Early remodelling of left ventricle and improvement of myocardial performance in patients after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) reduces left ventricular outflow (LVOT) gradient in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and leads to symptomatic improvement. Effects of PTSMA on left ventricular performance are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the left ventricular performance using Doppler index of myocardial performance (sum of isovolumic contractile and relaxation times divided by left ventricular ejection time) and left ventricular remodelling after PTSMA for HOCM. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with symptomatic HOCM underwent echocardiography-guided PTSMA procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline and 3 months after PTSMA. RESULTS: PTSMA procedures were uneventful, in one patient (4%), pacemaker implantation was needed for sustained complete heart block after the procedure. At 3-month follow-up, the maximal LVOT gradient decreased from 68+/-39 to 18.6+/-12 mmHg (P<0.001), the provoked maximal LVOT gradient decreased from 128.8+/-59 to 25+/-21.4 mmHg (P<0.001), and basal septal thickness decreased from 21.7+/-4 to 15.2+/-3 mm (P<0.001). The improvement of the index of myocardial performance (from 0.65+/-7 to 0.56+/-11; P<0.001) was associated with neither significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction nor left ventricular ejection time. There was no significant difference in the left ventricular dimension at baseline and at follow-up. All patients reported a significant improvement in symptoms at follow-up, the mean NYHA class decreased from 2.6+/-0.7 to 1.4+/-0.7 (P<0.001), and the number of patients suffering from episodes of syncope or attacks of dizziness decreased from 13 to two during the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is a safe, effective and reproducible method in the treatment of highly symptomatic patients with HOCM. This procedure results in a significant relief of symptoms associated with decrease in LVOT gradient and thickness of basal interventricular septum. Positive changes in Doppler IMP suggest possible improvement of left ventricular function.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in drug-resistant hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: 18-month follow-up results.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery has been the only therapeutic option in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who are resistant to standard treatment. Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) by alcohol-induced occlusion of the septal artery for the reduction of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient is a novel method. However, long-term clinical follow-up is insufficient. This study reports the acute and mid-term results after PTSMA in symptomatic patients with HOCM. METHODS: Six patients (4 men and 2 women) with symptomatic HOCM and inadequate response to pharmacologic therapy had their major septal branches ablated with alcohol. Mean duration of follow-up was 1.5 years. RESULTS: There was reduction in LVOT gradient in all patients (100%) with a mean reduction of 50 mmHg. Two patients developed complete heart block (CHB) and 3 patients developed bifascicular block. CHB persisted in 1 patient. Two patients died within 8 days of the procedure; one due to cerebrovascular accident and 1 due to asystole. The patient who died of asystole had CHB but refused permanent pacemaker implantation. CHB reverted in 1 patient and bifascicular blocks persisted in 3 patients. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was achieved in the 4 surviving patients after 1.5 years. All surviving patients had LVOT gradient reduction and clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: PTSMA for HOCM is a non-surgical technique for reducing LVOT gradient. Heart blocks are one potential complication, and may require pacemaker implantation. Long-term follow-up and a larger series of patients are required to determine conclusive therapeutic significance.     

Percutaneous Transluminal Septal Myocardial Ablation in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Acute Results and 3-Month Follow-Up in 25 Patients

Objectives. We report the acute results and midterm clinical course after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).Background. In the treatment of HOCM, surgical myectomy and DDD pacemaker therapy are considered the standard procedural extensions to drug therapy with negatively inotropic drugs. As an alternative nonsurgical procedure for reducing the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient, PTSMA by alcohol-induced septal branch occlusion was introduced. However, clinical follow-up has not been sufficiently described.Methods. In 25 patients (13 women, 12 men; mean [±SD] age 54.7 ± 15.0 years) who were symptomatic despite sufficient drug therapy, 1.4 ± 0.6 septal branches were occluded with an injection of 4.1 ± 2.6 ml of alcohol (96%) to ablate the hypertrophied interventricular septum. After 3-months, follow-up results of LVOT gradients and clinical course were determined.Results. The invasively determined LVOT gradients could be reduced in 22 patients (88%), with a mean reduction from 61.8 ± 29.8 mm Hg (range 4 to 152) to 19.4 ± 20.8 mm Hg (range 0 to 74) at rest (p < 0.0001) and from 141.4 ± 45.3 mm Hg (range 76 to 240) to 61.1 ± 40.1 mm Hg (range 0 to 135) after extrasystole. All patients had angina pectoris for 24 h. The maximal creatine kinase increase was 780 ± 436 U/liter (range 305 to 1,810) after 11.1 ± 6.0 h (range 4 to 24). Thirteen patients (52%) developed a trifascicular block for 5 min to 8 days requiring temporary (n = 8 [32%]) or permanent (DDD) pacemaker implantation (n = 5 [20%]). An 86-year old woman died 8 days after successful intervention of uncontrollable ventricular fibrillation in conjunction with beta-sympathomimetics in chronically obstructive pulmonary disease. The remaining patients were discharged after 11.3 ± 5.4 days (range 5 to 24), after an uncomplicated hospital course. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was achieved in all 24 surviving patients after 3 months. No cardiac complications occurred. Twenty-one patients (88%) showed clinical improvement, with a New York Heart Association functional class of 1.4 ± 1.1. A further reduction in LVOT gradient was shown in 14 patients (58%).Conclusions. PTSMA of HOCM is a promising nonsurgical technique for septal myocardial reduction, with a consecutive reduction in LVOT gradient. Possible complications are trifascicular blocks, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation, and tachycardiac rhythm disturbances. Clinical long-term observations of larger patient series and a comparison with conventional forms of therapy are necessary to determine the conclusive therapeutic significance.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) is a new therapeutic option for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In the present study, the acute and follow-up results of PTSMA were evaluated. From August 1997 to March 2003 27 medically refractory patients (New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class 2.9+/-0.6) with HOCM underwent PTSMA. The target septal branch was determined by probationary ballooning in 3 and by myocardial contrast echocardiography in 24 patients. The mean resting left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient (PG) was reduced from 70+/-44 to 24+/-22 mmHg (p<0.0001); the peak concentration of creatine kinase was 1545+/-686 IU/L. Although transient trifascicular block was observed in 14 patients, permanent pacemaker implantation was not required. There were no major adverse cardiac events during the hospital stay; the mean clinical follow-up was 2.2+/-1.7 years. Repeated PTSMA was needed in 1 patient; however, symptomatic improvement had been well preserved in all patients (NYHA class 1.2+/-0.4). Follow-up echocardiographic examination showed sustained improvement in PG, septal and left ventricular posterior wall thicknesses, and the grade of systolic anterior movement and regurgitation of the mitral valve. In conclusion, PTSMA is a safe and effective therapeutic option for medically refractory patients with HOCM.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; The Chinese experience in 119 patients from a single center

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) has been introduced as an alternative treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). We report on the acute, short- and long-term results of our experiences in 119 patients from a single center in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: PTSMA was performed in 119 patients with symptomatic HOCM (mean age 35.4+/-14.8 years, male 80, female 39). All patients had echocardiography performed prior to the procedure, 2-week post-PTSMA, and 6-month post-PTSMA, and 65 patients had echocardiography repeated at 2-year follow-up. The average left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 67.3+/-7.8 mm Hg before the procedure, and 15.9+/-6.8 mm Hg after the procedure (p<0.05). The thickness of interventricular septum (IVS) was 23.3+/-5.6 mm before the procedure, 18.6+/-4.8 mm 2-week post-PTSMA (p<0.05), and 16.8+/-3.4 mm 6-month post-PTSMA in all of the patients, and 15.6+/-3.1 mm 2-year post-PTSMA in 65 patients. The mean width of LVOT was 6.7+/-2.0 mm before the procedure, 8.2+/-3.4 mm 2-week post-PTSMA (p<0.05), 13.7+/-6.3 mm 6-month post-PTSMA and 15.1+/-2.4 mm 2-year post-PTSMA. The incidence of right bundle branch block development post-PTSMA was 52.9%, and three patients (2.5%) had complete heart block. There was no death. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is a promising non-surgical procedure for symptomatic patients with HOCM because of its low risk and its significant hemodynamic, echocardiographic and clinical improvement. The significant therapeutic remodeling period was up to 6 months rather than 2 years following the procedure.     

Simultaneous percutaneous treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease: A case report

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is an established therapy for coronary artery disease (CAD), whereas percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) is becoming increasingly significant in the therapy of symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). We report the first ever simultaneous treatment, in a 62-yr-old patient, of significant HOCM and a 75% LAD stenosis from which the septal branch to be occluded stemmed. Using a double wire technique, first the septal branch was occluded through a fractional injection of 4 ml absolute alcohol, thus ablating the hypertrophied septal myocardium with reduction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest from 80 to 9 mmHg. Following this, the LAD stenosis was dilated and stented. Complications, in particular a trifascicular block or ventricular dysrhythmia, did not occur during the hospital stay. To conclude, combined PTSMA and PTCA may be considered as a therapeutic alternative to a combined surgical intervention in individual cases of symptomatic HOCM and CAD, provided that the potential complications are taken into account. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:65–69, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术后中长期疗效观察

目的评价经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的中-长期疗效。方法选择2000年11月~2004年8月共11例HOCM的患者,成功地接受了PTSMA治疗,术后超声随访12~48个月以上,随访观察患者的室间隔厚度(IVS)、左心室流出道宽度(LVOT)、无创性左心室流出道压力阶差(LVOTPG)、心功能变化。结果11例患者均成功地实施了PTSMA,术后IVS、LVOTPG和NYHA较术前有显著改善,P<0.000 1,术后随访示IVS术后12个月、48个月较术后1周显著改善,P<0.05。结论PTSMA能显著降低室间隔厚度,改善心功能且稳定,中长期疗效肯定,随术后观察时间的延长疗效有进一步增加的趋势。     

经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病

目的评价室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病在急性期的效果。方法对52例确诊肥厚梗阻型心肌病患者进行经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗,并于术前、术后急性期进行超声心动观察。结果41例患者介入治疗成功,成功率为78.8%。术前超声观察室间隔平均厚度(22.96±5.15)mm,左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTPG)(92.64±38.69)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),术后急性期(4.8±3.2)d,室间隔平均厚度(21.27±4.64)mm,较术前比变薄,P<0.05;LVOTPG(51.79±38.99)mm Hg,较术前明显降低,P<0.001。结论经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病,在急性期可使室间隔平均厚度降低,收缩期左室流出道压力阶差显著下降。     

经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的临床分析

目的　探讨经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病 (HOCM)的可行性 ,安全性和近期效果。方法　对 6 0岁以上的 6例老年HOCM患者施行心肌声学造影指导下的经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗。结果　 6例患者的经皮室间隔心肌消融术均获成功 ,未出现严重的心脏并发症 ,术后即刻应用心导管测左室流出道压差由术前(10 4.33± 19.6 1)mmHg降至 (35± 2 5 .88)mmHg(P <0 .0 0 1)。术后对 6例患者进行了 1～ 18个月的随访 ,经超声心动图测左室流出道压差由术前 (91.83± 2 7.17)mmHg降至 (36 .0 8± 33.6 3)mmHg(P <0 .0 5 ) ,室间隔厚度由术前(2 1.83± 2 .79)mm降至 (16 .0 2± 3.86 )mm (P <0 .0 5 )。术后心功能由术前的 3.4± 0 .5级改善为 1.1± 0 .3级 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年HOCM患者的即刻和近期效果良好 ,并发症少 ,安全性高。     

Outcome of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation and septal myectomy surgery

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate follow-up results in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who underwent either percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) or septal myectomy. BACKGROUND: Controversy exists with regard to these two forms of treatment for patients with HOCM. METHODS: Of 51 patients with HOCM treated, 25 were treated by PTSMA and 26 patients via myectomy. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed before both procedures, immediately afterwards and at a three-month follow-up. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was obtained before the procedures and at follow-up. RESULTS: Interventricular septal thickness was significantly reduced at follow-up in both groups (2.3 +/- 0.4 cm vs. 1.9 +/- 0.4 cm for septal ablation and 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm vs. 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm for myectomy, both p < 0.001). Estimated by continuous-wave Doppler, the resting pressure gradient (PG) across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) significantly decreased immediately after the procedures in both groups (64 +/- 39 mm Hg vs. 28 +/- 29 mm Hg for PTSMA, 62 +/- 43 mm Hg vs. 7 +/- 7 mm Hg for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). At three-month follow-up, the resting PG remained lower in the PTSMA and myectomy groups (24 +/- 19 mm Hg and 11 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively, vs. those before procedures, both p < 0.0001). The NYHA functional class was also significantly improved in both groups (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7 for PTSMA, 3.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both myectomy and PTSMA reduce LVOT obstruction and significantly improve NYHA functional class in patients with HOCM. However, there are benefits and drawbacks for each therapeutic method that must be counterbalanced when deciding on treatment for LVOT obstruction.     

超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病中的应用

目的评价超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者经皮室间隔化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗中的应用价值.方法应用超声心动图筛选HOCM患者17例,介入治疗术中引导及监测PTSMA,术后随访.结果术后即刻导管测量左心室流出道(LVOT)压差较术前减低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后4周经胸超声心动图检查,LVOT压差、室间隔厚度和左心室射血分数均较术前明显减低,LVOT宽度均较术前明显增加,均差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).术前及术后超声心动图与导管测压所得参数具有良好的相关性(r=0.78;r=0.82,均P＜0.01).结论超声心动图技术可用于指导和监测HOCM患者的PTSMA治疗.     

Alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of published studies

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has emerged as a lesser invasive alternative to surgical myectomy over the past decade. The purpose of this study is to analyze all the published literature on outcomes and complications after ASA. METHODS: MEDLINE and PubMed were searched for all available published literature on ASA (June 1996-June 2005) using the terms hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, alcohol septal ablation for HOCM, alcohol septal ablation (ASA), transcoronary alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (TASH), transcoronary alcohol septal ablation for HOCM, nonsurgical septal reduction therapy (NSRT), and percutaneous transcoronary septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA). RESULTS: A total of 42 published studies (2,959 patients) were analyzed. Mean age was 53.5 (35.4-72) years with a mean male to female ratio of 1.17. Mean follow-up was 12.7 +/- 0.3 months (1.5-43.2). Absolute ethanol (3 mL) was injected in 1.2 septal perforator arteries. On average, serum CK peaked at 964 units. At 12 months, there was a sustained decrease in resting and provoked LVOT gradient (65.3-15.8 and 125.4-31.5 mmHg, respectively) accompanied by reduction in basal septal diameter (20.9-13.9 mm), improvement in NYHA Class (2.9-1.2), and increase in exercise capacity (325.3-437.5 seconds). Early mortality (within 30 days) was 1.5% (0.0-5.0%) and late mortality (beyond 30 days) was 0.5% (0.0-9.3%). Other complications include ventricular fibrillation (2.2%), LAD dissection (1.8%), complete heart block requiring permanent pacemaker (10.5%), and pericardial effusion (0.6%). A repeat ASA was performed on 6.6% of patients and 1.9% of patients underwent surgical myomectomy with resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Literature to date suggests that ASA results in acute and intermediate-term favorable clinical and echocardiographic outcomes. A randomized controlled trial is needed to compare ASA and myomectomy in order to determine which technique provides maximal benefit.     

经皮经冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的近期疗效观察

目的评价经皮经冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术（PTSMA）治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病（HOCM）的近期疗效。方法自1998年8月～1999年11月收治HOCM34例,入选行PTSMA26例。利用Sigwart法行PTSMA,注入96%～99%无水酒精消融间隔支前后记录左室流出道压力阶差变化、心电图变化。在消融前及术后2周通过超声心动图测量室间隔（IVS）厚度及左室流出道宽度。结果术前平均静息左室流出道压力阶差为（72.8±24.6）mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,术中球囊加压后为（30.6±18.5）mmHg,术后为（24.3±17.6）mmHg,差异有显著性（P<0.001）。术前室间隔平均厚度为（23.00±6.03）mm,术后2周为（20.55±5.38）mm。术前左室流出道宽度为（6.54±2.36）mm,术后2周为（11.36±3.37）mm（P<0.01）。术前心功能（NYHA分级）为3.4±0.6,术后2周为1.6±0.8。术后CPK与CPK-Mb峰值分别为（1050±514）U/L与（131±78）U/L。术中及术后可见短阵室速、结性逸搏心律、三度房室传导阻滞及束支传导阻滞。1例发生永久性三度房室传导阻滞,安装永久性双腔起搏器。出现下壁及前壁心肌梗死心电图表现者各1例。结论PTSMA能显著降低左室流出道压力阶差,治疗HOCM的近期疗效可靠,但尚需进一步完善方法,以减少严重并发症发生,并需继续随访其中、远期疗效。     

Alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Lower alcohol dose reduces size of infarction and has comparable hemodynamic and clinical outcome.

Patients with highly symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are considered to be good candidates for percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA). However, there is ongoing discussion regarding the optimal dose of alcohol injected into target septal artery and the impact of infarct sizes on the clinical and hemodynamic outcome. Thirty-four patients with symptomatic HOCM receiving maximum medical therapy were consecutively enrolled. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio into one of the two arms according to dose of injected alcohol during echocardiography-guided PTSMA procedure. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic evaluation were performed 6 months after the procedure in all the patients. Both groups of patients matched in all clinical and echocardiographic data. The dose of alcohol injected was 1.6 +/- 0.4 and 3.4 +/- 0.9 (P < 0.001) with subsequent peak of CK-MB 1.9 and 3.2 microkat/L (P < 0.05) in group A and B, respectively. There was a correlation between amount of injected alcohol and the peak of CK-MB (r = 0.58; P < 0.01), whereas no significant relationship (r = 0.16; P = NS) was documented between the peak of CK-MB and left ventricular outflow gradient at follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, both groups of patients were not significantly different with regard to symptoms or electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings. In conclusion, this study suggests that the low dose (1- 2 ml) of alcohol injected into target septal branch reduces size of necrosis. Moreover, the low dose is probably as safe and efficacious as usually used doses (2-4 ml).     

Effects of alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy on Doppler Tei index: a midterm follow-up

Alcohol septal ablation (PTSMA) improves outflow gradient, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and symptoms in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Tei index (TI) is a Doppler parameter reflecting both systolic and diastolic LV function. Midterm changes of TI after PTSMA have not been determined up to now. Twenty-seven consecutive patients (mean age 53 +/- 13 years) with symptomatic HOCM underwent PTSMA procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after PTSMA. TI decreased from 0.67 +/- 0.11 to 0.55 +/- 0.06, isovolumic contractile time (ICT) decreased from 74 +/- 20 to 48 +/- 11 ms, isovolumic relaxation time decreased from 146 +/- 25 to 117 +/- 9 ms, and LV ejection time decreased from 330 +/- 42 to 298 +/- 13 ms. LV remodeling was determined by LV dimension increase from 46 +/- 6 to 48 +/- 6 mm and basal septum thickness reduction from 22 +/- 4 to 15 +/- 3 mm. LV ejection fraction decreased from 78 +/- 7 to 73 +/- 6% and maximal outflow gradient decreased from 69 +/- 44 to 15 +/- 11 mmHg. All changes were statistically significant (P <0.01). Symptomatic improvement was characterized by relief of dyspnea (2.5 +/- 0.7 versus 1.4 +/- 0.6 NYHA class; P <0.01) and angina pectoris (2.6 +/- 0.9 versus 0.7 +/- 0.7 CCS class; P <0.01). PTSMA is an effective method of therapy for HOCM. Shortening of TI suggests the improvement of LV myocardial performance in the midterm follow-up.     

Echo-guided percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: 7 years of experience.

AIMS: To analyze the impact of intra-procedural echocardiographic imaging on the interventional strategy in ethanol-induced septal ablation (PTSMA) for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), based on a single-center experience of 7 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: PTSMA was intended for refractory symptoms in 337 patients (pts.) with HOCM (mean age: 54 +/- 15 years), with 312 procedures completed by injection of 2.8 +/- 1.2 ml ethanol. In 25 pts. (8%) the intervention was aborted without ethanol injection, mostly because of echocardiographic findings (n = 18/6%). An echocardiography-driven target vessel change was necessary in 33 pts. (11%). In the 312 pts. who received ethanol, permanent pacing was necessary in 22 cases (7%). In-hospital mortality was 1.3% (4 pts.). After 3 months, mean NYHA functional class was reduced from 2.9 +/- 0.5 to 1.5 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.0001) along with a gradient reduction from 60 +/- 33 to 13 +/- 18 mmHg at rest, and from 120 +/- 43 to 38 +/- 35 mmHg with provocation (p < 0.0001 each). Exercise capacity improved from 94 +/- 51 to 115 +/- 43 W, peak oxygen consumption from 18 +/- 4 to 21 +/- 6 ml/kg/min (p < 0.01 each). There was no significant difference regarding residual gradients in pts. with different levels of immediate gradient reduction during probatory balloon occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter-based septal ablation is an effective non-surgical technique for reducing symptoms and outflow gradients in HOCM. Intra-procedural echocardiographic guidance has a cumulative impact on the interventional strategy in about 15-20%, and clearly identifies pts. who should not receive ethanol but undergo a surgical myectomy.     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病经皮化学消蚀术后长期随访研究

目的　研究经皮化学消蚀术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的长期随访结果。方法　 13例不合并高血压的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者 ,左心室流出道压力阶差均 >40mmHg ,且长期药物治疗无效。其中 2例肥厚部位同时包括左心室侧壁和右心室。术后每月门诊记录临床症状变化及心电图 1次 ;术后 2 4h及每月行经胸超声检查 1次 ,测定室间隔厚度 (IVST)、心室腔直径 (LVDD)、左心室流出道压力阶差 (LVOTG)及左心室射血分数 (LVEF)。平均随访时间 2 0 (14～ 2 2 )个月。结果　 13例患者术前收缩期二尖瓣前向移动 (SAM)现象平均 3 6级 ;平均酒精注射量为 3 86ml;术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差平均下降到 31mmHg ,术后 1个月室间隔厚度降低程度最大平均 (3 0± 0 4)mm ;术后 1个月时SAM分级平均下降到 1 4级 (平均下降 2 2级 ) ;无一例需要再次另外一支间隔支消蚀的 ;2例患者出现进行性左心室扩大 ,但是均于术后 3个月后停止 ;全部患者的临床症状均得到显著改善 ,1例患者于术后 3个月时出现活动后胸闷 ,心脏超声与导管复查左心室流出道压力阶差回升到 >36mmHg ;3例患者术中出现一过性完全性房室传导阻滞 ,2例术后 1h内恢复到正常窦性心律 ;1例完全性房室传导阻滞于术后第 3天消失 ,因此无 1例需要安装永久起搏器。 4例 (2 2 %     

经皮室间隔化学消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病疗效观察

<正>肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(hypertrophic obstructive car-diomyopathy,HOCM)是原发性心肌病的一种特殊类型,约占肥厚型心肌病患者的25%[1]。临床治疗的目的是使流出道变宽,狭窄减轻,从而达到缓解流出道梗阻,减轻症状,降低猝死率。目前治疗的方法有     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术后疗效观察

目的 探讨化学消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的方法及疗效.方法 15例HOCM患者,经超声心动图及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差.选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录左室流出道压力阶差变化,出院时、出院后1个月及出院后3个月复查超声心动图.结果 15例中消融第一间隔支11例,消融第二间隔支2例,同时消融第一、二间隔支2例.1例术后4 h死亡,其余14例度过围术期并出院随访(其中1例术后5 d置入永久双腔起搏器).术后即刻导管测量左室流出道压差较术前明显下降[(55.90±31.08)mm Hg比(92.62±43.75)mm Hg,P＜0.01],出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(45.83±27.92)mm Hg 比(84.02±35.59)mm Hg,(2.3±1.28)mm 比(4.2±1.35)mm,P＜0.01];出院后1个月、3个月超声测量LVOTG、左室流出道内径、室间隔厚度和SAM幅度较术前及出院时明显改善(P＜0.01).结论化学消融是治疗HOCM的有效方法,但属于破坏性手术,需严格进行手术风险控制,防止"过犹不及".     

经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病57例

目的探讨经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的方法和疗效。方法自1999年9月至2005年1月利用Sigwart法为57例梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者行经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术治疗。在压力监测、超声应用、消融操作、疗效判定以及术后处理等方面做了一些改进。结果每例患者消融共用无水乙醇0.6~9.0mL,分别消融1~5根前间隔支血管;57例患者导管测压示左心室流出道压差(静息和激发)均较术前下降>50%。发射计算机体层摄影对照4例中2例出现室间隔心肌放射性缺损。随访2周到5年,54例患者晕厥、头晕、心绞痛、心悸、气喘等症状消失或较术前改善;2例症状复发,心脏超声各项指标接近术前;1例术后半年内症状及心脏超声各项指标改善满意,一年半后死于扩张型心肌病。症状改善的54例中术后43例进行了半年、34例进行了1年的心脏超声随访,各项指标较术后2周时进一步改善。术中部分患者出现一过性短暂阵发性室性心动过速、房室传导阻滞。4例心电图呈前间隔心肌梗死改变,其中1例伴下壁心肌梗死改变。结论经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病疗效显著。本研究对该疗法应用进行了探索,促使经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术更趋完善。