内皮损伤相关因子在小鼠肝小静脉闭塞病模型中的表达

随着中草药的广泛应用,近年我国因误服含吡咯烷类生物碱（PAs）的中草药致肝小静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的报道逐渐增多.目的：探讨内皮细胞损伤及其相关因子在HVOD发病中的作用.方法：分别以土三七灌胃30 d和野百合碱灌胃7 d诱导小鼠HVOD模型.动物处死后行血清肝功能指标榆测和全血细胞计数;肝组织切片HE染色、Masson三色染色,行组织学评分;RT-PCR检测肝组织内皮损伤相关因子内皮素-1（ET-1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）以及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（PAI-1）的表达.结果：土三七组和野百合碱组成模率分别为80.0%和92.0%.两模型组小鼠体质量、肝指数、血清肝功能指标和全血细胞计数的变化以及肝组织学改变符合人类HVOD的临床和病理特征,肝组织ET-1、TNF-α、IL-1β和PAI-1 mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0.05）,其中土三七组PAI-1 mRNA表达显著高于野百合碱组（P〈0.05）.结论：土三七和野百合碱均可成功诱导小鼠HVOD模型,模型小鼠肝组织内皮损伤相关因子表达显著增高,提示内皮细胞损伤后内皮损伤相关因子的释放参与了HVOD的发生过程.     

血管内皮生长因子表达与丹参预防肝小静脉闭塞病机制的研究

目的利用不同剂量丹参干预土三七诱导小鼠肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)模型,检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达,探讨丹参预防HVOD发生的作用机制。方法将100只小鼠随机分为4组,分别予磷酸缓冲液(PBS)、土三七、土三七+100 mg/kg丹参、土三七+200 mg/kg丹参灌胃,连续30 d后处死小鼠。通过修改后Deleve评分标准评价小鼠HVOD成模情况;免疫组化检测VEGF蛋白表达水平;RT-PCR检测VEGF mRNA水平。结果丹参干预组与土三七模型组比较,VEGF蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低(P0.05),200 mg/kg丹参组的VEGF表达水平较100 mg/kg丹参组下降更明显(P0.05)。结论不同剂量丹参可减少土三七诱导小鼠HVOD的发生,抑制VEGF的表达可能是丹参预防HVOD发生的重要作用机制之一。     

土三七生物碱成分分析及肝小静脉闭塞病小鼠模型建立

[目的]提取并鉴定土三七中有毒生物碱成分，初步探讨土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病（VOD）小鼠模型的建立。[方法]用薄层层析和气相色谱-质谱仪结合的方法分离鉴定土三七中总生物碱毒性成分；并将60只昆明小白鼠随机分为2组：实验组用亚致死剂量灌胃，对照组用环磷酰胺，喂养4周，每日测量小鼠体重，并观察其生活状态特别是腹水情况，出现体重短期明显增加或明显腹水，颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠，并送病理室做苏木精-伊红染色，病理切片观察。[结果]土三七根部总生物碱的提取率为0．105％，在土三七根部发现超过5种吡咯烷生物碱（PAs），其中有3种具有较强肝毒性的分别为：千里光宁、千里光非宁和全缘千里光碱。有9只小白鼠病理组织检查中，出现和人类似的符合VOD诊断标准的表现；其中6只来源于实验组，3只来源于对照组，2组之间差异无统计学意义。[结论]土三七根部含有超过5种PAs；实验表明用这种方法能够成功建立VOD小鼠模型。     

一例土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病患者的观察及护理

正肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic veno-occlusive disease,HVOD)是一种以肝脏小静脉闭塞为特征的疾病。此病的发病机制还未完全阐明,国内报道主要由服用土三七引起。研究发现,土三七有肝毒性,可能与其含有吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)有关[1]。临床主要表现为黄疸、肝区疼痛、肝脏肿大、体重增加并伴或不伴有腹水等[2]。由于HVOD是一种少见病,然近几年多发,现将护理体会报道如下     

中药土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病的文献分析

[目的]探讨中药土三七导致肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)的临床特点,提高对HVOD的病因及诊断、治疗的认识。[方法]通过检索2001~2011年国内医药学期刊中关于土三七导致HVOD的文献,对报道的166例患者进行综合统计分析。[结果]土三七导致HVOD可能与吡咯烷生物碱相关,其发病与患者服药时间长短以及服药总量等有关,主要表现可有腹胀、腹痛、恶心呕吐、乏力、食欲减退、黄疸、肝肿大和腹腔积液等,实验室可见肝功能相关指标异常,影像学检查及肝活检病理检查对诊断有重要意义。[结论]含有吡咯烷生物碱的土三七是导致HVOD的一个重要原因,临床上应慎用或避免大量使用该类药物。并且应该对患者进行安全意识教育,规范药物使用方法和剂量,指导临床合理使用。     

土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病的临床特点分析

肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic vero-occlusive disease,HVOD)是指肝小叶中央静脉和小叶下静脉损伤导致管腔狭窄或闭塞而产生的肝内窦后性门静脉高压.近年来国内有报道服用中药土三七后可致HVOD.本研究分析我院7例服用土三七致HVOD者的临床特点和诊治经验.     

川芎嗪对土三七诱导的小鼠肝小静脉闭塞病治疗机制的研究

背景:肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)临床上以肝肿大、黄疸、腹水和体重增加为特征,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗手段。本课题前期研究发现川芎嗪对土三七诱导的小鼠HVOD具有治疗作用。目的:探讨川芎嗪对土三七诱导的小鼠HVOD的治疗机制。方法:将115只小鼠随机分为土三七组(土三七浓缩煎液30 g·kg~(~(-1))·d~(-1)灌胃)、低剂量川芎嗪干预组(土三七浓缩煎液30 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)+川芎嗪100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌胃)、高剂量川芎嗪干预组(土三七浓缩煎液30 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)+川芎嗪200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌胃)和正常对照组(PBS 30 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌胃),30 d后处死所有小鼠。行HE染色和Masson染色,以RT-PCR法和蛋白质印迹法分别检测肝组织中组织因子(TF)、核因子(NF)-κBp65、早期生长反应因子~(-1)(Egr~(-1))mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:HE染色和Masson染色结果显示川芎嗪可明显改善HVOD小鼠肝组织病理损伤。土三七组TF、NF-κBp65和Egr~(-1) mRNA和蛋白表达显著高于正常对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);川芎嗪干预后,TF、NF-κBp65和Egr~(-1) mRNA和蛋白表达均不同程度下降(P0.05),以高剂量组下降更为明显,而高剂量川芎嗪干预组与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:川芎嗪可能通过下调NF-κBp65和Egr~(-1)表达降低TF水平,阻止凝血系统活化,从而有效治疗HVOD,且高剂量川芎嗪的疗效更为确切。     

土三七致肝小静脉闭塞症2例

肝小静脉闭塞症(veno-occlusive disease of theliver,VOD)是由于某种原因导致的肝小叶中央静脉和小叶下静脉狭窄或闭塞而产生的肝内窦后性门脉高压症[1]。在我国,野百合碱中毒是VOD的主要病因。本文报告食用土三七导致肝小静脉闭塞症2例。1病例资料1.1病例11.1.1主诉患者,男性,44岁,因"乏力、纳差、腹胀、尿黄1个月,加重10天"于2009年5月22日就诊于     

土三七致急性肝小静脉闭塞症1例报告

<正>肝小静脉闭塞症(hepatic venular occlusion disease,HVOD)又称肝窦阻塞综合征,其病理过程是肝小叶中央静脉和内皮下静脉内皮细胞受损、肿胀、纤维化,引起血管狭窄和闭塞,从而导致肝细胞萎缩,肝脏弥漫性纤维化等。我国HVOD常见病因主要是接触吡啶类生物碱(pyridine alkaloids,PA),如土三七、千里光等,而西方国家因造血干细胞移植相关的化疗药物、免疫抑制剂的应用所致HVOD较常见[1-3]。研究[3]表明,90%患者     

肝静脉闭塞病的临床和病理研究

目的通过对肝静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的临床和病理特点研究,提高对该病的认识.方法回顾性分析因骨髓移植和服用土三七所致12例HVOD的临床和病理特征.结果骨髓移植所致HVOD常表现为急性起病,且病情较重;而土三七所致HVOD除急性起病外,也可以表现为亚急性、慢性起病,且病情轻重不一,可能与土三七的剂量和疗程以及个体差异相关.抗凝疗法治疗急性和亚急性HVOD疗效优于慢性HVOD.两者所致HVOD的病理均表现为肝窦扩张、瘀血,肝索挤压、萎缩,肝细胞坏死,胆汁淤积,而肝小静脉缩窄甚至闭塞等典型表现并不常见,可能与经皮肝穿刺活检术有很大局限性有关.结论骨髓移植和应用土三七应警惕HVOD的发生,争取早期诊断和及时治疗.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.