Laparoscopic nephrectomy for a single-system ectopic ureter draining a small, dysplastic and poorly functioning kidney in children

PURPOSES: To assess the efficacy of laparoscopic nephrectomy for a single-system ectopic ureter draining a dysplastic kidney in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 1999 and September 2005, 16 girls with a mean age of 6.2 years (range: 2-15 years) presented with urinary incontinence accompanied by regular voiding since birth (15 patients) and vaginitis (one patient). Ultrasonography, intravenous urography and a 99mTc-DMSA renal scan showed the presence of only a single kidney in all cases. Computed tomography (CT) showed a dysplastic kidney definitely in nine patients, structures suspicious of dysplastic kidney in three cases, and no dysplastic kidney in four cases. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out in the four cases with non-visualized dysplastic kidneys by CT, and showed a suspicious lesion in only one case, and no lesion in the other three patients. All patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for a dysplastic kidney. RESULTS: Laparoscopy identifies all dysplastic kidneys easily, even in those cases in which dystrophic kidney could not be identified by preoperative imaging. Dysplastic kidneys and ectopic ureters were removed successfully in all 16 patients. Mean operative time was 109 min (range: 40-155 min) with little intraoperative bleeding. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.6 days (range: 2-4 days). No intraoperative complication was encountered, except in one single case, in which a small bowel injury occurred during open Hasson's procedure. All patients became dry soon after the operation. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for an ectopic ureter draining into a dysplastic kidney is a safe and effective method, and can be carried out successfully, despite a failure by preoperative imaging studies to localize the dysplastic kidney.     

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal renal and adrenal surgery in children

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively assess the use of a retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach for simple nephrectomy and adrenalectomy in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal and adrenal procedures carried out in children and completed between 1993 and March 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Analgesic requirements, hospital stay, complications and blood loss were reviewed. The technique is described in detail. RESULTS: Forty-eight retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedures were completed in 48 patients (mean age 5.5 years, range 0.5-16). The procedures included nephrectomy (22), nephroureterectomy (15), renal biopsy (six), cyst ablation (two) and simple adrenalectomy (three). In all, 11 procedures were undertaken in children aged < 2 years. Forty-one (91%) of the children undergoing renal procedures were discharged in < 24 h. Two patients underwent three adrenalectomies. Two children required conversion to open surgery, one undergoing a right-sided adrenalectomy and one a nephrectomy. The mean operative duration for nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy was 75 min, and for adrenalectomy was 115 min. CONCLUSION: Renal and adrenal surgery in children is a safe and rapid procedure with retroperitoneal laparoscopy. The operative duration for nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy are frequently < 1 h. In addition, laparoscopic surgery offers significant advantages in terms of cosmesis and a quicker recovery.     

Laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy is feasible in the first year of life and is not affected by kidney size

PURPOSE: We analyzed the feasibility of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in children younger than 1 year, with regard to size of impaired kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 consecutive children underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy during a 4-year period. Of the patients 19 (48%) were younger than 1 year and were analyzed in detail. Nine of these patients (47.4%) had a multicystic dysplastic kidney, 9 (47.4%) had reflux nephropathy and 1 (5.3%) had obstructive nephropathy. The duration of operation, reasons for conversion, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were prospectively documented. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 133 minutes (range 60 to 240), and did not differ significantly between patients up to age 12 months compared to children 1 year and older (126 vs 148 minutes, NS). Nephroureterectomy was completed laparoscopically in 17 of 19 children (89%) up to age 12 months vs 20 of 21 (95%) 1 year and older (NS). In 1 child younger than 1 year suture dislocation at the renal artery required laparoscopic resuturing. No further complications were seen. In children younger than 1 year the mean operating time was not significantly different for resection of multicystic dysplastic kidney (8 patients, 113 minutes) compared to reflux nephropathy (9, 134 minutes, NS). Mean operating time did not differ significantly for kidney volumes less than 10 cc (8 patients, 119 minutes) compared to kidney volumes greater than 10 cc (9, 129 minutes, NS). CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in children younger than 1 year is excellent. The duration of operation is not affected by patient age, underlying disease or kidney size.     

自制单孔多通道装置在泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术中的应用(附167例报告)

目的探讨自制单孔多通道装置在泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术中的应用。方法回顾分析了从2011年6月至2014年5月笔者进行单孔后腹腔镜单纯肾切除术57例、单孔后腹腔镜肾癌根治术35例、单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术36例、单孔后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术39例,共167例患者的临床资料。均采用1个切口保护套和1个无粉外科手套组成一个单孔多通道操作装置,使用常规腹腔镜器械进行单孔后腹腔镜手术,术后手术伤口常规予皮内缝合。结果 167例患者均成功进行单孔后腹腔镜手术,无改行常规后腹腔镜手术或开放手术。单孔后腹腔镜单纯肾切除术手术时间(90.0±38.2)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾癌根治术手术时间(120.0±33.7)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术手术时间(45.0±16.3)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术手术时间(35.0±15.6)分钟。术中出血量20~200ml,术后无需要输血患者,无重大手术并发症。所有患者均对手术伤口愈合后残留的微小瘢痕感到满意。结论应用自制单孔多通道装置进行泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术安全可行、费用低,减少手术创伤。联合伤口皮内缝合,达到了患者的美观要求,应用前景广阔,可作为有手术伤口美观要求的患者,特别是女性患者行相关手术的首选治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位肾脏肿瘤切除术（附15例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜行保留肾单位。肾脏肿瘤切除术的手术可行性及疗效。方法2007年3月至2008年8月，15例肾脏局限性肿瘤患者采用后腹腔镜保留肾单位肾脏肿瘤切除术。术中用bull-dog血管钳阻断肾脏血流，用超声刀在距离肿瘤边缘2～10mm处进行切除，肿瘤床随机切取三处组织送冰冻病理检查。结果15例手术均顺利完成，无一例中转开放。平均手术时间110min，术中平均阻断肾血流时间26min，术中平均出血量200ml，平均术后住院时间9d。术中切缘组织病理切片均为阴性。术后随访2～14个月肿瘤无复发。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位肾脏肿瘤切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤技术可行，安全有效，其远期疗效尚有待长期随访。     

Retroperitoneoscopic renal surgery in children: our experience

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic renal surgery has become an accepted approach for benign disease in adult and pediatric urology. We present our experience in renal laparoscopy in infants during the past 5 years and evaluate our series to establish the safety and efficacy of such procedures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1999 to December 2004, we performed 32 renal laparoscopic procedures on 31 children aged 12 months to 16 years (mean, 42 months). Twenty-seven patients underwent unilateral retroperitoneal nephrectomy; 1 child with Denis Drash syndrome underwent transperitoneal bilateral nephrectomy; 2 children underwent renal cyst unroofing; and 1 child with lymphoma underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy. Indications for surgery were: renal function <9% in cases of unilateral nephrectomy; the prevention of renal neoplastic changes in the patient with Denys-Drash syndrome; symptomatic large renal cysts; and suspected lymphoma not diagnosed with a previous percutaneous biopsy. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically. In 6 cases, the accidental opening of the peritoneum did not require conversion to open surgery. Intraoperative blood loss was minimal. One patient who underwent a retroperitoneal nephrectomy required a blood transfusion for postoperative bleeding into the retroperitoneal space. Twenty-four of 27 unilateral retroperitoneal nephrectomy patients were discharged on postoperative day 2. Mean follow-up was 30 months (range, 6-64 months). Cosmetic results were excellent in all patients and no long-term complications have been encountered so far. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic urologic surgery may be performed in children with minimal morbidity, minimal postoperative discomfort, improved cosmetic results, and a short hospital stay.     

Retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery of renal tumor using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal ischemia: comparison with open procedure

PURPOSE: It is ideal to use not a transperitoneal but a retroperitoneal approach for both open and endoscopic partial nephrectomy. We compared the results of retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for small renal tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal pedicle clamping with those of a retroperitoneal open procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2002, eight patients with small renal tumors underwent retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy without renal ischemia, and nine patients with small renal tumors underwent open partial nephrectomy via a retroperitoneal approach. Both groups were operated on using a microwave tissue coagulator. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy without renal ischemia was performed without any major or minor complications in any patient. The mean operation time for retroperitoneoscopic surgery was significantly longer than that for open partial nephrectomy (221.9 minutes v 145.9 minutes; P = 0.0004). However, the mean estimated blood loss for retroperitoneoscopic surgery was less than that for open partial nephrectomy (137.5 mL v 334.8 mL; P = 0.012). In addition, the retroperitoneoscopic group seemed to recover more rapidly than the open surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery of small renal tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal ischemia is feasible as minimally invasive procedure. It results in saving renal function, minimal blood loss, and rapid recovery.     

Results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy

PURPOSE: To analyze the retroperitoneal approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in terms of feasibility, safety, morbidity, and cancer control. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 50 consecutive patients with renal cancer underwent radical nephrectomy via the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach from 1995 through 1999. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 139 minutes (range 60-330 minutes) with a mean of 149.78-mL operative blood loss (0-1500 mL). The mean renal size was 100 mm (70-150 mm) with a mean tumor size of 38.6 mm (20-90 mm). The postoperative hospital was 6 days (2-13 days). Three open conversions were necessary: one for laparoscopically uncontrolled bleeding and two because obesity interfered with surgery. We noted two major complication and two minor complications. Two disease progression have been noted to date. One patient with a pT3 grade 2 renal-cell carcinoma had a local recurrence with liver metastasis 9 months after the procedure and died 19.7 months after radical nephrectomy. Another patient with a pT3aN+M+ cancer died 23.1 months after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for kidney cancer requires further assessment. It seems to have several advantages over open radical nephrectomy and to be effective and safe for small (<50-mm) renal tumors.     

Endoscopic nephrectomy in children: is retro the way forward?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the benefits of nephrectomy in children performed via a retroperitoneoscopic approach compared to the laparoscopic route. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed all endoscopic nephrectomies performed at our institution from August 1998 to February 2003. RESULTS: A total of 32 endoscopic nephrectomies were undertaken: 22 laparoscopic nephrectomies with 5 conversions to open surgery, and 10 retroperitoneoscopic. The main indication for surgery was poor function secondary to either reflux or obstructive nephropathy. Intraoperative heart rate changes were less marked in patients undergoing retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy. The median operative time for retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was 65 minutes and 95 minutes for laparoscopy. Epidural analgesia was not required in successful endoscopic nephrectomies. The median postoperative morphine requirement in the retroperitoneoscopic group was 110mcg/kg compared to 280mcg/kg in the laparoscopic group. The majority of patients who had successful endoscopic nephrectomies were discharged to home within 2 days of surgery. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy appears to be a safe technique in children, with reduced intraoperative physiological effects compared to the laparoscopic approach. Operative time was generally shorter than the laparoscopic approach and there appeared to be an additional benefit of reduced postoperative pain.     

后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术的临床体会(附16例报告)

目的:总结后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术的安全性及手术方法、技巧。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2016年1月为16例无功能肾患者行后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床资料,观察术前患肾体积、手术时间、手术出血情况、术后并发症情况。结果:16例手术均完成,无一例中转开放手术。患肾直径20~200 mm,平均(102.5±11.3)mm;手术时间105~450 min,平均(208.1±24.1)min;术中出血量40~280 ml,平均(160.0±14.3)ml;术中、术后均未输血;术后发生不全性肠梗阻1例,予以灌肠后恢复;切口拆线后均愈合良好。结论:后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术中对肾动静脉的处理是手术关键。对于积水明显的肾脏可先吸出积水,缩小肾脏体积,沿肾脏边缘分离,这是保证手术安全可靠的方法;后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术后无明显并发症发生,是微创治疗的发展方向,值得进一步推广应用。     

小儿单侧肾发育不良的腹腔镜肾输尿管切除

目的探讨经腹腔入路的腹腔镜肾输尿管切除在小儿单侧肾发育不良治疗中的作用,并介绍操作经验。方法 2006年3月至2010年9月有4例女性单侧肾发育不良伴异位输尿管开口患儿施行经腹腔入路的腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术,年龄2.3～11.8岁,平均年龄5.8岁,均为右侧患病。临床表现均为经常性的尿湿裤,有正常的排尿。术前行超声、CT和阴道造影等检查。标本送病理学检查。结果术前影像学检查可确定发育不良的大小和位置。平均手术时间为83min（60～120min）。无手术并发症,术后症状消失。病理符合肾发育不良。结论经腹腔入路的腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术具有创伤小、安全性高、操作易、效果好等优点,是治疗单侧肾发育不良伴异位输尿管开口的首选。     

Laparoendoscopic renal surgery in children

Laparoscopic renal surgery in children has been slow to evolve, but further development is warranted. Dysplasia, obstruction, or reflux leading to nonfunction are the most common indications for nephrectomy. Partial nephrectomy and reconstructive surgery can also be performed laparoscopically. Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches can be used, with each having advantages and disadvantages. The future of pediatric laparoscopic renal surgery will be determined by technical and methodologic advances.     

经后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的体会

目的探讨经后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的临床经验。方法收集行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术80例患者资料,回顾分析总结。结果手术时间为90～240 min,平均150 min。80例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术者。术中出血量50～200 mL,平均100 mL,术后随访8～24个月,无肿瘤复发及转移。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治术具有微创、解剖清晰、出血少、术后恢复快等优点,是一种安全可靠的手术治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜下肾切除术的关键——肾蒂处理的体会

目的总结后腹腔镜下肾切除术中肾蒂处理的经验。方法根治性肾切除术66例,单纯性肾切除术52例,活体供肾切取术2例,术中注意肾蒂的快速寻找、及早控制和适当的处理方法三要点。结果116例后腹腔镜手术成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间65～180min,平均103min。术中出血量50～150ml,平均70ml,病人均未输血。术后2～3d拔除引流管,3～5d下床活动,恢复顺利,无并发症。105例随访2年未发现异常。结论肾蒂快速寻找、及早控制和适当的处理方法是后腹腔镜下肾脏切除手术成功的关键。     

Mini-invasive surgery of the retroperitoneal space in children]

Although laparoscopic surgery now represents today an essential surgical technique, its use remains limited in urology and especially in pediatric urology for many reasons, main because of the lack of indications. After a large experience acquired in abdominal laparoscopic surgery, and because we were convinced of the advantages offered by this new mini-invasive approach, we have tried to develop it for the retroperitoneal space. METHODS: Over a five-year period we performed 88 retroperitoneal procedures in children:--50 nephrectomies (44 total, 10 partial) for the following indications: 15 polycystic dysplastic kidney, 13 kidney destroyed by reflux, 18 by obstruction, hypertensive uropathy 3, pyonephrosis 1.--5 renal cystectomies, 3 pyelolithotomies, 2 pyeloureteral obstructions, 2 adrenalectomies, 1 retrocaval ureter, 25 varicoceles. The age range was 2 months to 16 years (mean: 3.7 years, 25 children under 1 year). The patients were placed in the lateral debubitus. The retroperitoneal space was created by dissection under direct vision, then insufflation was performed directly in the retroperitoneal space without balloon. Three or four ports were used except for varicocelectomy which was performed with only one port and an operating channel telescope. RESULTS: Follow-up range was 6 months to 5 years. The mean operating time was 96 minutes (35 to 210 min.). Average postoperative stay was 2 days. Conversion was needed in 7 cases (8%). Operative incidents consisted of one duodenal perforation, one ureteral burn, 21 peritoneal perforations (24%). There were 5 postoperative complications (2 urinomas after partial nephrectomy, 1 hydrocele, 1 varicocele recurrence, 1 recurrent stones) not related to the technique. 3 cases needed reoperation (ureteral injury, varicocele recurrence, recurrence of cystine stones) with good result. CONCLUSION: Like other laparoscopic techniques, retroperitoneoscopy requires a training: it remains delicate in children because of the reduced working space and the fragility of the peritoneum. However the advantages seem sufficiently obvious for us to recommend and promote this procedure.     

Laparoscopic removal of renal cysts in patients with ADPKD as an alternative method of treatment and patient preparation for kidney transplantation: preliminary results

BACKGROUND: The most frequent genetic disease of the kidneys occurring in 1 of 1000 inhabitants is autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Growing renal cysts compress the kidney resulting in damage to parenchyma and functional disorders. Around 10% of these patients are dialyzed due to terminal renal insufficiency. With the advent of laparoscopic techniques, the idea of laparoscopic excision of cysts seemed a tempting alternative to nephrectomy. We assessed the preliminary results of laparoscopic treatment of polycystic kidneys compared with open nephrectomy for patients with ADPKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty ADPKD patients were treated between 2000 and 2004. Eleven procedures in five men and six women of mean age 51 years included laparoscopic cyst excisions. In the remaining 19 patients (six men and 13 women) of mean age 54 years, nephrectomy was done. Indications for surgery included pain due to compression by large cysts and cyst contamination. Patients after nephrectomy were prepared for renal transplantation when necessary. RESULTS: Laparoscopic polycyst removal produced better effects than nephrectomy. Mean operative time was significantly shorter (86 minutes for cyst removal vs 108 minutes for nephrectomy; P < .05). Postoperative pain measured with the VAS scale was reduced in patients after laparoscopy. Hospital stay was shorter (5 vs 9 days), as well as time to recovery. Other benefits of laparoscopic cyst removal included maintained urination in the patient and no need for erythropoietin substitution, as well as reduced risk of cyst contamination. When eligible for renal transplantation, patients after laparoscopic polycyst removal have smaller kidneys that do not interfere with the graft and the risk of infection during immunosuppression seems lower. CONCLUSION: Although larger series of patients are required in patients with ADPKD, laparoscopic polycyst removal seemed superior to early nephrectomy.     

单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾22例报告

目的:总结单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾的临床应用经验。方法:回顾分析2003年9月至2009年11月施行单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗22例良性无功能肾患者的临床资料。先天性肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄12例,输尿管结石6例,慢性肾盂肾炎2例,肾结核2例。结果:22例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间65~180min,平均90min,术中出血25~150ml,平均55ml。住院4~12d,平均5d。无严重并发症发生及输血病例。1例经腹膜后途径患者术后拔除引流管后局部形成腹膜后血肿,再次在B超引导下置管引流。结论:单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾安全、微创,耐心细致的手术操作和对不同疾病采取个性化的治疗方案是手术成功的关键。     

Outcome of laparoscopic upper-pole nephrectomy in children with duplex systems

PURPOSE: To report the results of laparoscopic upper-pole nephrectomy for children with duplex systems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nineteen laparoscopic transperitoneal upper-pole nephrectomies (11 on the left and 8 on the right) were performed in 17 patients with complete pyelocaliceal duplication. Postoperative follow-up consisted of clinical evaluation, as well as functional and image studies of the remaining lower unit with renal ultrasonography, 99mTc-DMSA, voiding cystourethrography, and urography or enhanced helical CT, according to individual needs. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 147 minutes (range 110-180 minutes). There were no conversions to open surgery and no transfusions. The mean follow-up was 57.1 months. Lower-unit function was preserved after 18 procedures (94.7%). Transient asymptomatic urinary-tract infection was observed in 5 of 17 children (29.4%). Vesicoureteral reflux resolved in 3 of 4 children (75%) and improved in the other, and all 7 ureteroceles associated with the resected upper unit were decompressed, although two (28.6%) remained present asymptomatically by ultrasonography. Empyema of the lower-ureteral stump was a late complication in 3 of the 19 duplex systems. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic transperitoneal polar nephrectomy in children with pyelocaliceal duplication is feasible and presents all the advantages of minimally invasive procedures. It has good long-term results, as judged by preservation of the lower unit, regression of ureterocele and reflux, and reduction in the incidence of infection.     

Follow‐up after unilateral nephrectomy in children: is an estimate of glomerular filtration rate necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the need for an estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the follow-up of children undergoing unilateral nephrectomy for benign renal disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four children (21 girls and 23 boys) undergoing unilateral nephrectomy for benign renal disease over a 3-year period were reviewed for the underlying diagnosis and indication for nephrectomy, imaging before and after surgery, postoperative GFR and final outcome. The follow-up included ultrasonography (US) of the contralateral kidney at 3 and 12 months and an estimate of GFR before discharge at > or = 1 year. All children were aged > 2 years when the GFR was measured. The criteria for discharge were normal imaging of the contralateral kidney before and after surgery and a normal GFR afterward. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between age, GFR and contralateral renal length after surgery. RESULTS: The median (range) age at surgery was 2.5 (0.67-16) years. The indications for nephrectomy included reflux nephropathy in 18, multicystic dysplastic kidney in 12, a congenital obstructive uropathy in eight, congenital renal dysplasia in four and miscellaneous in two. All patients had a normal contralateral kidney before surgery on US and functional imaging, and normal US at the follow-up, with evidence of compensatory hypertrophy in all. The median (range) corrected GFR for the 44 children was 109 (81-140) mL/min/1.73 m2, with no correlation between age and GFR, or between renal length and GFR. CONCLUSION: After unilateral nephrectomy for benign renal disease, provided there is a structurally and functionally normal contralateral kidney before surgery, with no abnormality on US, a routine estimate of GFR is unnecessary before discharge from follow-up. There was no correlation between GFR and age or renal length.     

泌尿外科腹腔镜手术的体会(附106例报告)

目的:总结腹腔镜应用于泌尿外科的经验体会。方法:为106例患者施行泌尿外科腹腔镜手术,其中肾囊肿去顶术66例,肾切除术13例,肾部分切除术7例,输尿管切开取石术2例,精索静脉高位结扎术13例;肾上腺肿瘤切除术5例。其中76例经后腹腔入路,30例经腹入路。结果:106例手术均获成功,肾囊肿去顶术手术时间30~100m in,平均50m in,平均出血20m l。肾切除术手术时间120~240m in,平均191m in,平均出血200m l。肾部分切除术手术时间65~120m in,平均出血250m l。输尿管上段切开取石术手术时间120、125m in,平均出血60m l。精索静脉高位结扎术手术时间30~45m in,平均出血10m l。肾上腺肿瘤切除术手术时间50~150m in,平均出血50m l,术中无一例输血。术中术后未发生严重并发症。结论:腹腔镜手术安全、微创,在泌尿外科有很好的应用前景。