氯普鲁卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外麻醉在日间肛肠手术中的应用

目的比较单纯氯普鲁卡因与氯普鲁卡因复合芬太尼在日间肛肠手术硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法日间肛肠手术患者110例,随机分为A、B两组各55例,A组硬膜外腔用药为氯普鲁卡因,B组为氯普鲁卡因复合芬太尼。观察麻醉的起效时间、痛觉消失时间、痛觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞时间、运动阻滞持续时间、麻醉前后呼吸循环指标变化情况、肌松程度、术后30分钟视觉模拟评分以及不良反应的发生率等。结果B组痛觉阻滞持续时间明显长于A组,术后30分钟VAS评分低于A组;B组的肌松程度强于A组;给药后15分钟,A组的收缩压与麻醉前相比明显降低,而B组与麻醉前相比差异无显著性;两组的麻醉起效时间、痛觉消失时间、运动阻滞时间、运动阻滞持续时间以及不良反应发生率的比较,差异无显著性。结论氯普鲁卡因复合芬太尼在日间肛肠手术硬膜外麻醉时镇痛时间长于单纯氯普鲁卡因,而不影响下肢运动功能的恢复。     

盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于剖宫产硬膜外麻醉临床观察

目的：评价国产盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于剖宫产硬膜外麻醉的效果和安全性。方法：择期行剖宫产手术患者160例随机分为氯普鲁卡因组（观察组）和利多卡因组（对照组）各80例,均选择L23间隙行硬膜外麻醉,比较2组麻醉起效时间、痛觉消失时间、最高阻滞平面及到达时间、痛觉恢复时间、运动恢复时间、肌松效果,麻醉前、后血压、心率、血氧饱和度、新生儿Apgar评分,术中麻黄碱用量、催产素用量和子宫收缩情况及不良事件发生情况。结果：观察组痛觉恢复时间、运动恢复时间较对照组短（P〈0．05）,余观察指标2组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;2组均未发生严重不良事件。结论：国产盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于剖宫产硬膜外麻醉效果满意。     

盐酸氯普鲁卡因和利多卡因用于低位硬膜外麻醉的比较

目的:通过对照研究,观察盐酸氯普鲁卡因在低位硬膜外阻滞时的时效,与利多卡因的感觉及运动阻滞效应进行比较.方法:40例患者于L2～3椎间隙行硬膜外阻滞并向上置管4 cm,仰卧位后随机注入3%氯普鲁卡因450 mg或2%利多卡因300 mg,记录麻醉前,麻醉后5、10、15、20、30 min的血压、心率和脉搏氧饱和度,观察麻醉起效时间,痛觉消失时间,阻滞平面,痛觉恢复时间,运动恢复时间,肌肉松弛程度.结果:450 mg氯普鲁卡因和300 mg利多卡因用于低位硬膜外后在10和15 min时,血压出现下降趋势,心率出现上升趋势,两者差异没有显著性(P＞0.05).前者痛觉恢复时间和运动恢复时间短于后者;麻醉起效时间、痛觉消失时间,阻滞平面和肌肉松弛程度两者没有明显差异.结论:450mg氯普鲁卡因和300mg利多卡因均可用于低位硬膜外麻醉,氯普鲁卡因更适合用于短时间手术.     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因及氯普鲁卡因在剖宫产手术腰-硬联合麻醉中的比较

目的比较罗哌卡因、布比卡因和氯普鲁卡因在剖宫产手术腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)中的应用效果。方法择期行剖宫产手术产妇120例,随机均分成三组:罗哌卡因组(A)组、布比卡因组(B组)和氯普鲁卡因组(C组),蛛网膜下腔分别给予0.5%罗哌卡因、0.5%布比卡因和1.5%氯普鲁卡因各2 ml。记录患者感觉阻滞起效时间、平面固定时间、阻滞平面、腰麻持续时间和运动阻滞效果;VAS评分评估产妇疼痛程度、术者评定腹壁松驰度、记录其后不良反应。结果 A组产妇感觉阻滞起效时间明显短于B、C组(P<0.05),麻醉持续时间长于B、C组(P<0.05),最高阻滞平面高于B组、低于C组;三组镇痛效果满意,腹壁松驰度"很松"者分别占95%、94%、80%。麻醉后不良反应少。结论与0.5%布比卡因和1.5%氯普鲁卡因比较,0.5%罗哌卡因具有起效快、阻滞完善,能达到满意的肌松效果,适用于剖宫产手术的CSEA中的脊麻。     

氯普鲁卡因与罗哌卡因用于硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的比较

【目的】比较10g／L氯普鲁卡因与1．25g／L罗哌卡因用于硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的效果。【方法】选择本院拟行硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的初产妇患者68例,随机分为氯普鲁卡因（A组）和罗哌卡因（B组）两组（n=34）,在宫口开至2～3cm时A组给予镇痛液配方为10g／L氯普鲁卡因＋0．003g／L芬太尼;B组给予1．25g／L罗哌卡因＋0．003g／L芬太尼的硬膜外自控分娩镇痛,至第二产程开始时停止。观察并记录镇痛前、给予硬膜外负荷量后5min、30min,宫口开全时的疼痛评分（VAS）和运动神经阻滞评分（MBS）以及各产程时间,新生儿出生后Apgar评分。【结果】A组的疼痛评分较B组在给负荷量后5min低（P〈0．05）,其余各时间点的疼痛评分均无差异（P〉0．05）。两组的运动神经阻滞评分、产程时间、新生儿出生后1min和5min的Apgar评分在各时间点均无缡计学意义（P〉0．05）。【结果】10g／L氯普鲁卡因分娩镇痛较1．25g／L罗哌卡因起效快,两者用于硬膜外分娩镇痛效果相当。     

神经阻滞及局麻药对膝关节置换术后大腿伸肌微观肌力及时控性的影响

目的 探讨收肌管阻滞与股神经阻滞对大腿伸肌微观肌电及总肌力影响,及氯普鲁卡因与利多卡因的时控性。方法 80例单侧全膝关节置换术患者,随机分成氯普鲁卡因+收肌管阻滞(C+A)组、氯普鲁卡因+股神经阻滞(C+F)组、利多卡因+收肌管阻滞(L+A)组、利多卡因+股神经阻滞(L+F)。术后6 h为基线值,记录术后6、12及24 h神经阻滞成功后,行直腿抬高、伸屈训练等结果。结果 神经阻滞后,A组平均肌电值及总肌力大于F组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组股内侧肌平均肌电值较基线小,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),股直肌及股外侧肌平均肌电值较基线大,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),总肌力与基线无统计学差异(P>0.05)。C组维持约75 min,短于L组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 收肌管阻滞仅减小股内侧肌肌力,不影响大腿伸肌总肌力;氯普鲁卡因恰符合康复训练时长要求。     

下腹部手术2％利多卡因与1％利多卡因＋0．375％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果比较

[目的]评价下腹部手术应用2%利多卡因与1%利多卡因＋0.375%布比卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果.[方法]选择32例下腹部手术患者,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级, 随机分为两组,每组16例,A组：2%盐酸利多卡因组;B组：1%盐酸利多卡因＋0.375%盐酸布比卡因组.观察下肢运动神经阻滞程度、腹肌松弛度及不良反应.[结果]与A组比较,B组对运动神经阻滞程度相对较小（ P 〈0.05）, 腹肌松弛度较好（ P 〈0.05）,对血流动力学影响轻微.[结论]1%盐酸利多卡因＋0.375%盐酸布比卡因联用更适合下腹部手术的麻醉.     

不同剂量舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉用于剖宫产术的临床观察

[目的]观察不同剂量舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉用于剖宫产术的效果和不良反应.[方法]90例产科病人随机分为A、B、C三组,每组30例,均行硬膜外麻醉.A组给予0.75%罗哌卡因加舒芬太尼10 μg(1 mL),B组给予0.75%罗哌卡因加舒芬太尼20 μg(1 mL),C组0.75%罗哌卡因加生理盐水1mL,推药速度均为6.5 mL/min.观察术中胎儿娩出后Apgar评分、起效时间、无痛平面时间、镇痛持续时间、改良Bromage评分、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、不良反应.[结果]三组病人的年龄、体重、身高、手术时间和新生儿出生1 min、5 min的Apgar评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).与C组相比,A、B组的起效时间、无痛平面时间、感觉阻滞达最高平面时间缩短、镇痛持续时间延长,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);各组切皮时的VAS评分无显著性差异,B组在探查、取胎时的VAS评分、寒颤的发生率明显低于A、C组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);各组下肢运动神经阻滞程度、术中低血压、心动过缓、恶心、呕吐的发生率差异无显著性(P＞0.05).[结论]硬膜外罗哌卡因麻醉加入舒芬太尼10μg、20μg均可增强罗哌卡因的麻醉效果,20μg舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉可减轻探查取胎时内脏牵拉不适症状,减少术中寒颤发生.     

硬膜外利多卡因复合芬太尼在剖宫产手术麻醉中的效果评价

目的探讨利多卡因复合芬太尼用于剖官产硬膜外麻醉的可行性及安全性。方法选择100例ASAⅠ—Ⅱ级足月妊娠产科手术患者,随机分为观察组（硬膜外芬太尼）和对照组（皮下芬太尼）,每组50例,观察各组起效时间、阻滞平面、视觉疼痛模拟评分、用药量、镇痛效果和不良反应,对新生儿进行Apgar评分。结果观察组感觉阻滞到达T10和T8的时间、利多卡因的用量低于对照组（P〈0.05）;在“牵拉腹膜、娩出胎儿、关腹及术中总评”四个时点上的镇痛效果优于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组新生儿Apgar评分和不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多卡因复合芬太尼用于剖宫产硬膜外麻醉是安全有效的。     

硬膜外盐酸氯普鲁卡因复合吗啡应用于妇科术后镇痛的观察

目的比较硬膜外盐酸氯普鲁卡因与布比卡因复合吗啡用于妇科术镇痛的临床效果和安全性。方法90例择期在硬膜外麻醉经腹子宫全切或子宫肌瘤摘除手术患者，随机分成三组。观察组：C1组（n=30）采用1．2％盐酸氯普鲁卡因＋0．002％吗啡；C2组（n：30）采用0．6％盐酸氯普鲁卡因＋0．002％吗啡。对照组：B组（n=30）采用0．225％布比卡因＋0．002％吗啡。观察术后1h、6h、12h、24h、48h三组患者的视觉模拟评分（VAS），运动神经阻滞程度评分（MBS）及不良反应的发生率。结果三组在镇痛效果方面和不良反应发生率均无显著性差异，在下肢运动神经阻滞方面三组差异有显著性，下肢麻木感C1组高于C2组，但都明显低于B组。结论0．6％盐酸氯普鲁卡因复合吗啡应用于妇科硬膜外术后镇痛效果可靠，不良反应少，下肢活动影响较轻微。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.