多普勒超声评价正常妊娠及妊娠并输尿管结石孕妇肾内动脉血流指数变化

多普勒超声观测Ａ组３０名健康非孕妇女、Ｂ组１４０名正常孕妇及Ｃ组１２例妊娠并输尿管结石孕妇肾内动脉血流指数（ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ）。结果：Ｂ组１０９名（１１８只肾）有肾积水；无论有无肾积水Ｂ组肾ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值与Ａ组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），除Ｂ组４只积水肾ＲＩ＞０．７（３％）外，Ａ、Ｂ组肾ＲＩ均＜０．７，且Ａ、Ｂ组左、右侧肾ＲＩ差值均＜０．１；Ｂ组积水肾ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值高低与肾积水程度及孕周无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ｃ组输尿管梗阻侧肾ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ均显著高于Ａ、Ｂ组与对侧健肾（Ｐ＜０．００１），梗阻侧肾ＲＩ均＞０．７且与对侧健肾ＲＩ差值＞０．１。结果表明：多普勒超声观测肾动脉血流指数变化对诊断妊娠合并机械性输尿管梗阻有重要意义     

脉冲多普勒超声对胎儿不同妊周脐带及脑循环动态变化的研究

目的，探讨不同妊周胎儿脐血流及脑血流的变化规律。方法，对４２２例妊娠２１～４２周正常产妇，用脉冲多普勒超声测量其胎儿脐带动脉（ＵＡ）、大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）之ＲＩ（阻力指数）与ＰＩ（搏动指数）。结果与结论，ＲＩ与ＰＩ的变化高度一致（ｒ＝０．９７８）（ｐ＜０．００１）。ＵＡ两指数在妊娠２１周时最高，此后逐渐下降至足月（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＭＣＡ两指数从２１周起先缓慢上升，２９周时达高峰，此后迅速下降至足月（ｐ＜０．００１）。ＵＡ的ＲＩ、ＰＩ与ＭＣＡ的ＲＩ、ＰＩ之比值，从妊娠２１周起迅速下降，２９～３４周间维持较低水平，以后缓慢上升，到妊娠足月时仍明显低于妊娠２１周时水平（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

单侧输尿管梗阻家犬双肾内动脉血流动力变化的研究

目的研究分析家犬单侧输尿管梗阻后双肾内动脉血流的动力变化情况,以提供输尿管梗阻确诊依据。方法选取16只家犬,分为实验组8例和对照组8例。实验组动物采用单侧输尿管结扎,对照组采取常规缝合对左侧输尿管切口进行手术结扎。对两组家犬在单侧输尿管结扎术前,术后1~20 d采用超声观察双肾血流动力学的变化,对比两组家犬双肾内动脉阻力(RI)、搏动指数(PI)和病理检查情况。采用方差及单因素分析对比肾盂压力各项指标。结果试验证明双肾内RI和PI之间有高度相关(r=0.967,P0.001);实验组RI值(≥0.58)明显高于术前和对照组(0.58,P0.001),实验组梗阻肾和健侧肾RI差值(≥0.1)明显高于对照组健康双肾(0.1)(P0.001);实验组单侧输尿管结扎术后健侧肾RI值明显低于对照组(P0.001),RI值与梗阻肾肾内动脉的增厚管壁,狭窄管腔有密切相关性,反而与肾积水的情况和肾盂压力无相关性。实验术后15 d、20 d梗阻肾盂尿β2-MG含量明显上升,与检测抽取的肾小球蛋白呈负相关。结论输尿管梗阻家犬行多普勒超声检测能够明确动脉血流动力学的变化情况,RI值明显升高、患侧与健侧RI值差高于0.1,因此多普勒超声可以作为诊断输尿管梗阻的可靠方法之一。     

双功能经颅彩色多普勒超声对冠心病患者脑血流动力学的研究

本文应用双功能经颅彩色多普勒超声（ＴＣＣＤ）对３４例冠心病患者进行了脑血流动力学的检测，结果表明，冠心病患者频谱形态，第二峰高于第一峰２０例，第一峰高于第二峰６例。大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）血流速度低于正常对照组，搏动指数（ＰＩ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）均增高Ｐ＜０．００１。椎动脉（ＶＡ）的ＰＩ升高Ｐ＜０．００１。而基底动脉（ＢＡ）Ｖｓ、Ｖｄ、Ｖｍ及ＰＩ、ＲＩ均有显著差异Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．００１。我们认为ＴＣＣＤ可以反映冠心病患者脑血流动力学变化及血管病变的程度，也可对冠心病患者并存脑动脉硬化的诊断具有一定临床应用价值     

双工彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病患者肾动脉血流动力学研究

应用双工彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测了３０例正常人及８９例糖尿病患者的肾动脉，观察不同阶段糖尿病肾病的彩色多普勒超声血流图像；测量肾动脉主干，段动脉、叶间动脉，弓形动脉血流频谱。Ⅰ组各级肾动脉血流频谱的各项参数与正常对照组比较，均未见统计学差异（Ｐ值＞０．０５）；Ⅱ组各级肾动脉的ＲＩ明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｄｍｉｎ、Ｖｄｍｉｎ／Ｖｓｍａｘ均明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｓｍａｘ在叶间动脉和弓形动脉明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ⅲ组各级肾动脉的ＲＩ明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｄｍｉｎ、Ｖｄｍｉｎ／Ｖｓｍａｘ明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｓｍａｘ在叶间动脉和弓形动脉降低（Ｐ值＜０．０５）。     

胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉及腹主动脉的血流频谱与脐动脉血气相关性的研究

本文对３２例足月单胎正常妊娠拟行择期剖宫产的初孕妇，于术前３０小时内，以彩色超声多普勒测定胎儿脐动脉（ＵＡ），大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）及腹主动脉（ＡｂＡｏ）的血流频谱．即血流阻力指数（ＲＩ），搏动指数（ＰＩ），收缩期峰值（Ｓ）与舒张末期值（Ｄ）的比值（Ｓ／Ｄ）。并于剖宫术胎儿娩出后取脐动、静脉血、测定ＰＨ、ＰＣＯ２及ＰＯ２，观察各种动脉血流频谱与脐血血气间相关性。结果表明：ＵＡ—ＲＩ与脐动脉血气ＰＨ、ＰＣＯ２呈显著的负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１及Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＣＡ—ＲＩ与脐动脉ＰＨ值呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），与ＰＣＯ２呈明显正相关，（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＡｂＡｏ－ＲＩ与脐动脉血气三项虽呈负相关，但不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：产前监测ＵＡ及ＭＣＡ血流频谱，可间接了解胎儿的内环境血气及酸碱情况，能及早的诊断胎儿宫内安危状况。     

多普勒超声检测糖尿病肾内血流的初步研究

本文总结了３２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）的肾叶间动脉多普勒检查结果，并与年龄匹配的正常对照组３８例对比分析。结果显示肾叶间动脉阻力指数（ＲＩ）与年龄增长呈正相关，与糖尿病程度呈正相关。糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）组ＲＩ高于无ＤＮ组，６０～６９岁组差别显著，Ｐ＜０．００１。５０～５９岁组差别无统计学意义。初步说明多普勒超声作为一种无创伤性肾内血流检测方法，对于ＤＮ诊断有一定价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断T1期乳腺癌中的价值

Ｔ１期乳腺癌组６３例，乳腺良性肿块（≤２ｃｍ）组４５例，用彩色多普勒方法检测。结果显示：①乳腺癌组均显示有丰富血流，而良性肿块组血流信号检出率仅２８．９％。②乳腺癌组均可检出高速动脉血压，最大血流速度（Ｖｍａｘ）为０．２±０．１ｍ／ｓ，显著高于良性肿块组（０．１±０．０５ｍ／ｓ）（Ｐ值＜０．００１）。③乳腺癌组动脉内阻力指数（ＲＩ）为０．７±０．１，也明显高于良性肿块组（０．６±０．１）（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。以显示有丰富血流，检出高速动脉血流和ＲＩ增高作为判断乳腺癌的指标，则两维超声结合彩色多普勒大大地提高了对２ｃｍ以下乳腺良恶性肿块判断的敏感性、特异性和准确性，对Ｔ１期乳腺癌诊断的准确率由单用两维超声的８１％提高到９８．４％（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。     

小乳腺癌的彩色多普勒超声综合指标诊断探讨

小乳腺癌≤２ｃｍ，在二维超声上鉴别诊断较困难，我科自１９９１年开始利用彩色多普勒双功能超声，诊断小乳腺肿块５０例，其中乳腺癌及良性病变各２５例，使用Ａｃｕｓｏｎ１２８ＸＰ／１０型彩色电脑超声诊断仪，进行乳腺多普勒检查，患者均为女性，年龄２８～６８岁，平均４５岁，彩色多普勒在恶性病灶中１００％可探到动脉型血流，ＲＩ值为０．７５±０．０６，Ｐ＜０．００１，中等量至丰富血流（～级）占７６％，且７２％为丰富血流，８４％的病灶血管数在３条以上；而良性病灶中，９２％为无至少量血流（０～级），中等量至丰富血流占８％，最多为２条血管，ＲＩ值为０．６０±０．０６，Ｐ＜０．００１，因此把病灶的特征、间接征象和血流动力学改变、综合性指标结合起来，可提高小乳腺癌的正确诊断率     

多普勒超声评价环孢素对移植肾血流动力学的影响

应用彩色多普勒超声对３８例肾移植术病人口服环孢素Ａ（ＣＳＡ）进行谷浓度和峰浓度的血液动力学研究，将患者分为移植肾功能正常组（ｎ＝２２）和移植肾功能不全组（ｎ＝１６）。在不同的ＣＳＡ水平分别测定肾动脉、段动脉、肾皮质部血管的阻力指数（ＲＩ）、搏动指数（ＰＩ）、最大流速（Ｖｍａｘ）。结果表明：移植肾功能正常组峰浓度时肾皮质部的ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｖｍａｘ较谷浓度时明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１），而段动脉和肾动脉的上述指标在两种浓度时均无显著差异（Ｐ值＞０．０５）。ＣＳＡ可以导致肾皮质血管的收缩，彩色多普勒超声能较敏感的反映ＣＳＡ的这种效应。     

肾动脉阻力指数诊断急性上尿路梗阻的意义

应用彩色多普勒技术对20例急性上尿路梗阻的病人,进行患侧和健侧肾脏内的血流测量。各分支血管的血流阻力指数(RI)值被记录。测量的结果:急性上尿路梗阻疼痛发作时,肾内各动脉的血流阻力指数(RI)明显升高(0.67 0.08),对侧肾内血流阻力指数无变化(0.56 0.089,P值0.1,而正常组双侧肾脏的RI差值<0.03(P值<0.001)。通过对可疑肾及输尿管结石疼痛发作的病人,进行肾内血流的RI和RI差值的测量,观察RI的变化,能提供对这一类疾病诊断的支持。     

Intrarenal duplex Doppler sonographic evaluation of unilateral native kidney obstruction.

RIs were measured in intrarenal arteries in 66 kidneys of 33 examinees without renal impairment and in 42 kidneys of 21 patients with unilateral urinary obstruction. The mean RI in normal kidneys was 0.593 +/- 0.040. Patients with unilateral obstruction had a mean RI of 0.709 +/- 0.039 in obstructed kidneys and a mean RI of 0.591 +/- 0.033 in contralateral nonobstructed kidneys. Statistically significant differences have been noticed in the groups of normal versus obstructed kidneys (P < 0.001) and of obstructed versus contralateral nonobstructed kidneys (P < 0.001). The mean dRI was 0.118 +/- 0.034 in patients with unilateral obstruction, and it was 0.014 +/- 0.012 in examinees without renal impairment (P < 0.001). A comparison of RI values between the right and left kidneys in a patient with unilateral obstruction proved more useful than using a 0.7 RI cutoff value in a Doppler sonographic diagnosis of unilateral obstruction.     

Contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the intrarenal resistive index in chronic unilateral partial ureteral obstruction in dogs

Purpose We investigated the role of the renin-angiotensin system on intrarenal hemodynamics in chronic unilateral partial ureteral obstruction (UPUO) using Doppler ultrasound (US). Methods In 11 dogs with chronic UPUO, we determined the renal resistive index (RI) before and 1 h after the intravenous infusion of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (captopril), an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ART1) antagonist (L-158,809), and the combination of these two drugs. Change in resistive index (ΔRI) was calculated as RI after the administration of each tested material minus baseline RI. Results At the baseline measurement, significant differences in RI were seen between obstructed and nonobstructed kidneys. ACE inhibitor, ART1 antagonist, or the combination of these drugs did not result in any significant changes in RI in either obstructed or nonobstructed kidneys. However, in obstructed kidneys, ΔRI in the combination of ACE inhibitor and ART1 antagonist were significantly greater than those in ACE inhibitor or ART1 antagonist alone, whereas there were no significant differences in those values in nonobstructed kidneys. Conclusion These observations suggest that the renin-angiotensin system in dogs with chronic UPUO may not contribute significantly to the differences in intrarenal RI between obstructed and nonobstructed kidneys. However, the angiotensin-producing pathways and angiotensin II receptor subtypes other than ACE and ART1 may have some different effects between obstructed and nonobstructed kidneys.     

Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction by stone

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of Doppler sonography in renal colic due to obstruction and to assess whether the resistance index (RI) and interrenal RI difference (DeltaRI) are time-dependent parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Obstructed and unobstructed contralateral kidneys in 28 patients with renal colic and normal kidneys in 27 control subjects were prospectively evaluated with Doppler sonography. Mean RI, mean DeltaRI, and duration of pain were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done using paired and independent t-tests. RESULTS: Mean RIs of the control-group, obstructed, and contralateral kidneys were 0.60, 0.71, and 0.61, respectively; mean DeltaRI values of the obstructed and control-group kidneys were 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. Differences in mean RI between obstructed and contralateral or control-group kidneys were statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in DeltaRI between patients and controls (p < 0.001). The difference between the RI values of kidneys with low-grade (0.70) and high-grade obstructions (0.72) was not statistically significant. The difference between the DeltaRI values of kidneys with low-grade (0.08) and high-grade obstructions (0.13) was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Differences in the mean RI and mean DeltaRI values between 3 groups of patients categorized according to the duration of pain were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Along with gray-scale sonography and intravenous urography, Doppler sonography can be used in the evaluation of renal obstruction. RI and DeltaRI are not time-dependent parameters.     

小儿肾积水血流动力学观察及临床意义

目的:研究小儿肾积水血流动力学指标及其临床意义。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声对20例正常小儿肾脏及30例小儿积水肾进行血流动力学研究。结果:①正常小儿肾脏主肾动脉(MRA)、段动脉(SRA)、叶间动脉(IRA)的血流收缩期峰值速度(PS)、舒张期峰值速度(ED)、平均速度(TAMx)、最低速度(TAMn)依次逐渐减小(P<0.01),MRA、SRA、IRA的阻力指数(RI)无明显改变(P>0.05);积水肾的PS、ED、TAMx、TAMn比正常肾脏的血流速度低(P<0.01),积水肾RI比正常肾RI大(P<0.05)。②肾积水术后1个月RI改善最明显,以后的改善将减缓,而其余各项指标在1~6个月期间恢复最为明显。结论:①肾积水时其血流动力学发生相应的变化,其中RI的变化具有较大临床意义。②梗阻性小儿肾积水,其SRA段RI>0.66。③术后RI值不降或反而升高,提示梗阻未完全解除,需再次手术治疗。     

Utility of the resistance index ratio in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis in children.

PURPOSE: We assessed the utility of the resistance index ratio (RIR) in distinguishing between obstructive and nonobstructive upper urinary tract dilatation in children. METHODS: Twenty-three children (7 days-14 years old) with unilateral dilated collecting systems and a contralateral normal kidney were prospectively evaluated by duplex Doppler sonography. We measured the resistance index (RI) of the intrarenal arteries and calculated the RIR. Ninety-six normal kidneys in 48 controls were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve kidneys were proved to be obstructed at the ureteropelvic junction, and 11 were found by renal scintigraphy with furosemide and/or by surgery to have nonobstructive dilatation. The mean RIR differed significantly between the obstructed and dilated nonobstructed kidneys (1.16+/-0.04 versus 1.04+/-0.04, respectively; p < 0.01). After surgical correction of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, the obstructed kidneys showed significant drops in the RIR (1.18+/-0.03 to 1.07+/-0.03, p < 0.01). The RIR showed no statistically significant relationship with age (r = -0.268, p > 0.01); however, the RI declined with increasing age (r= -0.414, p < 0.01). An RIR cut-off value of > or = 1.10 provided a good discriminatory level, resulting in a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 85%, and a negative predictive value of 97%. CONCLUSIONS: An RIR cut-off value of > or = 1.10 appears to be an effective parameter for evaluation and follow-up of unilateral obstructive hydronephrosis in children.     

正常成人肾内动脉血流动力学的彩色多普勒研究

以彩色多普勒研究１７２例健康成人３４４只肾的肾内动脉（肾门部主肾动脉、段动脉、叶间动脉）血流收缩峰速度（ＳＶ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）和加速度（ＡＣ），建立不同年龄组、不同分级血管各参数的正常值范围，旨在了解正常肾脏血流动力学变化并为超声评价各种肾脏病变提供对照依据。研究表明，随肾内动脉逐级分支，其ＳＶ、ＲＩ和ＡＣ值依次递减；ＳＶ与年龄呈负相关关系，ＲＩ与年龄呈密切正相关关系；６０岁以上ＲＩ值增高显著。     

彩色多普勒超声检测自体肾和移植肾的肾动脉狭窄

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在检测自体肾和移植肾肾动脉狭窄(RAS)中的价值和局限性。方法 回顾性对照分析了临床可疑RAS的30例自体肾和14例移植肾的彩色多普勒超声(US)与磁共振动脉造影(MRA)及动脉血管造影的结果。并将狭窄肾动脉扩张／再通术前后的肾动脉血流速度，肾内小动脉多普勒波形特征(升速时间-AT，升速指数-AI，阻力指数-RI)进行了比较。结果 30例自体肾RAS的超声诊断中有2例假阳性和2例假阴性。14例移植肾RAS阳性的超声检查无误差。肾动脉血流速度和肾内小动脉的多普勒波形在RAS纠正术前后有显著改变。结论 尽管彩色多普勒超声在检测RAS中有局限性，其仍被列为对可疑RAS病例的初步影像检查，并在观测随访RAS纠正术后的肾血流灌注及狭窄复发中有重要作用。综合分析肾动脉及肾内动脉的血流速度和多普勒波形特征并参考有关临床资料有助于提高超声诊断RAS的准确性。