不同切取方法对肝移植供肝动脉解剖变异的损伤分析

目的 探讨供肝切取修整的方法及肝动脉常见变异,预防供肝切取修整过程中肝动脉损伤.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2006年7月共计843例供肝切取修整及肝动脉变异资料,其中148例供肝采用肝肾分开切取方法,695例供肝采用腹部脏器联合切取方法.术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管.结果 在843例供肝中,肝动脉解剖变异者172例,总变异率20.4%(172/843),发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(57例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(54例),高变异率伴随着高损伤率.结论 腹部脏器联合切取方法可减少肝动脉意外损伤发生率,熟悉常见肝动脉变异类型和精细的解剖是减少肝动脉损伤的关键.     

供肝切取中肝动脉的变异分析

目的探讨肝动脉的变异类型及快速切取供肝过程及修整过程中保护肝动脉不受损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析2000年5月至2004年3月200例供肝切取及修整过程的资料,总结肝动脉变异情况及肝动脉的重建方法。结果200例中有37例肝动脉变异,2例因肝动脉保护不当而出现肝移植术后胆道合并症。结论大多数的变异肝动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉和胃左动脉;快速整块腹腔器官切取方法是保证肝动脉不受损伤的基础;所有变异的肝动脉均应重建。     

肝动脉变异与肝移植

目的总结肝移植中供体及受体肝动脉变异情况与重建方式。方法回顾我院2002年3月～2005年12月107例肝移植供体与107例受体肝动脉变异情况及重建方式。术后应用Doppler超声、胆道镜及介入方法监测肝动脉及胆道并发症的发生情况。结果107例肝移植之供、受体肝动脉(214例肝动脉),3例术中、术后死于多器官功能衰竭,有20例次肝动脉变异,经过术中良好的重建,其结果显示肝动脉及胆道并发症3例(3/19),较正常肝动脉吻合者(15/85)无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论肝动脉变异发生率约9.35%左右,肝移植时供肝切取、修整及受体病肝切除应引起高度重视,术中良好的重建能取得好的效果。     

供肝动脉变异的术中处理

目的 探讨供肝动脉的变异类型及植入前重建的方法.方法 采取快速切取法获取供肝528例,对肝动脉解剖进行Hiatt分型,存在肝动脉变异者,肝移植前先行肝动脉重建,方法是将变异动脉与脾动脉端端吻合或与胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合,或将肠系膜上动脉远端(或近端)与肝总动脉(或腹腔干吻合),肠系膜上动脉的另一端与受者的备选动脉吻合.供肝的动脉重建以及供肝血管与受者的吻合均在3.2～3.5倍手术放大镜下进行.结果 528例供肝中,肝动脉解剖正常者(Hiatt Ⅰ型)436例(82.6 %,436/528),肝动脉变异者92例(17.4 %,92/528).变异肝动脉中,Hiatt Ⅱ型38例(7.2%,38/528),Hiatt Ⅲ型47例(8.9 %,47/528),Hiatt Ⅳ型3例(0.5 %,3/528),Hiatt Ⅴ型2例(0.4 %,2/528),Hiatt Ⅵ型2例(0.4 %,2/528).92例肝动脉变异者中,53例的异常动脉拥有共同起始之大干,能与受者的动脉直接进行吻合,故无需在植入前进行动脉重建;其余39例需在移植前对变异的动脉进行重建,其中18例将变异动脉与脾动脉端端吻合,13例将变异动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合,8例将肠系膜上动脉远端(或近端)与肝总动脉(或腹腔干)吻合,另一端与受者的备选动脉吻合.结论 肝动脉的变异率较高,切取和修整供肝时应准确辨认,避免误伤;对于变异的肝动脉,必须确保其入肝血流的连续性完整,否则需进行植入前血管重建,重建方式应根据动脉变异的类型和解剖学特点来决定.     

供肝动脉解剖变异之修整

目的: 探讨供肝动脉解剖特点，掌握供肝修整技术尤其动脉解剖变异之供肝修整方法及技巧。方法:对64例人肝（含24例无脑胎肝和40例成人肝脏）动脉实施解剖及修整，其中31例应用于临床肝移植。结果:64例中肝动脉解剖变异者共12例（18.75%）。其中24例胎儿供肝中5例（20.83%）肝动脉解剖变异，起源于肠系膜上动脉（SMA）替代肝右动脉型1例；起源于SMA副肝右动脉型3例；肝动脉起自SMA型1例。成人供肝动脉变异7例 (17.5%)，来源于SMA替代肝右动脉型2例；来自胃左动脉替代肝左动脉型2例；来自SMA副肝右动脉型3例。应用于临床原位肝移植的31例供肝中，4例存在肝右动脉解剖变异。肝移植时对变异之供肝动脉根据不同情况，可选用变异血管结扎、就近与胃十二指肠动脉、脾动脉或肠系膜上动脉吻合、应用供体髂总动脉搭桥与受体腹主动脉吻合等方法进行修整。结论:肝动脉的修整在供肝修整中占重要地位，供肝切取时避免损伤变异之肝动脉是保障修整成功的关键，对过细的副肝动脉修整时，术中观察侧支反流后可考虑是否予以结扎。     

肝移植供体切取中变异肝动脉的保护

目的 探讨在肝移植供体切取过程中如何避免损伤变异肝动脉。资料与方法 分析123例供肝切取资料，统计变异肝动脉发生率。结果 肝动脉解剖变异32例（26．02％），其中仅肝右动脉（RHA）变异11例（8．94％），仅肝左动脉（LHA）变异10例（8．13％），左右肝动脉均变异3例（2．44％），肝总动脉（CHA）起于肠系膜上动脉7例（5．69％），其它少见类型1例（0．81％），为肝固有动脉（PHA）来源于胃左动脉。结论 肝动脉解剖复杂，熟悉肝动脉解剖变异可减少供肝切取过程中的肝动脉损伤。     

肝移植中变异肝动脉的处理

目的探讨肝移植中变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2013年12月进行的340例肝移植的临床资料,着重分析变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。取修肝过程注意保护变异的肝动脉,变异的肝动脉采用显微缝合技术与供受体腹腔动脉干的分支行端端吻合,术中根据变异动脉的条件,选择管径相互匹配、位置合适的腹腔动脉干的属支进行吻合,其中管径≧3 mm采用连续缝合;3 mm采用间断缝合。术后常规多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流情况,肝素+低分子右旋糖酐抗凝。结果 340例中出现肝动脉变异64例,其中左肝动脉变异33例,来源于胃左动脉20例、腹腔动脉干11例,腹主动脉2例;右肝动脉变异30例,来源于肠系膜上动脉19例,胃十二指肠动脉10例,腹主动脉1例;肝总动脉变异1例,来源于腹主动脉。误扎变异左肝动脉2例,术后出现左肝管缺血坏死2例。结论供肝肝动脉变异率高,取修肝过程中应注意对变异肝动脉的保护,选择供受体合适的腹腔动脉干分支与变异肝动脉吻合是处理肝动脉变异的良好方法。     

肝移植中肝动脉变异的重建

目的进一步探讨和总结供肝肝动脉的解剖变异及整形重建经验.方法回顾性分析1998年4月～2005年12月本组430例原位肝移植中供肝肝动脉的解剖类型和变异肝动脉的重建方式.应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形然后再吻合.总结肝动脉变异情况及肝动脉的重建方法.结果430例供肝中,肝动脉解剖正常的为338例(78.6%,338/430),肝动脉解剖变异者92例(21.4%,92/430),其中48例(52.2%,48/92)需血管重建.此48例中异常的肝右或肝左动脉与胃十二指肠动脉吻合32例(67%,32/48),异常肝右动脉与脾动脉吻合16例(33%,16/48).变异肝动脉合理整形后再行肝移植,其动脉血管并发症的发生率并未升高.结论供肝肝动脉变异较为常见,因其是唯一的吻合血管,故修肝时对变异肝动脉进行显微重建是非常重要的.     

肝移植中肝动脉变异的显微外科重建

目的进一步探讨和总结供肝肝动脉的解剖变异及整形重建经验。方法回顾性分析 14 1例原位肝移植中供肝肝动脉的解剖类型和变异肝动脉的重建方式。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形然后再吻合。术后每天用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流 1周 ,其后定期监测 ,观察肝动脉的血流及血栓形成情况。结果 14 1例供肝中 ,肝动脉解剖正常的为 12 1例 (85 8% ,12 1/ 14 1) ,肝动脉解剖变异者 2 0例 (14 2 % ,2 0 / 14 1) ,其中 9例 (6 4 % ,9/ 14 1)需行显微外科重建后再与受体肝动脉吻合。此 9例中异常的肝右动脉与胃十二指肠动脉吻合 7例 (4 9% ,7/ 14 1) ,异常的肝左或肝右动脉与脾动脉吻合 2例 (1 4 % ,2 / 14 1)。变异肝动脉合理整形后再行肝移植 ,其动脉血管并发症的发生率并未升高。结论供肝肝动脉变异较为常见 ,应用显微外科技术对变异的肝动脉植肝前采用适当的整形 ,以获得单一的备吻合血管 ,可以提高供肝动脉重建的质量 ,降低肝动脉并发症的发生率。     

多层螺旋CT显示肝左右动脉变异的研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT对肝左右动脉变异的显示能力。方法对接受多层螺旋CT肝脏增强扫描的268例患者进行回顾性动脉期三维重建,观察肝动脉变异出现情况。结果经典型肝动脉共198例(74%),出现变异肝动脉的70例(26%);其中代替肝左动脉(RLHA)19例(7%),代替肝右动脉(RRHA)27例(10%);代替肝左与代替肝右同时存在4例(1.5%);存在副肝左动脉的(ALHA)9例(3.4%);副肝右动脉(ARHA)11例(4.1%)。结论多层螺旋CT可以显示肝左右动脉的变异。     

Anatomic variation of the right hepatic artery and its reconstruction for living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft

We analyzed the anatomy and reconstruction of the right hepatic artery (RHA) in 96 cases of adult-to-adult living donor right liver transplantations, during 2002. Most right livers had a single orifice (n = 185, 96%). Seven right livers (4%) showed multiple arteries, namely a replaced artery in five cases and accessory arteries in two cases. Three liver grafts had two separate orifices: both arterial stumps were reconstructed in one case, and accessory arteries were ligated in two cases because of sufficient back bleeding. The mean diameter of the graft RHA was 2.4 mm (1-4). More than 60% (59 of 96) of graft arteries were anastomosed with distal branches of recipient RHA for size matching. Eleven graft arteries were anastomosed to vessels other than the RHA, namely the left hepatic artery [LHA] in eight right gastroepiploic artery in three: for size matching in five and due to previous injury of RHA in six. Five cases showed significant size-mismatches of more than twofold. The median follow-up period was 270 days. In one patient, an intramural thrombus developed on postoperative day 3 requiring a revision of the anastomosis. In another patient, arterial stenosis occurred on postoperative day 16 a time when collateral arteries had developed. The overall complication rate related to arterial reconstruction was 2%. In conclusion, with precise knowledge of the anatomy, an adequate selection of recipient arterial stump, and an experienced technique, a desirable result may be achieved in right lobe transplantation.     

Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1000 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variations in the hepatic arteries were studied in donor livers that were used for orthotopic transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Variations have occurred in 25% to 75% of cases. Donor livers represent an appropriate model for study because extrahepatic arterial anatomy must be defined precisely to ensure complete arterialization of the graft at time of transplantation. METHODS: Records of 1000 patients who underwent liver harvesting for orthotopic transplantation between 1984 and 1993 were reviewed. RESULTS: Arterial patterns in order of frequency included the normal Type 1 anatomy (n = 757), with the common hepatic artery arising from the celiac axis to form the gastroduodenal and proper hepatic arteries and the proper hepatic dividing distally into right and left branches; Type 3 (n = 106), with a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery; Type 2 (n = 97), with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery; Type 4 (n = 23), with both right and left hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric and left gastric arteries, respectively; Type 5 (n = 15), with the entire common hepatic artery arising as a branch of the superior mesenteric; and Type 6 (n = 2), with the common hepatic artery originating directly from the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: These data are useful for the planning and conduct of surgical and radiological procedures of the upper abdomen, including laparoscopic operations of the biliary tract.     

肝移植供肝修整的经验

目的：探讨肝移植供肝修整的方法与技巧。方法：回顾性分析64例原位肝移植供肝修整以及血管变异时处理的方法和技巧。结果：修整的64例供肝全部用于肝移植。发现13例存在肝动脉解剖变异，其中5例行变异肝动脉重建，动脉重建方法包括将变异动脉与脾动脉(3/5)、胃十二指肠动脉(2/5)吻合。无因供肝修整而出现的手术并发症。结论：供肝血管及胆道的正确修整可减少肝移植后并发症，是供肝修整成败的关键。     

Anatomical alteration of the vascular tree observed during living related liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: The number of available cadaveric donor organs has reached a plateau. One current solution has been to increase number of living related liver transplantations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since October 1999 in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 40 living related liver transplantation have been carried out. RESULTS: In 31 (77.5%) cases, a normal arterial supply was observed: the common hepatic artery arose from a celiac trunk. In two cases (5.0%), there was a partial arterial blood supply by the right accessory hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), a right hepatic artery arose completely from the superior mesenteric artery (replaced artery). In one case (2.5%), a common hepatic artery originated from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), an accessory left segmental artery originated from the left gastric artery. In two cases (5.0%), the function of an absent left hepatic artery was assumed by a replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery. In two (5.0%) cases, there were two separate ducts draining the right hemiliver. There were two (5.0%) cases of an accessory duct draining segment IV, originating within the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. In one (2.5%) case, the common hepatic duct showed a trifurcation. CONCLUSION: During harvesting from a living donor knowledge of anatomical variants must be used to optomize the liver graft.     

The use of left grafts with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: analyses of donor and recipient outcomes

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), a left hepatic graft occasionally includes a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery (LHA). The procuring of such grafts requires extensive dissection along the lesser curvature of the stomach to elongate the replaced or accessory LHA on the donor side. On the recipient side, complicated arterial reconstruction is often necessary to use such grafts. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 206 adult recipients who underwent LDLT and their respective donors. The recipients and donors were divided into two groups according to the presence of the replaced or accessory LHA. Twenty‐five grafts included a replaced or accessory LHA. Only one hepatic artery‐related complication was observed in the current series, in which a pseudoaneurysm arose at the site of anastomosis between the donor accessory LHA and the recipient LHA. There was no increase in the incidence of postoperative complications in the donors with a replaced or accessory LHA in comparison with the donors without these arteries. The use of left hepatic grafts that included a replaced LHA or accessory LHA did not have any negative impact on the outcomes on either the donor or the recipient side.     

Hepatic artery reconstruction prior to orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: This study examines the types of arterial reconstruction for grafts prepared for orthotopic transplantation procedures. METHODS: Between 1993 and February 2003, 200 organs were harvested for orthotopic liver transplantation. Arterial variations were found in 28 cases (14%), among which 16 cases (8%) required vascular reconstruction with 4 cases due to accidentally damaged during liver harvesting. RESULTS: Among the 200 organs harvested for liver transplantation, arterial variations requiring reconstruction were found in 12 cases (6%); these included: replacing an accessory left hepatic artery from the left gastric artery (9/1 reconstruction); replacing an accessory left hepatic artery from the upper mesenteric artery (2/1 reconstruction), and replacing an accessory right hepatic artery from the upper mesenteric artery (10/10 reconstructions). The splenic artery was typically used for anastomosis (seven cases, 58.3%) as well as the gastroduodenal artery (two cases, 16.7%) or the right gastric artery (one case, 8.3%). In the remaining two cases, a more complex technique was required. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of graft vessels before an orthotopic liver transplantation procedure does not increase the risk of vascular complications.     

HEPATIC ARTERY ANATOMY IN RELATION TO RECONSTRUCTION IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: SOME UNUSUAL VARIATIONS

The anatomy of the hepatic artery and its variations were studied in 70 donor livers harvested for liver transplantation in the Austin Hospital. Forty three (61.5%) had a ‘normal’ vascular anatomy and 27 (38.5% had anomalous anatomy. The anomalies were single in 13 instances and multiple in 14 and involved the origin of the right or left hepatic arteries or the coeliac axis. The hepatic artery was reconstructed most frequently by end-to-end anastomosis of the donor to the recipient common hepatic artery (79%). A Carrel patch, an interposition aortic graft and the donor superior mesenteric artery were other techniques used for reconstruction. Two patients (3%) had a postoperative hepatic artery thrombosis, with one of those patients having a further reconstruction. When one vascular anomaly is found, there is a high probability of others being present. The authors' experience confirms that safe hepatic arterial anastomosis can be performed even in the presence of abnormalities of the vascular arterial system.     

腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管影像学解剖特征及其临床意义

目的探讨腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管的影像学解剖特征及临床意义。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2016年10月至2018年12月复旦大学附属华山医院收治的39例活体肝移植供者的临床资料;男10例,女29例;年龄为(31±7)岁。同时收集39例活体肝移植受者的临床资料;男26例,女13例;年龄为8个月(4~68个月)。供者术前常规行腹部增强X线计算机体层摄影术检查、三维血管重建判断供肝血管解剖情况。供者均施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术。观察指标:(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。(2)手术情况。(3)随访情况。采用门诊方式对受者进行随访,了解受者肝移植后并发症情况。随访时间截至2019年10月。正态分布的计量资料以±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数或百分比表示。结果(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。39例供者术前影像学检查三维血管重建显示肝动脉和肝静脉解剖学特征包括:①肝动脉情况为11例供者存在肝中动脉,其中5例起始于肝右动脉,3例起始于肝右动脉和肝左动脉汇合处,3例起始于肝左动脉。2例供者肝左动脉解剖变异,均存在副肝左动脉,起始于胃左动脉。26例供者无肝中动脉,肝左动脉无解剖变异。②肝静脉情况:9例供者肝左静脉和肝中静脉分别汇入下腔静脉。7例供者存在肝左静脉左上缘支。23例供者肝左静脉与肝中静脉共干汇入下腔静脉。(2)手术情况。①39例供者均成功施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术,手术时间为(160±32)min,术中出血量为(142±74)mL。②11例有肝中动脉供者中,8例为肝左动脉优势型,留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建,3例肝中动脉起始于肝左动脉,留取肝左动脉和肝中动脉共干用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。2例肝左动脉解剖变异供者中,1例为副肝左动脉优势型,1例为肝左动脉优势型,分别留取副肝左动脉和肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。其余26例供者留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。③39例供者中,11例术中行肝左静脉优先入路,28例术中行非肝左静脉优先入路。肝左静脉优先入路供者手术时间和术中出血量分别为(147±22)min和(110±44)mL,非肝左静脉优先入路供者上述指标分别为(169±33)min和(154±81)mL,两者上述指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.19,2.81,P<0.05)。(3)随访情况。39例受者均获得术后10个月的随访,随访期间未出现肝动脉吻合口出血、狭窄,以及由肝动脉供血不良引起的缺血性胆管损伤和胆道狭窄等并发症,也未出现肝静脉流出道狭窄相关并发症。结论腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术前影像学检查三维血管重建可发现肝中动脉和肝左动脉解剖变异,指导手术入路的选择。腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术对于符合条件的供者推荐采用肝左静脉优先入路,可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量。