1158例高龄胰胆疾病患者临床特征及内镜诊疗效果分析

目的评价高龄（≥80岁）胰胆疾病患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）诊疗的临床价值。方法回顾性总结2007年1月至2013年6月行ERCP诊疗的1158例高龄胰胆疾病患者的临床资料,对临床特征、内镜诊治情况进行分析。结果1158例高龄胆疾病患者共接受1315例次ERCP诊疗,成功率为98．5％（1295／1315）。术中诊断胆管结石554例（47．8％）,恶性胆道梗阻494例（42．7％）,良性胆管狭窄42例（3．6％）,Mirrizi综合征23例（2．0％）,胰管结石21例（1．8％）,未见异常24例（2．1％）。术后并发胰腺炎67例次（6．5％）,高淀粉酶156例次（13．5％）,死亡5例（0．4％）。结论高龄胰胆疾病患者行ERCP诊疗安全有效。     

ERCP诊治胆胰疾病的临床应用

目的 探讨ERCP在胆胰疾病诊治中的应用方法及如何减少并发症的发生。方法 术前禁食6h，在全麻或镇静下行逆行胰胆管造影，根据检查结果，选择性镜下治疗。结果 ERCP成功率为87．3％，经内镜治疗的75例患者有1例发生穿孔，2例合并胰腺炎。结论 治疗性ERCP是胆胰疾病微创治疗的发展趋势。     

173例胰胆管疾病患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊治分析

目的 讨论内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及内镜治疗对胰胆管疾病的诊断与治疗价值。方法 回顾分析173例胆胰疾病患者应用十二指肠镜进行诊断和治疗的临床效果。结果 ERCP成功率为93．6％，造影发现胆道结石69例，一次性成功取净结石66例，造影发现胆胰肿瘤20例，5例放置内支架引流。ERCP术后胰腺炎2例，十二指肠乳头肌切开(EST)术后出血2例，均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论 ERCP对于胆胰疾病的诊断明确可靠，内镜下治疗可使部分患者免除外科手术。     

无先天性胆管囊性扩张型的胰胆管汇流异常与胆胰疾病的关系

目的：研究无先天性胆管囊性扩张型的胰胆管汇流异常（APBJ）及其与与胆胰疾病的关系。方法：分析1995年1月－2002年1月间逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）、术中胆道造影（IOC）、磁共振胰管造影（MRCP）等影像学检查的2150例胆胰疾病中的52例无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ及其与胆胰疾病的关系。结果：本组APBJ的发生率为2．4％，APBJ的检查发现率为ERCP2．9％，IOC2．4％、MRCP2．0％，在52例无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ中有P－C型（胰管注入胆总管）32例、C－P型（胆总管汇入胰管）20例。胆囊上皮增生的发生率为51．9％，胆囊结石的发生率为73．1％，胆囊息肉样病变的发生率为26．9％，急性胰腺炎的发生率为34．6％，结论：APBJ与胆囊疾病关系密切，无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ的胆囊上皮增生和胆囊息肉样病变发生率高，是胆囊癌发生的一个高危因素，对此类型APBJ病人主张预防性胆囊切除，APBJ是胰腺炎发病的一个重要因素，C－P型APBJ的胰腺炎发生率高，在反复胰腺炎发作而无明显原因时，应考虑有APBJ的存在。     

逆行胰胆管造影治疗80岁以上老年人胆胰疾病的临床观察

目的 评价治疗性逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对80岁以上老年患者胆胰疾病的疗效及安全性. 方法 回顾分析我院自2004年1月至2008年4月诊治的80岁以上行ERCP治疗的老年患者120例,同时观察其并发症. 结果 120例患者,造影成功117例(成功率97.5%),其中胆管癌22例,十二指肠乳头癌3例,胰腺癌8例,急性胆源性胰腺炎15例,慢性胰腺炎5例,急性化脓性胆管炎9例,胆总管结石58例.在ERCP过程中因血氧饱和度进行性下降和严重的心律失常而中止治疗2例;插镜失败1例,失败原因系肿瘤侵犯导致十二指肠球降部狭窄,镜身不能通过.胆道出血3例,急性胰腺炎2例. 结论 治疗性ERCP对80岁以上老年人胆胰疾病的诊治创伤小,且有效及安全,高龄并非治疗性ERCP的禁忌证.     

10955例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术患者临床总结分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆胰疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2013年7月间完成ERCP诊治的患者10955例,其中男6186例,女4769例,平均年龄（65．57±14．44）岁。总结并分析ERCP诊治病种、发病年龄、年度数量、麻醉方式及插管成功率等指标。结果10955例患者中,诊断性ERCP167例,治疗性ERCP10788例。2002年至2012年ERCP手术例数年平均增长率是19．58％。首次ERCP胆管插管成功率是97．23％,总ERCP胆管插管成功率是99．59％。常见的ERCP诊治疾病包括肝外胆管结石（40．85％）、肝门部胆管癌（10．53％）、化脓性胆管炎（10．44％）、胰头癌（10．04％）、慢性胰腺炎（8．24％）、肝外胆管癌（7．68％）、壶腹周围癌（6．96％）、胆源性胰腺炎（3．94％）、良性乳头狭窄（3．88％）、乳头癌（3．50％）。肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、良性乳头狭窄高发年龄是40～50岁,慢性胰腺炎高发年龄是50—60岁,胆源性胰腺炎、肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、乳头癌的高发年龄是70—80岁。2011年至2013年中,98．74％患者行全凭静脉麻醉ERCP。结论ERCP已经成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段,适合于肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆管梗阻等疾病,尤其是高龄患者的诊治。全凭静脉麻醉ERCP是安全、有效的。     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室对诊疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术的影响

背景：临床上将十二指肠乳头旁2～3cm范围内的憩室称为十二指肠乳头旁憩室（JPD），约占十二指肠憩室的90％。JPD与胆胰疾病的发生密切相关，并对诊疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的操作有一定影响。目的：探讨JPD与胆胰疾病的关系及其对诊疗性ERCP的影响。方法：回顾性分析JPD与十二指肠乳头的关系及其对造影成功率、治疗性ERCP及其并发症的影响。结果：本组行诊疗性ERCP患者中发现JPD67例，发现率为23、3％。JPD患者61．2％合并有胆管结石．ERCP造影成功率97．0％，胆管显影率91．0％．71．6％的患者行治疗性ERCP。结论：JPD患者易合并胆管结石，给诊疗性ERCP带来困难和风险，但只要操作者耐心、细心、小心，即使是治疗性ERCP也是安全的。     

ERCP相关并发症与处理

目的探讨ERCP术后相关并发症发生情况及处理。方法回顾总结我院自1996年开展ERCP术以来临床资料，分析ERCP术后并发症发生情况、种类及处理。结果562例ERCP术中，共发生并发症45例(8．0％)，其中诊断性ERCP发生率为6．6％(27/409)，治疗性ERCP为11．8％(18/153)，并发急性水肿型胰腺炎32例(5．7％)，消化道出血7例(1．2％)，胆道感染5例(0．9％)，取石时结石嵌顿1例(0．2％)，所有病例均经内科保守治疗痊愈。结论ERCP术后并发症中以急性胰腺炎发生率最高，可能与插管困难、胰管反复显影，注射造影剂压力过大、量过多有关，诊断性与治疗性ERCP发生率相似，而治疗性ERCP并发症中以出血多见，与操作技术，有无黄疸及年龄有关，并发症经适当内科保守治疗均得以痊愈。     

治疗性ERCP在医原性胆道损伤中的应用价值

目的探讨治疗性ERCP在各种医原性胆道损伤治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年1月经ERCP治疗的医原性胆道损伤共71例病例。结果71例医原性胆道损伤患者中46例胆管狭窄患者行内镜下气囊或探条扩张术，临床症状缓解率93．5％（43／46），14例胆管狭窄患者行内镜下塑料胆道支架置入术，临床症状缓解率92．6％（13／14）；8例胆漏患者行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术和鼻胆管引流术，治愈7例；3例胆漏患者行内镜下塑料支架治疗，治愈2例。所有病例中仅出现1例胆道感染的并发症。结论治疗性ERCP是治疗医原性胆道损伤的一种安全有效的手段，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术应用于儿童胆胰疾病的大样本研究

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的疗效与安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2016年6月期间于杭州市第一人民医院消化内科住院接受ERCP诊治的共115例年龄在18岁以下的患儿的临床资料,总结分析其麻醉方式、治疗方法、成功率、术后并发症情况。 结果 115例患儿共接受221例次ERCP操作,其中,诊断为胆总管结石81例次,胆总管囊肿22例次,胆道蛔虫症3例次,慢性胰腺炎66例次,胰腺分裂症45例次,急性胰腺炎43例次。31例次在气管插管全身麻醉下进行,分别完成胆、胰管开口切开,胆、胰管取石,胆、胰管内支架置入,鼻胆管、鼻胰管引流等相关操作。操作成功率为98.6％（218／221）,操作相关并发症的发生率为7.2％（16／221）,包括7例次（3.2％）术后胰腺炎,5例次（2.3％）术后出血,4例次（1.8％）术后胆管炎,并发症均于治疗后缓解。 结论 儿童胆胰疾病中先天性解剖异常较为常见,早期儿童胆胰疾病由经验丰富的内镜医生进行ERCP诊治是有效和安全的。     

ERCP联合胆汁肿瘤标志物测定对可疑胰胆管疾病的诊断价值研究

目的探讨胆汁肿瘤标志物测定在ERCP对可疑胰胆管疾病诊断中的辅助作用。方法对经B超、MRCP、生化、血清肿瘤标志物等常规检查未能明确诊断的可疑胰胆管疾病患者,进行ERCP检查或对症治疗,同时行胆汁肿瘤标志物测定,选取29例明确诊断的病例分为良性和恶性组,比较2组在生化、肿瘤标志物上的差别,同时评估和比较B超、EUS、MRCP、ERCP、ERCP＋胆汁肿瘤标志物对可疑胰胆管疾病的诊断价值。结果生化、血清癌胚抗原（CEA）、血清CA19-9、胆汁CA19—9,在2组间差异无统计学意义,而胆汁CEA在恶性组中平均值高于良性组,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,ERCP联合胆汁CEA测定对可疑胰胆管疾病诊断准确率为69．0％（20／29）,高于单纯的B超6．9％（2／29）、EUS60．0％（6／10）、MRCP37．9％（11／D）和ERCP41．4％（12／29）。结论ERCP联合胆汁的CEA测定能进一步提高可疑胰胆管疾病诊断的准确性,对良恶性疾病的鉴别诊断有着辅助作用。     

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an important tool for diagnosis and therapy in acute and recurrent pancreatitis. While treatment of biliary disorders leading to pancreatitis is common practice, over the past several years many specialized centers have been directing traditional biliary techniques such as sphincterotomy and stenting towards the pancreas. A justifiable fear of pancreatitis and other complications has caused many endoscopists to shy away from pancreatic endotherapy, but refinements in technique, extensive experience, and most notably the routine use of pancreatic stenting to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis has opened up the field and allowed for endoscopists in specialized centers around the world to perform diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP of the pancreas safely and effectively. In acute gallstone pancreatitis, the benefit of therapeutic ERCP including biliary sphincterotomy has been proven in randomized controlled trials. There are also data to support the role of ERCP directed at the pancreatic sphincters and ducts in treatment of acute relapsing pancreatitis due to pancreas divisum, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, smoldering pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal disruptions, and perhaps even in evolving pancreatic necrosis. Many causes of apparently idiopathic pancreatitis can be discovered after an extensive evaluation with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and ERCP with sphincter of Oddi manometry. ERCP often allows treatment of the underlying cause. Because of the inherent risks associated with ERCP, particularly when directed toward the pancreas, the role of ERCP in acute and especially recurrent pancreatitis should be primarily therapeutic with attempts to establish diagnosis whenever possible by less risky techniques including EUS and MRCP. With the added techniques, devices, skill-sets, and experience required, pancreatic endotherapy should preferably be performed in high volume tertiary referral settings. ERCP for diagnosis and treatment of severe or acute relapsing pancreatitis is also best performed using a multidisciplinary approach involving endoscopy, hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery, and interventional radiology.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children with symptomatic pancreaticobiliary maljunction: A retrospective multicenter study

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) has been widely used in pediatric patients with cholangiopancreatic diseases.AIM To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and long-term follow-up results of ERCP in symptomatic pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM).METHODS A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted on 75 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with PBM and underwent therapeutic ERCP at three endoscopy centers between January 2008 and March 2019. They were divided into four PBM groups based on the fluoroscopy in ERCP. Their clinical characteristics, specific ERCP procedures, adverse events, and long-term follow-up results were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTS Totally, 112 ERCPs were performed on the 75 children with symptomatic PBM.Clinical manifestations included abdominal pain(62/75, 82.7%), vomiting(35/75,46.7%), acholic stool(4/75, 5.3%), fever(3/75, 4.0%), acute pancreatitis(47/75,62.7%), hyperbilirubinemia(13/75, 17.3%), and elevated liver enzymes(22/75,29.3%). ERCP interventions included endoscopic sphincterotomy, endoscopic retrograde biliary or pancreatic drainage, stone extraction, etc. Procedure-related complications were observed in 12 patients and included post-ERCP pancreatitis(9/75, 12.0%), gastrointestinal bleeding(1/75, 1.3%), and infection(2/75, 2.7%).During a mean follow-up period of 46 mo(range: 2 to 134 mo), ERCP therapy alleviated the biliary obstruction and reduced the incidence of pancreatitis. The overall effective rate of ERCP therapy was 82.4%; seven patients(9.3%) were lost to follow-up, eight(11.8%) re-experienced pancreatitis, and eleven(16.2%)underwent radical surgery, known as prophylactic excision of the extrahepatic bile duct and hepaticojejunostomy.CONCLUSION ERCP is a safe and effective treatment option to relieve biliary or pancreatic obstruction in symptomatic PBM, with the characteristics of minor trauma, fewer complications, and repeatability.     

Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The role and potential benefits of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis have not been documented. We report a large prospective randomized study comparing early EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of these patients. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was performed on 140 patients with acute pancreatitis suspected to have a biliary cause. The patients were randomized to have EUS (n = 70) or ERCP (n = 70) within 24 hours from admission. In the EUS group, when EUS detected choledocholithiasis, therapeutic ERCP was performed during the same endoscopy session. In the ERCP group, diagnostic ERCP was performed, followed by therapeutic endoscopy when choledocholithiasis was detected. RESULTS: Examination of the biliary tree by EUS was successful in all patients in the EUS group, whereas cannulation of the common duct during ERCP was unsuccessful in 10 patients (14%) in the ERCP group (P = .001). Combined percutaneous ultrasonography and ERCP missed detection of cholelithiasis in 6 patients in the ERCP group. The overall morbidity rate was 7% in the EUS group, and that in the ERCP group was 14% (P = .172). The hospital stay and mortality rates were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients with acute biliary pancreatitis, EUS could safely replace diagnostic ERCP in the management for selecting patients with choledocholithiasis for therapeutic ERCP with a higher successful examination rate, a higher sensitivity in the detection of cholelithiasis, and a comparable morbidity rate.     

Endoscopic management of pancreatic disease.

Since its introduction in 1968, ERCP has developed from being a purely diagnostic method, mostly used in the investigation of unexplained upper abdominal pain, to an invaluable tool for the management of patients with pancreatic disorders. In cases with severe gallstone pancreatitis, the biliary obstruction is disclosed and relieved by ERCP and ES. In patients with severe acute pancreatitis of other aetiologies, as well as in post-traumatic pancreatitis, ERCP is indispensable for revealing complications (e.g. pancreatic duct rupture) and/or for planning the treatment strategy. Furthermore, in cases of pancreatitis not related to alcohol or gallstones, it often demonstrates causes which may be treatable, and it is also useful for evaluation of the gland after massive pancreatic necrosis. Moreover, ERCP is helpful in establishing the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and its complications as well as in demonstrating morphological grounds for therapeutic intervention. Although the indications, limitations, and practicability of the different techniques of therapeutic ERCP in various pancreatic diseases still remain to be defined, the method appears to offer an alternative to surgery, particularly in cases in which operative treatment is technically difficult and the results are less favourable. Frequency and severity of complications associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP seem to be, at least in the hands of experts, reasonably low.     

Idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis: long-term results after ERCP, endoscopic sphincterotomy, or ursodeoxycholic acid treatment

OBJECTIVE: In about 30% of cases, the etiology of acute recurrent pancreatitis remains unexplained, and the term "idiopathic" is currently used to define such disease. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis who underwent endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by either endoscopic biliary (and seldom pancreatic) sphincterotomy or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment, in a prospective follow-up study. METHODS: A total of 40 consecutive patients with intact gallbladder entered the study protocol after a 24-month observation period during which at least two episodes of pancreatitis occurred. All patients underwent diagnostic ERCP, followed by biliary or minor papilla sphincterotomy in cases of documented or suspected bile duct microlithiasis and sludge, type 2 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, or pancreas divisum with dilated dorsal duct. Patients with no definite anatomical or functional abnormalities received long-term treatment with UDCA. After biliary sphincterotomy, patients with further episodes of pancreatitis underwent main pancreatic duct stenting followed by pancreatic sphincterotomy if the stent had proved to be effective. RESULTS: ERCP found an underlying cause of pancreatitis in 70% of cases. Patients were followed-up for a period ranging from 27 to 73 months. Effective therapeutic ERCP or UDCA oral treatment proved that occult bile stone disease and type 2 or 3 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (biliary or pancreatic segment) had been etiological factors in 35 of the 40 cases (87.5%) After therapeutic ERCP or UDCA, only three patients still continued to have episodes of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP and UDCA were effective in 92.5% of our cases, over a long follow-up, indicating that the term "idiopathic" was justified only in a few patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis.     

诊断与治疗性逆行胰胆管造影并发胰腺炎危险因素分析

目的：探讨诊断性胰、胆管显影与胆道支架、乳头括约肌切开取石术等治疗抗逆行胰、胆管造影（ERCP）,对术后并发胰腺炎的影响。方法：412例ERCP操作分为7组,诊断性ERCP为胆胰双管显影（ERCP）组、单纯胆管显影（ERC）组组与单纯管显影（ERP）组,治疗组ERCP分为双管显影加支架术（ERCP＋支架）组、ERC＋支架组、ERCP＋乳头肌切开（EST）取石组及ERC＋EST取石组,比较各组术后4h、24h血清淀粉酶及临床症状改变。结果：术后4h、24h高淀粉酶血症发生率为17．7％及4．4％,并发急性胰腺炎的发生率为3．95,各组中以ERP组发病率为最高。结论：在ERCP操作中,反复胰管造影是并发术后胰腺炎主要危险因素,EST、支架治疗并不增加胰腺炎的发病率。     

Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study

BACKGROUND: EUS may be used to reduce the need of diagnostic ERCP. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the benefits and safety of an EUS-guided versus an ERCP-guided approach in the management of suspected biliary obstructive diseases caused by choledocholithiasis, in whom a US study is not diagnostic. DESIGN: A randomized study. SETTING: A university medical unit. PATIENTS: Patients with clinical, biochemical, or radiologic suspicion of biliary obstruction. INTERVENTIONS: In the EUS group, therapeutic ERCP was performed at the same EUS session if a lesion was found. In the ERCP group, therapeutic treatment was carried out at the discretion of the endoscopist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The number of ERCPs avoided, procedure-related complications, and recurrent biliary symptoms on follow-up at 1 year. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were randomized to EUS and 32 to ERCP. Three patients (9.4%) had failed ERCPs, whereas all EUS procedures were successful. Nine (27.3%) patients in the EUS group were found to have biliary lesions that were all treated by ERCP. In the ERCP group, 7 (22%) patients had biliary lesions detected that were treated in the same session. More patients had serious complications (bleeding, acute pancreatitis, and umbilical abscess) in the ERCP group. One patient in each group had recurrent biliary symptoms during follow-up. With EUS used as a triage tool, diagnostic ERCP and its related complications could be spared in 49 (75.4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients suspected to have biliary obstructive disease, EUS is a safe and accurate test to select patients for therapeutic ERCP.     

Endoscopic retrogade cholangiopancreatography is safe and effective method for diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic disorders in octogenarians

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic and biliary diseases represents a special problem in old patients who often suffer from one or more concomitant diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ERCP in very old patients (octogenarians). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients 80 years or older who underwent ERCP from October 2001 to December 2005 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 209 patients (121 women, 88 men), with a mean age 86 +/- 4.4 years old (80-102) underwent 251 ERCPs. All but three patients tolerated the procedure well. Three procedures were not completed due to patients' discomfort (1.4%). Two of these patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and the other one was treated conservatively. A cholangiogram was obtained in 193 cases (92.3%), although in 7 patients an additional attempt was required. The main endoscopic findings were common bile duct stones in 51.8% (100/193) and cancer in 28% (54/193) of patients. Based on the diagnostic findings, a therapeutic intervention was indicated in 189 patients (90.4%) and was achieved in 181 of them (95.8%). Complications were observed in 9.6% of ERCPs (24/251). Post - ERCP mild pancreatitis was the more frequent complication in 11 procedures (4.4%). No severe pancreatitis was observed. Six procedures were complicated by cholangitis (2.4%) and two by cholecystitis (0.8%). Early surgical intervention was required in 2 cases because of oesophageal perforation and retroperitoneal perforation respectively. Two patients died (0.8%); one patient with pancreatic cancer died due to septic shock after inadequate biliary drainage and the other one died after operation for retroperitoneal perforation. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ERCP is safe and effective method for diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic disorders in octogenarians despite the high comorbidity in this group of patients.