初级卫生保健评价指标体系的运用分析

借鉴国家卫生部对中国农村初级卫生保健发展情况的中期评估经验,对上海市某区进行阶段性评估。根据此次评估经历,对研究所使用的评估指标体系进行分析和讨论,包括指标的可得性、敏感性和评价体系的适用性等,在此基础上,对初级卫生保健评价指标体系提出了相关修改建议。     

Nursing as a history subject: reflecting on the theme

In this study we propose a reflection on nursing as an object of history. Our proposal is based on studies which have dealt with the history of nursing in Brazil and with the new perspectives of history studies. Our reflection is guided by an analysis of the history of nursing in Brazil and the social circumstances which determined the development of this profession in this context. This research adopted methodological proposals which are usually used in historical studies. The data collection was done through oral history and the analysis of documentary sources. The review of the social phenomenon, through the data collected, showed the importance of studies of historic nature and how much these can help on the understanding of the nursing professional identity as well as on the strengthening of this category. We hope that this project motivates the production of other works on this subject and calls the attention for the importance of preserving our historical memory.     

Maternal-infant bonding and the mother's participation during venipuncture: a psychoanalytic perspective

Professionals discuss accompanying mothers' participation during painful procedures as a possibility of care to mother and child, but there is no consensus on this subject. To contribute to this topic, this study addresses the child's needs during venipuncture in a hospital environment and the mother's participation in this procedure, based on authors from psychoanalysis and mother-child bonding.     

意识形态与译者主体性对翻译"对等"的操纵

该文从论述意识形态对翻译的影响入手,论证了意识形态通过译者这一媒介对所谓翻译是否对等的无形操纵,指出翻译的对等受语言外部诸多因素,尤其是译者主体性的制约,从而强调了译者的主体性.     

Constructing Empirical Bioethics: Foucauldian Reflections on the Empirical Turn in Bioethics Research

The empirical turn in bioethics has been widely discussed by philosophical medical ethicists and social scientists. The focus of this discussion has been almost exclusively on methodological issues in research, on the admissibility of empirical evidence in rational argument, and on the possible superiority of empirical methods for permitting democratic lay involvement in decision-making. In this paper I consider how the collection of qualitative and quantitative social research evidence plays its part in the construction of social order, and how this creates certain paradoxes for the normative ideal of a public bioethics. The analysis in this paper is based on Foucauldian ideas, and on recent work in the history of the human sciences. The paper closes with some open questions for theoretical work in the sociology and philosophy of bioethics.     

Spousal violence in Bangladesh: a call for a public-health response

Spousal violence against women is a serious public-health issue. Although there is a growing body of literature on this subject, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the prevalence of this violence, the risk factors, the consequences, and how to address the issue. The purpose of this literature review is to organize and synthesize the empirical evidence on spousal violence against women in Bangladesh and to provide direction for both researchers and practitioners for future work in this area. The review suggests that spousal violence against women is high in Bangladesh. The list of correlates is long and inconclusive. Although there is evidence on adverse consequences of this violence on health of women and their children, more research is needed to explore the multifaceted consequences of violence for women, children, families, and communities. Action research is needed to develop and test preventive and curative interventions.     

Sexual trauma and pregnancy: a conceptual framework

In this paper, we propose that a history of sexual traumatization is associated with pregnancy complications and poor pregnancy-related outcomes. We further hypothesize that this relationship is mediated by the sequelae of trauma (psychopathology, health problems, and increased negative health behaviors). We review the literature linking sexual trauma with psychopathology, health, and health behavior and then outline the impact of these variables on pregnancy. Based on this review, we draw conclusions about the potential impact of sexual trauma on pregnancy outcomes. We suggest future directions for this area of research and discuss the clinical implications of this association, including the development of prenatal intervention and prevention programs.     

A Behavioral Economic Model of Alcohol Advertising and Price

This paper presents a new empirical study of the effects of televised alcohol advertising and alcohol price on alcohol consumption. A novel feature of this study is that the empirical work is guided by insights from behavioral economic theory. Unlike the theory used in most prior studies, this theory predicts that restriction on alcohol advertising on TV would be more effective in reducing consumption for individuals with high consumption levels but less effective for individuals with low consumption levels. The estimation work employs data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the empirical model is estimated with quantile regressions. The results show that advertising has a small positive effect on consumption and that this effect is relatively larger at high consumption levels. The continuing importance of alcohol taxes is also supported. Education is employed as a proxy for self‐regulation, and the results are consistent with this assumption. The key conclusion is that restrictions on alcohol advertising on TV would have a small negative effect on drinking, and this effect would be larger for heavy drinkers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对人工关节置换技术临床应用情况的调查分析

文章通过对全国人工关节置换技术临床应用情况的调查与分析，阐述此项技术的发展现况、存在的问题，以及今后如何加强技术管理等内容。     

The impacts of positive psychological states on physical health: A review and theoretical framework

While much research has focused on the impacts of negative psychological states, such as stress, on physical health, relatively little research has examined the effects of positive psychological states. We suggest this imbalance is attributable to inadequate theoretical and methodological development regarding the impacts of positive psychological states on health. This paper presents a framework by which positive psychological states may influence physical health. Following this, we review evidence pertaining to this framework. We conclude by discussing methodological issues associated with this relatively new area of inquiry.     

Accountingization, trust and medical dilemmas

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of accounting on clinical practices. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This paper reviews existing studies of clinical budgeting, analyses publicly available data on cost-effectiveness recommendations for the NHS; analyses publicly available data on the influence of accounting in medical dilemmas. FINDINGS: The paper finds that there is limited evidence of clinical budgeting dominating clinical decisions, but there is some evidence of central agency directions on appropriateness of treatments, but this is on a cost-effectiveness basis. Numerous examples of adverse medical outcomes are cited in this paper--but with limited influence of accounting in these decisions. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The paper shows that the combination of accounting and medical data in a topical matter makes this an original and distinctive study.     

Productive restructuring and consequences for the work in health

This paper describes health care work in the context of the service sector and the current production restructuring process occurring in the world. It shows that the intensive use of high-end technological equipment and outsourcing are the main features of this process in the health area and that there are few innovations in terms of organization and work management. Concerning the impacts of the implantation of the production process in this area, it shows that, although unemployment is one of the most negative impacts, it has not yet affected the health sector. The paper also deals with the effects of production restructuring on work conditions, on the outcome of this work and on workers' health conditions. It indicates that this process does not result from economic determinism and that organized action among different social groups can influence the consequences for workers and users of the health care services. Finally, the paper concludes that there is a need for further studies on this area in order to achieve a better understanding of this process.     

Metopism: as an indicator of cranial pathology; a good example from Iranian plateau

Metopism had been observed as a genetic trait. Recent studies have brought to light that it can get as an indicator of cranial pathology. An example of this pathology has been studied by this author on an Iranian skeletal sample. The purpose of this paper is to provide basic information on the subject and thereby to create awareness among Iranian anthropologists and archaeologists of this new line of evidence as well as to pathologists.     

Role of guidelines in the context of future management of the social state

The discussion on guidelines concerns contexts which clearly go beyond isolated medical facts. Particularly in view of complex nature of interlinked medical, organisational and financial processes in health care this discussion fulfils an important function. Rationality of diagnostic and therapeutic events for which in particular physicians are responsible has to be improved so that rationalisation which helps to avoid rationing may be established also in this field. The following text describes this context, gives examples to illustrate the situation and on this basis formulates expectations to be fulfilled by all those involved in this process.     

Disputing taste: foods pleasure as an achievement in interaction

While identity has been a dominant topic in research on food choice, literature on identity in consumers' everyday life is scarce. In this article we draw on insights from discursive psychology to demonstrate how members of an online forum on food pleasure handle the hedonic appreciation of food in everyday interaction. We examined 40 discussions consisting of 1715 e-mails related to culinary topics. The analysis focuses on the way in which the participants of this forum work up and establish their identities as 'gourmets'. A dominant tool in performing this identity work is the discursive construction of independent access to knowledge of and experience with food items, so as to compete with or resist the epistemic superiority of a preceding evaluation. Data are presented with nine examples of the 73 manifestations of the construction of independent access. Contrary to sensory approaches to food choice, this study depicts the enjoyment of food as an interactional achievement rather than a pure physiological sensation. Wider implications of this study for the relation between food, identity and taste are discussed.     

Disputing taste: food pleasure as an achievement in interaction

While identity has been a dominant topic in research on food choice, literature on identity in consumers' everyday life is scarce. In this article we draw on insights from discursive psychology to demonstrate how members of an online forum on food pleasure handle the hedonic appreciation of food in everyday interaction. We examined 40 discussions consisting of 1715 e-mails related to culinary topics. The analysis focuses on the way in which the participants of this forum work up and establish their identities as "gourmets". A dominant tool in performing this identity work is the discursive construction of independent access to knowledge of and experience with food items, so as to compete with or resist the epistemic superiority of a preceding evaluation. Data are presented with nine examples of the 73 manifestations of the construction of independent access. Contrary to sensory approaches to food choice, this study depicts the enjoyment of food as an interactional achievement rather than a pure physiological sensation. Wider implications of this study for the relation between food, identity and taste are discussed.     

A Fair Range of Choice: Justifying Maximum Patient Choice in the British National Health Service

In this paper I put forward an ethical argument for the provision of extensive patient choice by the British National Health Service. I base this argument on traditional liberal rights to freedom of choice, on a welfare right to health care, and on a view of health as values-based. I argue that choice, to be ethically sustainable on this basis, must be values-based and rational. I also consider whether the British taxpayer may be persuadable with regard to the moral acceptability of patient choice, making use of Rawls’ theory of political liberalism in this context. I identify issues that present problems in terms of public acceptance of choice, and also identify a boundary issue with regard to public health choices as against individual choices.     

A closer look at the Mozambique reality: nursing and health

Identity and memory of Nursing are built through studies on historical, political and social aspects of the profession and its collective organizations searching to strengthening its values. In this view, goals of this study are: to share with nursing professionals and students an experience of visiting Mozambique and collecting some information on social, political, health and living conditions of people within this country; and, to disseminate this experience among nurses and colleagues in order to stimulate similar very enriching learning opportunities.     

Perioperative management of the elderly trauma patient.

This article reviews the physiology and pathology associated with ageing and the impact these may have on the perioperative and anaesthetic care of the elderly trauma patient. The current literature on this subject is summarized and, based on this, recommendations are made for perioperative management.