利福平片剂溶出度的测试

对利福平片进行了深出度实验，结果表明不同厂家生产的利福平片剂溶出度有显著差异，认为有必要制订利福平片的深出度标准。     

药物溶出度测定仪的研究进展

药物溶出度试验是评价制剂品质和工艺水平的一种有效手段,也是评价制剂活性成分生物利用度和制剂均匀度的一种有效标准。药物溶出度测定仪则是药典规定的检测固体药物制剂在规定的溶剂中溶出的速度和程度的专用仪器,因此,药物溶出度测定仪在评价药物溶出度起着重要作用。本文就目前溶出度测定仪的优缺点进行总结,并对未来研制智能化药物溶出度测定仪提出了新思路。     

药物溶出度测定仪的研究进展

药物溶出度试验是评价制剂品质和工艺水平的有效手段,也是检测固体制剂活性成分生物利用度和均匀度的一种有效方法．而所用的药物溶出度测定仪则是药典规定的检测固体药物制剂在规定的溶剂中溶出的速度和程度的专用仪器,因此,药物溶出度测定仪在评价药物溶出度时起着重要作用。本文就目前溶出度测定仪的优缺点进行总结,并对未来智能化药物溶出度测定仪的研制提出了新思路。     

光纤药物溶出度仪在线测定阿莫西林颗粒剂的溶出度

目的 采用在线光纤药物溶出度,释放度过程监测仪对阿莫西林颗粒剂溶出行为进行研究.方法 采用浆法,分别以水、0.1mol/L盐酸溶液以及磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)为溶出介质,检测波长272 nm.结果 不同厂家生产的阿莫西林颗粒剂的溶出度在三种溶出介质中30分钟内均可达到80%.结论 各生产厂家的产品均符合<中国药典>的要求,但制剂的初始释放速率存在差异.     

光纤药物溶出度监测仪在线监测米非司酮片的溶出度

目的：采用光纤化学传感技术,实时、在位监测米非司酮片的溶出度.方法：运用E1%/1cm值法监测米非司酮片的溶出全过程.结果：本法监测的溶出过程曲线与〈中国药典〉2005年版方法手动取样测定所拟合的曲线基本一致.结论：光纤药物溶出度监测仪可以准确测定固体药物的体外溶出度,真实地反映药物溶出的全过程.     

光纤药物溶出度测定仪实时监测罗红霉素胶囊的溶出度

目的:建立实时监测罗红胶囊溶出过程的方法,并考察5批罗红霉素胶囊溶出过程的差异。方法:运用标准品法,采用光纤药物溶出度测定(FODT)仪对不同批次罗红霉素胶囊溶出进行实时监测,并与《中国药典》法测定结果比较。结果:不同批次罗红霉素胶囊溶出过程存在差异,药物溶出100%的时间从10min到32min不等;FODT仪法与《中国药典》法测定溶出45min时总溶出率平均值分别为(96.64±2.95)%、(91.76±3.12)%。结论:光纤药物溶出度实时测定法能够有效、快速地测定罗红霉素胶囊体外溶出度,可以作为罗红霉素胶囊半成品溶出度检验手段,促进成品合格率提高。     

光纤药物溶出度法测定盐酸环丙沙星片及胶囊的溶出度

目的用光纤溶出度法测定和分析不同生产厂家和批号的盐酸环丙沙星片及胶囊溶出度,以此为例,探索固体制剂药物溶出过程的评价方法。方法采用光纤溶出度实时测定和《中国药典》规定的药物溶出度测定方法,比较2种方法测得的溶出百分率与药物相对标示量的百分含量之间的差异;提取FODT测定该制剂的溶出曲线,以及开始、中间及终末溶出3个阶段4项参数,并比较这些曲线和参数;考察相似因子（f2因子）及A值评价药物溶出过程的方法;同时观察该制剂在不同溶出介质中的溶出行为。结果 FODT 30min溶出百分率高出《中国药典》约4%,更接近药物相对百分含量;该制剂溶出曲线总体分为＂厂＂型和＂S＂型,2种溶出曲线类型的4项溶出参数有所不同;相对试验结果：f2与A值评定结果不一;盐酸环丙沙星片在磷酸盐缓冲液中几乎没有溶出。结论本试验结果表明：不同生产厂家批号的盐酸环丙沙星片及胶囊的药物溶出过程差异较大,应当建立简单实用的固体制剂溶出度的评价方法。     

异步六点法估算药物溶出度参数

目的;在经典法与药典法基础上,提出了异步六点法。方法：采用异步六点法与经典法进行盐酸普奈洛尔片剂溶出度试验。结果：两者所得溶出度参数Ｔｄ、Ｔ０．７５基本一致。结论：试验表明本法可成倍减少工作量,省时实用。     

关于药物溶出度自身对照法应用的探讨

目的通过实验．探讨自身对照法在药物溶出度测定中的实际应用价值。方法分别采用自身对照法和对照品法两种方法计算同一药物不同剂型的溶出度值。结果自身对照法与对照品法对药物溶出度值的计算没有煤显著差异。结论自身对照法在药物溶出度的一般检验中有较大的应用价值。     

Development of a high throughput equilibrium solubility assay using miniaturized shake-flask method in early drug discovery

Increasingly, pharmaceutical and biotech companies have begun to realize the importance of obtaining solubility information in early drug discovery as it is one of the critical parameters for lead selection and optimization. This report introduces a high-throughput equilibrium solubility (HT-Eq sol) assay using a novel miniaturized shake-flask approach and streamlined HPLC analysis. The new HT-Eq sol assay, validated and optimized via a test set of 85 marketed drugs and Novartis internal compounds, shows an excellent correlation to the conventional shake-flask thermodynamic solubility data generated in-house and the equilibrium solubility results reported in literature. It therefore offers a fast, reliable and cost-effective screening tool for solubility assessment in early drug discovery, allowing for prioritization of drug candidates using aqueous solubility in conjunction with other profiling information and efficacy data. Our work demonstrates that presence of a small amount of DMSO (0.5-5%) will result in significant overstimation of equilibrium solubility (up to 6 folds). In addition, monitoring of drug dissolution process using the current approach as well as the interplay between equilibrium solubility data and those from kinetic solubility are discussed.     

A novel method for determination of drug solubility in polymeric matrices

Crystallization of drugs in metastable, supersaturated adhesive polymeric matrices in transdermal drug delivery devices can be avoided by determination of the solubility of the drug in the adhesive polymer. A novel method is described to determine the solubility of the drug in polymeric matrices. Unlike existing methods, this method does not require a long and uncertain experimental time, and is accurate. In this study, an easy and accurate method is presented for the determination of solubility of drugs in polymers based on the relationship between thermodynamic activity of drugs and steady-state flux. In particular, the steady-state flux from a reference saturated solution across a test membrane was compared to an experimentally determined relationship between the polymeric loading concentration and the observed steady-state fluxes. The validity of this method was demonstrated by comparing the results to microscopic observation of crystallization and the study of aged drug-loaded adhesives for lidocaine as a model drug and an acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive as a model polymer. The solubility of lidocaine was 20.8 +/- 0.5% (w/w) in the acrylate polymer.     

Prediction of drug solubility in water-propylene glycol mixtures using Jouyban-Acree model

A trained version of the Jouyban-Acree model was presented to predict drug solubility in water-propylene glycol mixtures at various temperatures. The model is able to predict the solubility in various solubility units and requires the experimental solubility of a solute in mono-solvent systems. The mean percentage deviation (MPD) of predicted solubilities was computed to show the accuracy of the predicted data and 24% was found as the average MPD for 27 data sets studied. The proposed model enables the researchers to predict solubiliy in water-propylene glycol mixtures at various temperatures and reduces the number of required experimental data from five to two points.     

Modeling drug solubility in water-cosolvent mixtures using an artificial neural network

Application of the artificial neural network (ANN) to calculate the solubility of drugs in water-cosolvent mixtures was shown using 35 experimental data sets. The networks employed were feedforward backpropagation errors with one hidden layer. The topology of neural network was optimized and the optimum topology achieved was a 6-5-1 architecture. All data points in each set were used to train the ANN and the solubilities were back-calculated employing the trained networks. The differences between calculated solubilities and experimental values was used as an accuracy criterion and defined as mean percentage deviation (MPD). The overall MPD (OMPD) and its S.D. obtained for 35 data sets was 0.90 +/- 0.65%. To assess the prediction capability of the method, five data points in each set were used as training set and the solubility at other solvent compositions were predicted using trained ANNs whereby the OMPD (+/-S.D.) for this analysis was 9.04 +/- 3.84%. All 496 data points from 35 data sets were used to train a general ANN model, then the solubilities were back-calculated using the trained network and MPD (+/-S.D.) was 24.76 +/- 14.76%. To test the prediction capability of the general ANN model, all data points with odd set numbers from 35 data sets were employed to train the ANN model, the solubility for the even data set numbers were predicted and the OMPD (+/-S.D.) was 55.97 +/- 57.88%. To provide a general ANN model for a given cosolvent, the experimental data points from each binary solvent were used to train ANN and back-calculated solubilities were used to calculate MPD values. The OMPD (+/-S.D.) for five cosolvent systems studied was 2.02 +/- 1.05%. A similar numerical analysis was used to calculate the solubility of structurally related drugs in a given binary solvent and the OMPD (+/-S.D.) was 4.70 +/- 2.02%. ANN model also trained using solubility data from a given drug in different cosolvent mixtures and the OMPD (+/-S.D.) obtained was 3.36 +/- 1.66%. The results for different numerical analyses using ANN were compared with those obtained from the most accurate multiple linear regression model, namely the combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich-Kister equation, and the ANN model showed excellent superiority to the regression model.     

三次样条插值法计算药物在不同温度下的溶解度

目的 药物溶解度是药物的一个重要性质,该文拟用插值法从有限温度下的溶解度计算任意温度下的溶解度.方法 选择20种电解质作为模型药物,从文献中查得它们在不同温度下的溶解度,并分别用三次样条插值法和幂函数展开法从这些模型药物在0、10、30、40、60和80 ℃下溶解度计算得到它们在20 ℃下的溶解度,并与文献值作比较.结果 可用这两种方法计算药物在任意温度下的溶解度,且三次样条插值法计算优于幂展开法.不仅如此,插值法也可计算药物的其它一些重要性质,如不同温度下的比热容、临界相对湿度等.结论 三次样条插值法在计算药物性质中可广泛应用.     

Improving drug solubility for oral delivery using solid dispersions.

The solubility behaviour of drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects in formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically increased. Although solid solutions have tremendous potential for improving drug solubility, 40 years of research have resulted in only a few marketed products using this approach. With the introduction of new manufacturing technologies such as hot melt extrusion, it should be possible to overcome problems in scale-up and for this reason solid solutions are enjoying a renaissance. This article begins with an overview of the historical background and definitions of the various systems including eutectic mixtures, solid dispersions and solid solutions. The remainder of the article is devoted to the production, the different carriers and the methods used for the characterization of solid dispersions.     

真菌细胞壁溶解剂的筛选新方法

建立了啤酒酵终琼脂平板方法筛选溶解真菌细菌壁葡聚糖的活性物质，用已知抗真菌抗生素证实了方法的有效性，并已筛选到一些有溶菌活性的菌株。     

In silico prediction of drug solubility in water-dioxane mixtures using the Jouyban-Acree model

A numerical method based on the Jouyban-Acree model was presented for prediction of drug solubility in water-dioxane mixtures at various temperatures. The method requires drug solubility in monosolvent systems, i.e. two data points for each temperature of interest. The mean percentage deviation (MPD) of predicted solubilities was calculated to show the accuracy of the predicted data and 27% was found as the average MPD for 36 data sets studied. The proposed numerical method reduced the number of required experimental data from five to two points and could also be extended to predict solubility at various temperatures.     

In vitro solubility assays in drug discovery

The solubility of a compound depends on its structure and solution conditions. Structure determines the lipophilicity, hydrogen bonding, molecular volume, crystal energy and ionizability, which determine solubility. Solution conditions are affected by pH, co-solvents, additives, ionic strength, time and temperature. Many drug discovery experiments are conducted under "kinetic" solubility conditions. In drug discovery, solubility has a major impact on bioassays, formulation for in vivo dosing, and intestinal absorption. A good goal for the solubility of drug discovery compounds is >60 ug/mL. Equilibrium solubility assays can be conducted in moderate throughput, by incubating excess solid with buffer and agitating for several days, prior to filtration and HPLC quantitation. Kinetic solubility assays are performed in high throughput with shorter incubation times and high throughput analyses using plate readers. The most frequently used of these are the nephelometric assay and direct UV assay, which begin by adding a small volume of DMSO stock solution of each test compound to buffer. In nephelometry, this solution is serially diluted across a microtitre plate and undissolved particles are detected via light scattering. In direct UV, undissolved particles are separated by filtration, after which the dissolved material is quantitated using UV absorption. Equilibrium solubility is useful for preformulation. Kinetic solubility is useful for rapid compound assessment, guiding optimization via structure modification, and diagnosing bioassays. It is often useful to customize solubility experiments using conditions that answer specific research questions of drug discovery teams, such as compound selection and vehicle development for pharmacology and PK studies.     

Estimating drug solubility in the gastrointestinal tract

Solubilities measured in water are not always indicative of solubilities in the gastrointestinal tract. The use of aqueous solubility to predict oral drug absorption can therefore lead to very pronounced underestimates of the oral bioavailability, particularly for drugs which are poorly soluble and lipophilic. Mechanisms responsible for enhancing the luminal solubility of such drugs are discussed. Various methods for estimating intra-lumenal solubilities are presented, with emphasis on the two most widely implemented methods: determining solubility in fluids aspirated from the human gastrointestinal tract, and determining solubility in so-called biorelevant media, composed to simulate these fluids. The ability of the biorelevant media to predict solubility in human aspirates and to predict plasma profiles is illustrated with case examples.