超声诊断左冠状动脉-左室瘘1例

病例男,22岁,自述劳动后心前区不适3年余,偶有乏力,近1月活动后心慌、胸闷来我院就诊。查体:血压120/85 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),胸骨左缘第3肋间闻及2蛐6~3蛐6级舒张期杂音。心电图:正常心电图。超声心动图:左室长轴切面左房室沟处可见扩张的左冠状动脉,胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面可见明显扩张的左冠状动脉走行迂曲,起始处宽约11mm,舒张期主动脉血流流人扩张的左冠状动脉(图1),扩张的左冠状动脉经左室侧壁、后壁外侧走行,由左室下壁进人左室腔,瘘口宽约6.8 mm(图2),彩色多普勒显示舒张期瘘口处有五彩镶嵌的湍流束射入左室(图3)。     

右冠状动脉右房瘘合并二叶式主动脉瓣超声表现1例

患者女,30岁。以慢性鼻炎、双侧下鼻甲肥大入院,拟手术治疗。平素无明显不适。查体:胸骨右缘2~3肋间闻及双期Ⅲ~Ⅳ级杂音。ECG检查未见明显异常。冠脉CTA:冠状动脉窦部扩张。常规经胸超声心动图检查显示:右心增大,右冠状动脉从主动脉根部起源处明显扩张,约为10 mm,扩张的右冠状动脉向右前行走,经房室沟向后迂回,胸骨旁四腔心切面显示异常扩张的右冠状动脉呈管状进入右心房,瘘口位于右心房顶部(图1),CDFI:瘘口处呈     

超声心动图诊断右冠状动脉左室瘘1例

正患者女,29岁,因体检心脏闻及杂音就诊。既往体健,无心悸、胸痛病史。超声心动图见:于胸骨旁左室长轴切面见左室增大,前后径67 mm,右冠状动脉明显扩张,内径13 mm(图1)。多切面扫查见扩张的右冠状动脉走行迂曲。于心尖非标准四腔心切面见扩张的冠状动脉沿右房室沟走行至后方(图2),开口于左     

左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉的超声诊断

患者,女性,20岁.感冒后心悸二月余,无明显胸闷、胸痛及晕厥.入院后查体:胸骨左缘3～4肋间闻及较柔和的连续性杂音.彩色多普勒超声检查:在左室长轴及心底大血管短轴切面均可见右冠状动脉(RCA)主干呈瘤样扩张并延长,内径8～14mm(图1,左),在大血管短轴切面适当转动探头可追踪观察到扩张的RCA自右前向右后沿房室沟行走,至左室短轴切面从后室间沟进入室间隔,其主要分支宽约5mm,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)示红色为主的五彩血流(图1,右),PW示连续性正向湍流.室间隔内呈多股"火苗状"红色细小血流(图2).多角度探查未能显示左冠状动脉(LCA)与主动脉腔的连接.主肺动脉明显扩张,其侧壁下缘见一异常管状交通,开口处至主干宽约8～6.4mm,从此开口处见喷射出连续性五彩镶嵌血流,PW示连续性正向湍流,测流速达2.4m/s.超声提示:冠状动脉畸形,右冠状动脉瘤样扩张,右冠状动脉-右室多发瘘口可能,冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘.     

超声心动图诊断左冠状动脉右房瘘1例

患儿女,4岁.活动后心慌、气喘3年入院.查体发现胸骨左缘三、四肋3级连续性杂音.胸片示心胸比例63%,心电图正常.使用HP-7500行心脏超声检查示:右房、左、右室稍增大,主动脉轻度反流,三尖瓣轻一中度反流;大动脉短轴切面见左冠状动脉起始部明显扩张,内径达8 mm,彩色多普勒示花色血流从扩张的左冠状动脉回旋支沿后房室沟至右房底开口,右房底开口处内径约3 mm左右.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断左冠状动脉左心房瘘1例

患者男,10个月.因发现心脏杂音入院.查体:生命体征平稳.心界扩大,于胸骨左缘触及收缩期震颤,胸骨左缘第二肋间闻及血管杂音,活动后增强.术前超声心动图所见:左心房明显增大.大动脉短轴切面左冠状动脉起始端增宽,内径约11 mm,沿左房室沟迂曲走行,近左心耳处管腔末端见一瘘口约4mm.心尖四腔心切面二尖瓣后叶上方见一约7 mm管状结构与左心房相通.右冠状动脉内径正常.频谱多普勒示:左冠状动脉脉瘘口处探及连续性湍流频谱,Vmax 4.0 m/s(图1).超声诊断先天性心脏病左冠状动脉左心房瘘.明确诊断1d后行冠状动脉瘘结扎矫治术及左房折叠术.术中发现左冠状动脉瘤样扩张,发出前降支后迂曲向下,瘘人左心房,左心房显著扩张.     

超声心动图诊断右冠状动脉左室瘘1例

患者,男性,40岁。心慌、胸闷不适一年余,加重半年入院。查体:心律规整,双侧呼吸音清晰,于第三、四肋间可闻及双期杂音并向左下传导。心电图提示左室肥大。超声心动图检查:左室增大(68mm),右侧冠状动脉起始处明显扩张达22mm。心尖五腔心及不典型左室短轴切面,可见右冠状动脉内径扩张,并于室间隔后间隔基底处破入左心室,破口处直径11mm。多普勒可见从右冠状动脉至左心室的以舒张期为主的高速血流信号,分流速度达210cm/s。超声心动图诊断:右冠状动脉左室瘘(图1、2)。后经外院手术后证实。     

超声诊断右冠状动脉左心室瘘一例

患儿男,8岁,因心慌气短1个月就诊。入院查体:血压100/60mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),双肺部未发现异常,心浊音界向左下扩大,心率108次/min,胸骨左缘第2、3肋间可闻及中等强度舒张期及收缩期杂音;心电图示电轴左偏,左心室肥厚。超声心动图显示:左心室明显扩大,右冠状动脉全程增粗、迂曲扩张,最宽处约1.8cm,沿右房室沟向后绕行至左心室后侧壁,并于左心室后壁开口于左心室腔内(图1~4)。超声诊断:右冠状动脉左心室瘘。左右冠状动脉选择性造影显示:右冠状动脉增粗,舒张期造影剂于后降支开口处远侧进入左心室使其显影(图5),诊断与超声心动图相同。手…     

彩超诊断2支冠状动脉同时瘘1例分析

对彩超诊断2支冠状动脉同时瘘1例分析如下。1病历摘要男,5岁。因活动后心悸、胸闷1个月就诊,既往曾诊断为心内膜弹力纤维增多症。听诊胸骨左缘3、4肋间连续性杂音。心脏彩超:左心室偏大,余各房室不大,左室短轴切面于右心室瓣环处三尖瓣前叶的根部右冠状动脉起始部扩张,并见瘘口2mm开口于右室,CDFI:显示五彩镶嵌异常血流信号。分流呈连续性血流,舒张期流速较高为2.7m/s。在大动脉短轴切面见左冠状动脉起始部扩张,并见瘘口1.5mm开口于主肺动脉,CD-FI:显示主肺动脉内五彩镶嵌异常血流信号,分流呈连续性血流,舒张期流速较高为2.2m/s。超声诊…     

并行循环下行左冠状动脉右房双瘘口修补术1例

1　病历简介　　男 ,2 5岁。因心脏杂音 2 5年、反复晕厥 2个月入院。查体 :胸骨右缘第 4、5肋间闻及 4/ 级连续性杂音 ,周围血管征阳性 ,X线胸片 :两肺血增多 ,左、右心室增大 ,心胸比率5 9%。心电图 :左室肥大。心脏彩超见左冠状动脉右房瘘 ,左冠状动脉起始部扩张约 2 .2 cm,呈一迂曲管状回声通往右房 ,右房见一瘘口直径约 0 .8cm。　　 1999年 3月在全麻、体外循环下行左冠状动脉右房瘘修补术 ,术中见左冠状动脉瘘管直径约 1.8cm ,径右肺动脉下方及右房后壁终止 ,开口于右房上侧壁 ,右房表面可触及连续震颤。建立体外循环 ,心脏冷停跳…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.