术提供了最佳的术前信息。     

CT扫描分析窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异在鼻窦炎发病中的意义

目的 探讨窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系。分析其在内窥镜鼻窦手术中的重要性。方法 以２９７例（５９４例）冠状位鼻窦ＣＴ片材料研究中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡和处 的解剖变异及Ｈａｌｌｅｒ气房的影像特点,结合病史分析解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系,用ＳＰＳＳ５．０作统计分析。结果 ＯＭＣ解剖变异包括中鼻甲反向（１３．９７％）、气化（３４．８５％）,钩突肥大（１９．３６％）、移（４５．２７％）筛泡过度气化     

鼻窦解剖及其变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系

目的 探讨鼻窦解剖及其变异对鼻窦炎和手术的治疗。方法 观察１００具颅骨、１０个尸头,复习７５０例鼻窦炎鼻窦冠状ＣＴ和１０００例内窥镜鼻窦手术记录,研究中鼻甲、钩突、上颌窦自然口和鼻囟门（含上颌窦骨性裂口）、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔的解剖学和影像解剖学,分析解剖、变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系。结果 ①中鼻甲、钩突、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔均存在解剖变异;②中鼻甲、钩突和鼻中隔的变异在有鼻窦炎侧明显多     

CT扫描分析窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异在鼻窦炎发病中的意义

目的探讨窦口鼻道复合体（ｏｓｔｉｏｍｅａｔａｌｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ,ＯＭＣ）解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系,分析其在内窥镜鼻窦手术中的重要性。方法以２９７例（５９４侧）冠状位鼻窦ＣＴ片为材料研究中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡和鼻丘的解剖变异及Ｈａｌｅｒ气房的影像特点,结合病史分析解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系,用ＳＰＳＳ５．０作统计分析。结果ＯＭＣ解剖变异包括中鼻甲反向弯曲（１３．９７％）、气化（３４．８５％）,钩突肥大（１９．３６％）、偏移（４５．２７％）,筛泡过度气化（３０．３０％）,鼻丘过度气化（０．７０％）,Ｈａｌｅｒ气房（１．００％）。ＯＭＣ解剖变异总出现率为８１．１４％;钩突、中鼻甲和筛泡的变异与慢性鼻窦炎的发病呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＯＭＣ解剖变异常见,且与慢性鼻窦炎密切相关,处理ＯＭＣ解剖变异是内窥镜鼻窦手术的一项重要内容。     

钩突组织学与影像学观察

为了对钩突有更深入的认识，在电镜下观察了１５个钩突粘膜的组织结构和３２例患者的鼻部冠状位ＣＴ图像。结果：①在病理情况下，钩突粘膜的结构紊乱，鼻窦炎症越重，钩突粘膜损伤越严重；②钩突有内移、外移、气化、肥大等解剖变异和病理改变。结论：窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎／鼻息肉的形成关系密切；对鼻窦炎患者切除钩突，开放筛漏斗有利于改善鼻窦的通气引流；手术前和手术中认真阅读ＣＴ片有助于设计手术方案，防止并发症。     

钩突组织学与影像学观察

为了对钩突有更深入的认识，在电镜下观察了１５个钩突粘膜的组织结构和３２例患者的鼻部冠状位ＣＴ图像。结果：①在病理情况下，钩突粘膜的结构紊乱，鼻窦炎症越重，钩突粘膜损伤越严重；②钩突有内移、外移、气化、肥大等解剖变异和病理改变。结论：窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎／鼻息肉的形成关系密切；对鼻窦炎患者切除钩突，开放筛漏斗有利于改善鼻窦的通气引流；手术前和手术中认真阅读ＣＴ片有助于设计手术方案，防止     

鼻窦炎患者鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦粘膜异常的CT扫描分析

对109例临床疑为鼻窦炎患者的CT冠状扫描结果进行了分析,鼻窦粘膜异常改变者93例(85.3％),16例粘膜呈正常影像(14.7％),93例鼻窦粘膜异常改变者中,发现鼻窦骨结构变异60例(64.5％)。通过对鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦炎情况的观察分析,认为鼻窦骨结构变异可能是鼻窦炎致病因素之一。鼻窦粘膜异常以前组筛窦和上颌窦发生率最高,同时伴有窦口鼻道复合体粘膜异常,支持了鼻窦口引流障碍可以继发鼻窦炎的观点。作者认为采用鼻窦CT冠状扫描对判断鼻窦炎的病因和临床诊断具有重要意义。     

鼻内镜鼻窦手术中鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系

目的 探讨鼻内镜鼻窦手术中鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系。 方法 选取慢性鼻窦炎患者206例,根据是否患有慢性鼻窦炎分为观察组85例与对照组121例。记录两组患者是否存在鼻中隔偏曲、泡状中鼻甲、下鼻甲及鼻丘气房肥大、中鼻甲反向偏曲及钩突气化等鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异现象。 结果 观察组鼻中隔偏曲、下鼻甲及鼻丘气房肥大、泡状中鼻甲发生率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而中鼻甲反向偏曲及钩突气化发生率比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。两组鼻中隔偏曲均以高位偏曲为主,但观察组鼻中隔高位偏曲发生率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论 鼻中隔偏曲、泡状中鼻甲、鼻丘气房及下鼻甲肥大均为慢性鼻窦炎发展中的重要结构变异,与慢性鼻窦炎的发生密切相关。     

计算机辅助鼻额区域影像解剖学研究

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of Advantage Windows 3.1 (AW 3.1) software for anatomical study of nasofrontal region, and to study the CT characteristics of nasofrontal region which related to the frontal sinus surgery. METHODS: Eighty patients underwent axial consecutive computed tomography scans and these data were studied with AW 3.1 software which provided reconstructional imaging of continuous coronal, sagittal, axial sections. Some related structures of nasofrontal region were studied and measured. RESULTS: AW 3.1 software could identify and measure the following structures accurately: The diameter of frontal sinus was (22.5 +/- 8.6) mm in height, (16.3 +/- 6.8) mm in depth, (23.8 +/- 9.8) mm in breadth. The diameter of frontal sinus ostium: the anterior-posterior diameter was (7.3 +/- 1.7) mm, the transverse diameter was (8.5 +/- 1.9) mm. The width of nasal beak of frontal bone(5.9 +/- 1.4 ) mm. The distance of frontal sinus ostium to the floor of columella nasi and the corresponding angle to the nasal floor were (60.8 +/- 4.2) mm and (70.1 +/- 4.7) degrees. The superior attachment sites of the uncinate process were as follows: lamina papyracea 41%, posteromedial wall of agger nasi cell 11%, middle turbinate 19%, anterior skull base 16%, superior bifurcation 13%. The cells could impinge on the frontal recess to cause obstruction (terminal recess 38.8%, anterior ethmoid cell 27.6%, agger nasi cells 24.5%). The accessory cells could impinge on the frontal sinus (perifrontal cells 32.7%, superaorbital cells 38.8%, intersinus septal cells 32.0%). There was significant difference between two groups of characteristics of nasofrontal region. CONCLUSIONS: AW 3.1 software is a helpful and powerful new tool for anatomical study of nasofrontal region and for preoperative evaluation. The structures of nasofrontal region are complex and various, frontal sinusitis almost always results from the obstruction of frontal sinus outflow tract. These results of anatomical study of nasofrontal region are helpful in directing the functional endoscopic surgery in frontal sinus.     

探讨鼻腔、鼻窦解剖异常与慢性鼻窦炎的相关性

目的 探讨鼻腔、鼻窦解剖异常与慢性鼻窦炎的关系。 方法 分析450例患者的CT片,从中分出鼻窦炎组和对照组（无鼻窦炎组）,对450例患者存在的鼻腔、鼻窦解剖异常, 如中鼻甲气化及反向歪曲、鼻丘气房、鼻中隔高位偏曲、Haller’s气房、钩突肥大及钩突移位等进行统计分析。 结果 鼻腔、鼻窦解剖异常在鼻窦炎组与对照组的发生率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 鼻腔、鼻窦解剖异常与慢性鼻窦炎有相关关系。     

鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口的意义

目的：探讨鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口对上颌窦炎转归的影响。方法：将慢性上颌窦炎218例随机均分为两组，A组的手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡，开放前、中、后组筛窦，扩大上颌窦自然开口，切除部分肥厚明显的中鼻甲；B组手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡，开放前、中组筛窦，不处理上颌窦自然开口，尽量保留中鼻甲,特别肥厚者也行部分切除。结果：218例均随访1年以上。按海口1997年疗效评定标准，A组治愈100例,治愈率92%，B组治愈99例,治愈率91%；A组好转9例,好转率8%，B组好转10例,好转率9%。结论：鼻内镜手术范围的关键是切除窦口鼻道复合体的解剖变异，是否扩大上颌窦口并不十分重要。     

鼻窦炎与解剖异常的相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性鼻窦炎与解剖异常的相关性。方法 选择2005年5月至12月在 山东省立医院眼耳鼻喉医院住院的154例慢性鼻窦炎和2006年1月至9月在青岛 大学医学院附属医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科住院的132例慢性鼻窦炎患者的临床资料,结合鼻窦CT和鼻内镜术中情况,分析与疾病相关的解剖变异,并与100例正常人比较,讨论其意义。结果 慢性鼻窦炎与中重度鼻中隔偏曲、钩突异常、中鼻甲异常、筛泡肥大、鼻丘过度发育、眶下气房均有相关关系。结论 解剖变异为鼻窦炎的发生提供了启动因素,其中最常见的解剖异常为鼻中隔偏曲。      

Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinuses: CT examination for endoscopic sinus surgery

Chronic rhinosinusitis endoscopic surgery requires an accurate evaluation of diseases and paranasal sinus anatomic variations. This study aims to show the main anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex and paranasal sinuses which are usually depicted by computed tomography (CT). CT scans obtained 2 mm thickness in axial and coronal plane from a series of 200 patients with chronic sinusitis were examined to determine the prevalence of anatomic variants. Anatomical variations determined were supraorbital recess in 6%, concha bullosa in 30%, sphenomaxillary plate in 17%, infra-orbital ethmoid cells (Haller's cells) in 6%, spheno-ethmoid cells (Onodi's cells) in 12%, pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process in 6%, carotid artery bulging into the sphenoid sinus in 8%, pneumatization of the uncinate process in 2%, paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate in 3% and septal deviation in 36%. Level difference between the ethmoid roof and nasal vault was an average of 8 mm in right side and 9.5 mm in left side. Awareness of these different variations will help the rhinologic surgeon in his orientation during endoscopic surgical procedures.     

多层螺旋CT冠状面重建对窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异及鼻窦炎的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建技术对窦口鼻道复合体（OMC）解剖变异及鼻窦炎症的诊断价值。方法34例经临床证实的鼻窦炎患者,均作了64层CT容积扫描,经CT32作站行冠状面重建,观察鼻窦炎的病变范围及OMC的显示情况。结果34例患者冠状位重建均显示了中鼻甲、钩突、筛漏斗、半月裂及筛泡等OMC结构,其中21例存在OMC结构变异,包括中鼻甲气化（38．1％,8／21）,反向弯曲（4．8％,1／21）;钩突肥大（14．3％,3／21）、偏移（4．8％,1／21）,气化（4．8％,1／21）;筛泡过度气化（14．3％,3／21）,Hailer气房（14．3％,3／21）,鼻丘过度气化（4．8％,1／21）等。结论多层螺旋CT冠状面重建能清楚地显示OMC区域的解剖结构及变异情况,为鼻窦炎及其原因的临床诊断提供可靠的影像资料。     

A computer-assisted anatomical study of the nasofrontal region.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Objectives were as follows: 1) to define the variations of the uncinate process' superior attachment, 2) to study the diameter of the frontal sinus ostium, 3) to study the prevalence of the agger nasi cells, and 4) to evaluate the side-to-side variability of these structures. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical study at a tertiary care center. METHODS: One hundred forty-four consecutive computed tomography scans were studied with image-guided surgery software (InstaTrak, Visualization Technology, Inc., Wilmington, MA) that provides continuous coronal, sagittal, and axial sections. We reported the superior attachment sites of the uncinate process, the diameter of the frontal sinus ostium, and prevalence of the agger nasi cells. RESULTS: The uncinate process' main superior attachment into the surrounding structures was found to have the following distribution: 52% to the lamina papyracea, 18.5% to the posteromedial wall of the agger nasi cell, 17.5% to the lamina papyracea and the junction of the middle turbinate with the cribriform plate, 7% to the junction of the middle turbinate with the cribriform plate, 3.6% to the ethmoid roof, and 1.4% to the middle turbinate. The frontal ostium anterior-posterior diameter (mean +/- SD) was 7.22 +/- 2.78 mm and its transverse diameter (mean +/- SD) was 8.92 +/- 2.95 mm. Agger nasi cells were found in 78% of the scans. CONCLUSIONS: The frontal sinus opens into the middle meatus medial to the uncinate process in 88% of the patients and lateral to the uncinate process in 12% of the patients. The naturally wide dimensions of the frontal ostium help to explain why postoperative patency can be achieved merely by exposing the ostium without the need to enlarge it. The frontal ostium dimensions in one side may differ considerably from the contralateral side. An agger nasi cell or a terminal recess, or both, are found in most cases. Image-guided surgery software is a helpful new tool for anatomical studies and for preoperative evaluation.