广西锡矿工人死因分析

为评价锡矿工人的死亡原因,对广西４个锡矿共７８５５名工人进行队列研究,追访到１９９４年底,共计１７１２５０人年。结果表明,锡矿工人全死因标准化死亡比（ＳＭＲ＝１．０２）略高于全国居民平均水平,死亡超高的疾病主要是肺结核、恶性呼吸系疾病（包括陶工尘肺）、心血管疾病和肝癌。影响工人寿命的主要疾病是恶性肿瘤、憬血管疾病、非恶性呼吸系统病和脑血和疾病。接尘工人非恶性呼吸系统病、脑血管疾病和肺癌死亡均明显高     

宜昌市城区居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率分析

呼吸系统疾病是宜昌市城区居民近 2 0年来主要死因之一 ,本文对 1978～ 1999年呼吸系统疾病作了深入分析 ,为降低呼吸系疾病死亡率、提高居民寿命提供客观依据。资料和方法由宜昌市卫生防疫站提供 1978～ 1999年死亡资料 ,人口资料来自公安部门 ,其主要死因采用ＩＣＤ 9编码方法录入。结　　果1 总死亡率和呼吸系疾病死亡率宜昌市城区居民 1978～ 1999年期间死于呼吸系疾病共5 40 8人 ,年死亡率为 5 7 62 /10万 ,其中男性死亡 2 897人 ,死亡率为 5 8 5 0 /10万 ,女性死亡 2 5 11人 ,死亡率为 5 6 63 /10万。随着全死因总死亡率的下降 ,呼吸…     

广西呼吸系统疾病死亡状况分析

根据广西１９９０￣１９９２年抽样１０市县死因调查资料，分析居民呼吸系死亡疾病谱、死亡率和死因构成。结果慢性支气管炎、肺炎和哮喘的死亡率最高，分别占１０万分之８４．５６、３１．６０和６．０２。呼吸系死亡率农村高于城市，经济水平差高于好和中等；文盲高于有文化程度。结论是慢支、肺炎和哮喘是广西居民主要死亡疾病，必须加强防治。     

淄博矿区煤矿尘肺死亡回顾性队列研究

应用回顾性队列研究方法对淄博矿区１２个煤矿１９７７年１月１日在册的２０３７例煤矿尘肺的死因进行了调查。队列成员追访至１９８６年，共死亡４４３人，煤矿尘肺全死因死亡率为２４０８．８／１０万，与用山东省居民死亡率计算的期望值比较显著超高，ＳＭＲ＝２３５，９５％ＣＩ＝２１４～２５８。４非恶性呼吸道疾病（主要是尘肺病）死亡为全死因之首，占２５．１％，其次是恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病和肺结核。恶性肿瘤死亡明显超高，ＳＭＲ＝１９０，且主要集中于肺癌（占５９．２％，ＳＭＲ＝５５６），与呼吸道疾病相关的肺心病ＳＭＲ＝１９０，以及肺结核ＳＭＲ＝１００６的死亡率也明显超高。在掘进工和采煤工尘肺中，全死因、呼吸系疾病、恶性肿瘤、肺结核的死亡率显著增高，Ｐ＜０．０１。此外，在掘进工尘肺中心血管疾病，尤其是肺心病的死亡人数高于预期值（ＳＭＲ＝２７１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

我国北方两卷烟厂职工死亡回顾性调查

为分析烟草尘对卷烟厂职工恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡专率的影响，采用回顾性队列研究的方法，对河南、黑龙江两省某两卷烟厂１９８２～１９９４年间在册的职工进行恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死因分析。以队列成员中的非暴露于烟草尘组为内对照，比较两组间的各死因死亡专率的差异。结果表明：男、女职工暴露组的恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡专率均显著高于非暴露组。按接触烟草水平分为非接触组、低剂量接触组和高剂量接触组分析发现：恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡与其暴露烟草尘水平可能存在剂量－效应关系。提示：接触烟草尘可能是恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡的危险因素。吸烟和接触烟草尘的协同作用分析表明：吸烟和接触烟草尘对恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病可能存在协同作用。     

甘肃省疾病监测点居民健康状况分析

甘肃省疾病监测点１１年共监测人口６６３３３１５人，年平均出生率１８．２０‰，年平均标化死亡率５４５．８０／１０万，男女标化死亡率分别为６０７．５３／１０万和４８３．２０／１０万。主要死因顺位为呼吸系病，循环系病，肿瘤，意外死亡、消化系统、新生儿病、传染病等。     

1999～2003年金山区居民主要死亡原因分析及对策

此文分析了上海市金山区1999-2003年居民主要死亡原因，结果死亡率居前4位的依次为循环系疾病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病、损伤与中毒，提出了以社区为基础的控制措施。     

甘肃省疾病监测系统婴儿死亡状况分析

甘肃省疾病监测系统90年代初婴儿死亡率为33.97‰,男女性无显著差异,城乡差异显著(x~2=7.97,p<0.01),农村婴儿死亡率比城市高82.13％。婴儿死因的第1位是新生儿病,占城市婴儿死亡的80.95％,占农村婴儿死亡的69.54％;呼吸系疾病是第2位死因,占13.84％,其中肺炎占呼吸系疾病死亡总数的97.63％。在新生儿死亡中,窒息、早产占77.96％。因此提高产科质量,降低新生儿死亡率,加强肺炎防治是降低我省婴儿死亡的主要途径。     

20世纪90年代重庆市城市居民死因分析

目的：分析20世纪90年代重庆市城市居民主要死因。方法：用死亡率，死因别死亡率，潜在价值损失年数及死亡所致生命损失年等指标，分析居民死因，结果：重庆市城市居民死亡率平均为6．28‰（标化死亡率4．07‰），前五位死因依次为：恶性肿瘤，脑血管病，呼吸系病，心脏病和意外死亡。按潜在价值损失年数计算，前五位死因依次为：意外死亡，恶性肿瘤，呼吸系统，消化系病和脑血管病，而商业社区精神病死亡已成为第3位死因，疾病负担评价的YLLs损失构成比：慢性非传染病占80．10％，意外伤害占13．06％，传染病，妇科及围产期疾病占6．84％，结论：慢性非传染病和意外伤害应用为防治重点，传染病防治不能放松，精神卫生工作急待开展。     

2009-2011年岱山县海岛居民主要死亡原因与减寿年数分析

目的了解浙江省岱山县海岛地区居民主要死因及居民减寿主要原因,为疾病预防控制提供科学依据。方法应用死亡率、期望寿命和去死因期望寿命、减寿年数和减寿率等指标分析死亡资料。结果 2009-2011年岱山县居民死亡率为761.01/10万,标化死亡率为379.34/10万,死亡率男性高于女性(χ2=70.32,P<0.01);前5位死因顺位依次为恶性肿瘤、呼吸系病、脑血管病、心脏病和损伤中毒;期望寿命79.31岁,去除前5位死因期望寿命分别可增加3.65、2.86、2.27、1.41、1.37岁;减寿年数构成顺位依次为恶性肿瘤、损伤中毒、脑血管病、心脏病和呼吸系病,5种死因占总减寿年数的86.50%,与死因顺位相比,损伤中毒由第5位上升至第2位,而呼吸系病由第2位下降至第5位;平均减寿数顺位依次为损伤中毒、恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑血管病和呼吸系病。结论岱山县居民主要死亡原因以慢性非传染性疾病为主,损伤中毒和恶性肿瘤是影响低年龄组死亡的主要原因,应根据岱山县居民死因特点制定有效防控干预措施和策略。     

铁矿工人队列死因研究

目的 探索危害铁矿作业工人健康的主要疾患及职业有害因素对工人寿命的影响.方法 用流行病学队列研究方法,对武钢大冶铁矿7 469名职工从1972年开始随访30余年,以全国城市居民年龄别死亡率为参照,用标化死亡比（SMR）作为统计指标,并计算95%可信区间.结果 自1972年至2003年底,共计199 108.0人年,死亡1 752人,累积死亡率为23.5%.影响铁矿工人寿命的主要疾病按累积死亡率从高到低排序分别是：肿瘤（7.8%）、脑血管疾病（3.9%）、心血管系疾病（3.4%）和呼吸系疾病（2.9%）,恶性肿瘤以肺癌和肝癌最多,分别占总死亡数的10%和7.4%.全死因SMR为1.06,高于全国平均水平.死亡率明显升高的疾病有鼻咽癌、肝癌、肺癌、尘肺和意外事故,SMR分别为1.84、1.51、1.83、14.94和1.25.队列中接尘工人与非接尘工人比较,接尘工人全死因、胃癌、肺癌、呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病和意外事故的累积死亡率明显升高（相对危险度分别为1.35、1.83、1.61、2.27、1.34和1.69）.结论 以粉尘为主的职业有害因素明显影响铁矿工人健康和寿命.     

Exposures to silica mixed dust and cohort mortality study in tin mines: exposure-response analysis and risk assessment of lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Mineral dusts that contain crystalline silica have been associated directly or indirectly with the development of pneumoconiosis or silicosis, non-malignant respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and other diseases. The health impacts on workers with silica mixed dust exposure in tin mines and dose-response relationships between cumulative dust exposure and the mortality from lung cancer are investigated. METHODS: A cohort of 7,837 workers registered in the employment records in 4 Chinese tin mines between 1972 and 1974 was identified for this study and the mortality follow-up was traced through 1994. Of the cohort, the cause of death was ascertained for 1,061 (97%) of the 1,094 deceased workers. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all workers, non-exposed workers, and dust-exposed workers with different exposure levels, silicotics, and non-silicotics based on Chinese national rates. RESULTS: The mortality from all causes in four tin mines was nearly the same as the national mortality. Malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease accounted for 68.6% of all deaths. Mortality excess from lung cancer, liver cancer, all malignant diseases, and non-malignant respiratory diseases was observed among dust-exposed workers; a 50-fold excess of pneumoconiosis was observed. There was an upward trend for SMRs of lung cancer was noted from no exposure to low, medium, and high exposure levels (SMRs=1.29, 2.65, 2.66, 3.33). The shape of the exposure-response curve for risk of lung cancer at high exposure levels was inconsistent in these four mines. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated a positive dose-response relation between exposure to cumulative dust and the mortality of lung cancer. High arsenic content in dust particles, together with crystalline silica, may play an important role in causing increased mortality from lung cancer.     

景德镇瓷厂工人死因分析

目的 探索危害陶瓷工人健康的主要疾患及职业有害因素对工人寿命的影响.方法 采用流行病学队列研究方法,对景德镇3个瓷厂1972年到1974年在册且工作一年以上所有陶瓷工人建立队列,随访至2003年底.队列中对死者均查询死因,陶工尘肺由当地疾病控制中心诊断小组确诊,肺癌均收集医院诊断病例.以全国城市居民年龄别死亡率为参照计算标化死亡比(SMR).结果 队列成员共4957名,随访至2003年底,共计130 783.6人年,死亡1636人,死亡率为1250.9/10万,累计死亡率为33.1%.影响陶瓷工人寿命的主要疾病按累计死亡率从高到低排序分别是:恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、传染性疾病.与全国平均水平比较,陶瓷工人全死因死亡率基本持平,标化死亡比为1.01,死亡率明显升高的疾病有呼吸系统疾病(SMR=1.30)、陶工尘肺(SMR=36.35)、传染性疾病(SMR=5.08)和肺结核(SMR=4.06).陶瓷粉尘对工人寿命的影响十分明显,接尘工人多种疾病的死亡率均高于非接尘组,除陶工尘肺外,接尘组肺癌(RR=1.9,95%CI:1.2～3.1)、呼吸系统疾病(RR=2.4,95%CI:1.8～3.2)、肺结核(RR=1.6,95%CI:1.2～2.1)明显高于非接尘组,差异有统计学意义.研究还发现全死因、肠癌、肺癌、呼吸系统疾病、肺结核危险度均随接尘严重程度而明显增加,呈现接触一反应关系.结论 陶瓷行业主要职业危害为粉尘,卫生工作重点应是控尘和预防肺结核.     

锡矿作业工人粉尘接触和队列死因分析

[目的]评价混合性粉尘接触对锡矿作业工人健康的影响及累积粉尘接触与主要引起工人死亡疾病的关系。[方法]建立广西4个锡矿1972~1974年在册且工作一年以上工人的研究队列,以全国城市居民年龄别死亡率为参照,标化死亡比(SMR)作为统计指标。[结果]队列共计7837人,至1994年底,共计165156.7人年,死亡1094人。影响锡矿工人健康的主要疾病按累积死亡率从高到低排序分别是:肿瘤(5.3%)、脑血管疾病(2.4%)、心血管系统疾病(1.9%)和呼吸系统疾病(1.7%),这4种疾病引起的死亡占总数的80.7%,恶性肿瘤以肺癌和肝癌最多,分别占总死亡数的12.6%和10.9%。全死因标化死亡比(SMR=0.94)接近全国平均水平,而鼻咽癌、肝癌、肺癌、白血病、尘肺和脑血管疾病的SMR较高,分别为3.41、1.97、2.49、2.31、33.89和1.15。队列中接尘工人4629名,研究发现矿尘接触导致死亡率上升,与粉尘接触存在明确剂量反应关系的疾病主要是尘肺、肺癌和肺结核。[结论]混合性粉尘明显影响工人健康,累积粉尘接触与肺癌死亡存在剂量-反应关系,可能与粉尘中高含量的砷和游离二氧化硅有关。     

Mortality analyses for rungsten miners]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mortality from main causes of death in 6 tungsten miners and explore the effects of cumulative dust exposure on standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) from main causes. METHODS: A cohort of 18027 workers registered in the employment record from 6 tungsten mines located in Hunan and Jiangxi province and working for at least 1 year was identified for this study. SMRs were calculated based on Chinese national mortality. Trend analysis was used to analyze the effect of cumulative dust exposure on SMRs of main causes of death. RESULTS: The cohort was followed up from 1972 to 2003 with an accumulative of 470 722.21 person-years. A total of 6135 workers died, and the mortality was 13.03 per thousand. Cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, malignant neoplasm and pulmonary tuberculosis accounted for 79.32% of all death. The mortalities of all-causes, pneumoconiosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, infectious disease, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and liver cancer were found to be significantly higher than the national average level. Positive dose-response relationship between SMRs and cumulative dust exposure was observed in all-causes, pneumoconiosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The mortality from main causes of death for the dust-exposed workers are higher than that for non dust-exposed workers. Positive dose-response relationships are observed between cumulative dust exposure and SMRs from all-causes, respiratory disease (including silicosis), pulmonary tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease.     

Mortality among Ontario members of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

BACKGROUND: Dust exposed workers may be at increased risk of pneumoconiosis, stomach cancer, lung cancer, and obstructive lung disease. Bricklayers may experience high exposures to silica and inorganic dusts. The aim of this study was to examine the mortality pattern of bricklayers to identify occupational associations with mortality. METHODS: A cohort of 10,953 workers was assembled from records of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers (IUBAC). Mortality was ascertained by linkage to the Canadian Mortality Registry at Statistics Canada. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were computed using Ontario general population mortality rates as the reference. RESULTS: Twenty or more years from first membership, SMRs for lung (158; 130-190) and stomach (235; 140-370) cancers were significantly elevated. There were four deaths from pneumoconiosis, but non-malignant respiratory mortality SMRs were not increased. CONCLUSIONS: Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers are at risk from diseases associated with heavy exposure to inorganic dust: lung cancer, stomach cancer, and pneumoconiosis. Dust control as well as education and training of these workers to protect themselves against inhalation hazards is necessary.     

Mortality among workers in the diatomaceous earth industry.

A cohort mortality study was conducted among workers from two plants in the diatomaceous earth mining and processing industry in California. Diatomaceous earth consists of the skeletal remains of diatoms. Exposure to amorphous (non-crystalline) and crystalline silica in the form of quartz results from open pit mining and exposure to crystalline silica (principally cristobalite) occurs in the processing of the material. Lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory diseases have been the health outcomes of greatest concern. The main study cohort included 2570 white men (533 Hispanic and 2017 non-Hispanic workers) who were employed for at least 12 months cumulative service in the industry and who had worked for at least one day during the follow up period, 1942-87. Vital status was ascertained for 91% of the cohort and death certificate information was retrieved for 591 of 628 (94%) identified deaths. The all causes combined standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was slightly increased (SMR = 1.12; 628 observed) compared with rates among US white males. The principal contributors to this excess were increased risks from lung cancer (SMR = 1.43; 59 observed) and non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) excluding infectious diseases and pneumonia (SMR = 2.59; 56 observed). The excess of lung cancer persisted when local county rates were used for comparison (SMR = 1.59). Internal rate comparisons by Poisson regression analysis were conducted to assess potential dose-response relations for lung cancer and NMRDs. Mortality trends were examined in relation to duration of employment in dust exposed jobs and with respect to an index of cumulative exposure to crystalline silica. The crystalline silica index was a semiquantitative measure that combined information on duration of exposure, differences in exposure intensity between jobs and calendar periods, the crystalline content of the various product mixes, and the use of respiratory protection devices. Increasing gradients of risk were detected for lung cancer and NMRD with both exposure indices. The relative risk trends for lung cancer and NMRD with crystalline silica exposure lagged 15 years were respectively: 1.00, 1.19, 1.37, and 2.74, and 1.00, 1.13, 1.58, and 2.71. Based on a review of available but limited data on cigarette smoking in the cohort and from application of indirect methods for assessing confounding variables, it seems unlikely that smoking habits could account for all of the association between exposure to dust and lung cancer. The intense and poorly controlled dust exposures encountered before the 1950s were probably the most aetiologically significant contributors to risks from lung cancer and NMRDs. The absence of an excess of lung cancer among workers hired since 1960, and the finding of no deaths attributed to pneumoconiosis as an underlying cause of death among workers hired since 1950 indicate that exposure reductions in the industry during the past 40 years have been successful in reducing excess risks to workers. Further mortality follow up of the cohort and the analysis of radiographic data will be needed to determine conclusively the long term patterns of disease risks in this industry.     

某陶瓷厂工人癌症死亡分析

本文调查了湖南界牌陶瓷厂２３４５例工人１９７２－１９９４年的死因，追访到１９９４年底，共死亡３９３人，全死因标化死亡率不比全国居民平均水平超高，队列研究不支持接尘与全癌，肺癌，肝癌及胃癌有关，但陶工尘肺患者中，除肺癌死亡较多外，其它恶性肿瘤未见高发。病例对照研究不支持接尘及尘肺与肺癌及肝癌相关，仅提示吸是肺癌发病的危险因素。     

Retrospective mortality cohort study of Italian workers compensated for silicosis

Objectives

To estimate cause specific mortality in a large cohort of Italian workers compensated for silicosis.

Methods

The cohort included 14 929 subjects (14 098 men and 831 women) compensated for silicosis between 1946 and 1979, alive on 1 January 1980, and resident in Tuscany (a region of central Italy with 3 547 000 inhabitants). Mortality follow up ranged from 1980 to 1999. Vital status and the causes of death were determined by linkage with the regional mortality registry and with the national mortality database. The cohort mortality rates were compared to the rates of the local reference population. SMRs and their 95% confidence intervals were computed assuming a Poisson distribution of the observed deaths. Specific SMR analyses were performed according to the level of disability, the year of compensation assignment, and the job type.

Results

A significant excess mortality was observed in male silicotics for cancer of the lung, trachea, and bronchus and cancer of the liver, respiratory diseases (silicosis, asbestosis, antracosilicosis, and other pneumoconiosis), and for tubercolosis. Statistically significant mortality excess was observed in female silicotics for respiratory diseases (specifically silicosis and other pneumoconiosis) and tuberculosis. Analyses for period of compensation assignment showed a twofold increased SMR for biliary tract cancer among female workers and for liver cancer among male workers compensated before 1970.

Conclusions

The excess mortality from respiratory tract cancers and respiratory tract diseases detected in Italian compensated silicotics are in agreement with previous epidemiological studies. Although the twofold increased risk for liver cancer among males is suggestive of a possible association with silica dust exposure, the finding needs to be confirmed.     

Risk of gastric cancer in pneumoconiotic coal miners and the effect of respiratory impairment.

OBJECTIVES--This study was carried out to investigate the mortality patterns in a group of 3790 coal miners. The study population had abnormal chest x ray films at a routine medical examination that was performed in the 1950s. METHODS--The total group of 3790 coal miners were followed up for mortality up to 1 January 1992. Causes of death, determined and coded at time of death, were traced with help from the Central Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS--Total mortality in this group of coal miners with abnormal chest x ray films was significantly higher than expected (SMR 127.1, 95% CI 122.5-131.6), mainly a reflection of the increase in mortality from non-malignant respiratory disease (SMR 411.0, 95% CI 382.3-441.3). Mortality from gastric cancer was also significantly increased (SMR 147.5, 95% CI 122.3-176.3). This risk of mortality from gastric cancer was confined to workers with no pneumoconiosis or only a mild form. Despite the strong relation to duration of employment and pneumoconiosis the group of workers with more severe manifestations of pneumoconiosis did not experience an excess in mortality from gastric cancer. CONCLUSION--This study confirms the earlier reported risk of gastric cancer in coal miners. Also it confirms the hypothesis that this risk of gastric cancer is limited to workers with a mild degree of pneumoconiosis or none. In workers with severe forms of pneumoconiosis the pulmonary clearance system is impaired in such a way that the inhaled coal dust does not reach the digestive tract.