消化系统恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏的治疗

目的探讨消化系统恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏的治疗。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2012年2月间中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院收治的19例消化系统恶性肿瘤术后出现淋巴漏的患者的临床资料。结果19例患者淋巴漏均发生于术后2～4d,均先采用早期禁食、肠外营养、24h持续静滴生长抑素等保守治疗及腹腔引流管低负压吸引．其中8例引流液显著减少。经保守治疗6～10d治愈：10例引流液减少并稳定至200ml／d左右,进行肠内营养,并每天使用泛影葡胺30ml经引流管反复冲洗,12。24d治愈;另1例患者经保守治疗1周后引流液无明显减少,且自觉腹胀明显。于术后第11天行再次开腹手术缝扎淋巴漏管裂口．术后第4天拔除腹腔引流管．治愈出院。结论消化系统恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏经保守治疗大多数能治愈．生长抑素的使用和腹腔引流管局部处理为主要措施。对于保守治疗无效者应行手术治疗．以防止严重并发症的发生。     

胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏原因分析及处理对策

探讨胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏的发生原因及治疗措施。回顾性分析2005年1月—2013年12月漯河医专一附院(漯河市中心医院)胃肠外科收治的36例胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏的患者的临床资料。淋巴漏均发生于术后早期(2~5 d),采用早期禁食或低脂膳食、肠外营养、持续生长抑素及腹腔充分引流等保守治疗,其中33例引流液逐渐减少,8~26 d治愈;2例患者经保守治疗10 d引流量持续1000 mL/d,于术后第14天再次行开腹手术治疗,术后治愈;另1例患者因合并腹腔感染、营养消耗衰竭死亡。胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后淋巴漏首选保守治疗方法,腹腔引流管局部处理和肠外营养联合生长抑素为主要措施,大多数治愈。而长时程引流量1000 mL/d或保守治疗无效应手术治疗。     

肾移植术后伤口淋巴漏和淋巴囊肿分析

目的：探讨尸肾移植术后发生伤口淋巴漏和髂窝淋巴囊肿的原因及其防治方法。方法：统计489例尸肾移植患者，对其中发生术后长时间伤口淋巴漏或症状性髂窝淋巴囊肿的患者进行回顾性分析。结果：尸肾移植术后发生长时间伤口淋巴漏8例，症状性髂窝淋巴囊肿7例。治疗方法包括体外引流、硬化剂治疗及腹腔内引流术等。结论：肾移植手术应防止操作粗暴，以减少受者淋巴管的损伤和移植肾淋巴液漏出；对术后长时间伤口淋巴漏和出现症状的髂窝淋巴囊肿，应给予积极处理。     

颈椎手术后并发脑脊液漏的原因和处理

目的：分析颈椎手术后并发脑脊液漏（CSFL）的原因，探讨其处理方法及疗效。方法：1999年12月～2004年12月共行颈椎减压手术562例，术后发生CSFL5例，其中4例为前路减压时切除后纵韧带骨化块或椎体后方骨赘时直接损伤硬膜所致，1例为后路颈椎管双开门扩大成形后发生CSFL。但术中未见明确硬膜撕裂：4例在术后1～3d发现，1例于术后第9d发现。发现CSFL后均拔除伤口引流、缝合封闭皮肤裂口、常规应用抗生素，并采取头高脚低位和经腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗。结果：5例漏口均在1～3d内停止渗出．4～8d内伤口愈合。引流时间11～16d，引流量每天150～410ml，平均320ml。引流过程中4例出现头痛、恶心、呕吐：1例有嗜睡、神志淡漠，检查发现有低钠血症，予补液、对症处理后症状缓解。术后随访10～38个月（平均20个月），无切口感染及脑脊液囊肿形成。结论：密闭伤口、头高脚低位并经腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗颈椎术后CSFL，有利于漏口闭合，操作简单易行，是值得应用的非手术治疗措施。     

铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的临床分析

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的方法及效果。方法笔者所在医院2012年4月至2012年7月期间共治疗甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后顽固性淋巴漏患者4例,均采用铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗。将铜绿假单胞菌注射液（1 mL或2 mL）通过引流管逆行注射到创腔,夹闭引流管1 h后再开放引流管。结果 4例患者注射前1 d 24 h引流量分别为200、350、540及810 mL,其中2例患者为乳糜漏,引流时间分别为7 d和15 d;另2例患者为单纯淋巴漏,引流时间分别为13 d和14 d。注射1 d后,引流量分别减少至20、45、120及255 mL,4 d后4例患者均顺利拔除引流管。4例患者治疗后均有不同程度的发热,经物理降温后体温恢复;均有不同程度的局部疼痛感,3例患者疼痛能耐受,另1例疼痛剧烈患者予以美洛昔康口服后缓解。结论铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后顽固性淋巴漏的疗效显著。     

胃癌根治术后腹腔淋巴漏的诊治体会

目的探讨胃癌根治术后腹腔淋巴漏发生的原因及防治。方法对我院1998年1月至2008年6月行胃癌根治手术的756例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析并总结。结果756例胃癌根治术后发生腹腔淋巴漏8例,占1.058%(8/756)。发生时间为术后3~7 d,引流量为200~1000 ml/d,引流时间8~40 d,经非手术治疗后均治愈。结论术前充分准备,改善患者全身状态,术中选择合适的手术范围,提高手术技巧,可以减少术后腹腔淋巴漏的发生。术后一旦出现淋巴漏,保守疗法均可治愈。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏原因分析及防治

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后胆漏的原因及防治对策。方法选取2008-01—2017-01间在新密市第一人民医院实施LC的1 203例患者,其中10例(0.83%)术后并发胆漏。对发生胆漏患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 10例胆漏患者均在术后经腹腔引流管中引流出胆汁确诊。其中6例引流量较少,考虑为胆囊床毛细胆管或微细迷走胆管损伤所致。5例患者经充分引流后,术后5~12 d痊愈,1例经鼻胆管引流后21 d痊愈。4例引流量较多的患者,持续2周无减少趋势,经ERCP检查发现造影剂由胆囊管残端漏出2例,由胆总管侧壁漏出2例。前者再次腔镜手术发现为胆囊管残端钛夹脱落所致,给予结扎后痊愈;后者考虑为术中胆总管电灼伤所致,经开腹手术行胆总管T管引流术,术后3周拔除T管愈合。结论 LC术后并发胆漏的原因较为复杂,多与胆囊的炎症程度、局部粘连情况、结石是否嵌顿、胆囊萎缩局部纤维化等因素有关。胆囊床放置引流管可早期对胆漏进行诊断,并防止发生胆汁性腹膜炎而影响预后。可根据发生胆漏的部位、原因采取个体化治疗措施。严格掌握LC的手术适应证,并采用合理的治疗方法,规范进行手术操作是预防发生胆漏的关键。     

不同术后引流方式在腰椎融合手术中的应用比较

目的在后路腰椎融合手术中,对比持续负压引流和交替引流的疗效差异。方法自2016-03-2017-03共纳入70例后路腰椎融合手术患者,随机分为两组,其中对照组31例,术后留置常规持续负压引流(保持1/2个大气压);研究组39例采用交替引流:术后24 h内留置持续负压引流,24 h后则更换为常压引流直至拔除引流管。结果两组患者术后的引流管放置时间、术后卧床时间、VAS评分改善情况,以及术后24 h和7 d时的体温情况对比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);但研究组患者术后总引流量为(197.46±37.82)ml,显著少于对照组的(322.58±81.69)ml,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后均未发生切口皮下血肿、感染、脑脊液漏等并发症,切口均顺利愈合。结论对后路腰椎融合手术切口予以"交替引流",可显著减少总引流量,且并未增加术后并发症,对患者康复进程亦无不良影响,其操作简单,有较好的临床应用价值。     

负压封闭引流治疗体表淋巴漏的初步观察

目的 探讨负压封闭引流装置对术后淋巴漏的治疗作用.方法 22例术后淋巴漏患者,年龄(38.4±18.6)岁,其中男性14例,女性8例.病程超过2周的慢性淋巴漏者12例,接受开放式VAC治疗;10例为初发淋巴漏患者,接受闭合式VAC治疗.结果 22例淋巴漏患者经VAC治疗后创面全部愈合,淋巴漏消失.12例慢性淋巴漏患者VAC应用时间平均为(14.6±9.6)d;10例初发淋巴漏患者平均VAC治疗时间为(6.7±3.2)d.两组患者治疗期间均无严重并发症.结论 采用负压封闭吸引能够有效地治疗术后淋巴漏.     

腰大池引流治疗颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏

目的分析持续腰大池引流治疗颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏的临床效果。方法回顾性分析第二军医大学附属长征医骨肿瘤科2013年7月—2015年12月收治的接受颈椎肿瘤手术的264例患者资料(术后转至上海开元骨科医院继续治疗),其中颈椎肿瘤术后发生脑脊液漏并行持续腰大池引流的患者47例。24例患者因积极一般治疗后症状无明显缓解、13例伤口渗液明显、2例疑似合并颅内感染、8例2周的一般治疗后引流量仍较大而分别选择行腰大池引流。记录置管时间及引流时间,观察伤口愈合情况。结果所有患者经持续腰大池引流治疗后均获痊愈。持续引流7~43 d,平均13.8 d,腰大池置管时间为1~19 d,平均7.1 d。随访中有2例出现脑脊液囊肿,给予患者局部穿刺引流并局部加压包扎后治愈,其余无严重并发症。结论颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏患者行持续腰大池引流治疗能有效控制患者不适症状,有助于伤口愈合,可预防和治疗颅内感染等,疗效确切。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.