Subepithelial corneal amyloid deposits in a case of congenital glaucoma: a case report

PURPOSE: To report a rare association of subepithelial amyloid deposits in a long-standing case of congenital glaucoma. METHODS: A 5-year-old girl was brought to the emergency service with complaints of bleeding from the left eye after injury to the eye with the door handle. Parents gave history of enlarged black portion of the eye since birth with increasing white opacity from the age of 6 months. On examination under general anesthesia, the left eye showed a limbal tear extending from 7 to 3.30 o'clock position and uveal prolapse. The right eye showed corneal edema, megalocornea, central white raised plaque, and high intraocular pressure. A diagnosis of bilateral congenital glaucoma with open globe injury, left eye, corneal scarring with degeneration, right eye was made and was advised enucleation. The enucleated eye was submitted for routine histologic examination. At a 3-year follow-up, there was an increase in the corneal scarring, with no significant improvement in vision. The child refused keratoplasty and was referred to low vision centre for visual rehabilitation. RESULTS: The enucleated eye was distorted and filled with blood. The cornea showed confluent pink homogenous wavy deposits in the subepithelial region. These deposits appeared brick red with Congo Red stain and showed apple green birefringence when viewed under polarized filters, confirming the amyloid nature of the deposits. There was loss of ganglion cell layer in the detached retina. CONCLUSION: The subepithelial amyloid deposits, presumably bilateral, in advanced case of congenital glaucoma were possibly secondary to the long-standing edema, scarring and vascularization. These secondary changes should be kept in mind as they could contribute to further deterioration in vision in advanced cases.     

青光眼合并白内障患者的围手术期处理

目的:探讨青光眼合并白内障患者进行综合因素处理的临床效果。方法:对65例79眼青光眼合并白内障患者进行耐心的心理疏导和认真的术前准备后于表面麻醉下行小切口手法碎核白内障摘除、人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术,观察麻醉效果、眼压、术后视力,角膜内皮细胞等情况。结果:有97.5%患者对麻醉效果满意。术后视力均有所提高。眼压控制良好。术后角膜内皮细胞平均丢失率6.9%。结论:对青光眼合并白内障患者选择表面麻醉下小切口手法碎核白内障摘除、人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术是安全、有效的,可以提高患者的生活质量。     

Necrosis of the eyelids and sclera after retrobulbar anesthesia

A 52-year-old man had loss of vision and black discoloration of the lids of the right eye after a retrobulbar injection of 3 mL lidocaine hydrochloride 2% (Xylocaine). Examination of the right eye revealed no light perception with extensive necrosis of the lids. Anterior segment examination revealed conjunctival pallor, corneal edema, and necrosis of the sclera. This is a previously unreported complication of retrobulbar anesthesia comprising ophthalmic artery occlusion with scleral melt, ocular ischemia, and eyelid necrosis.     

Inadvertent ocular perforation during lid anesthesia for hordeolum removal

PURPOSE: Ocular perforation during lid anesthesia is rarely reported. We describe here a case of inadvertent corneal perforation and traumatic cataract that occurred during lid anesthesia in a procedure for hordeolum removal. METHODS: A 33-year-old woman presented with a sudden visual loss of her left eye. She had undergone hordeolum removal the day before at a local clinic. On ophthalmologic examination, the cornea was perforated and the lens cortex was extruded into the anterior chamber. After cataract removal and IOL implantation, antibiotics were injected into the vitreous. RESULTS: Her final visual acuity of the left eye was 20/20. Postoperative specular microscopic examination revealed a normal-range endothelial cell count, coefficient of variation, and hexagonality despite the intracameral lidocaine injection. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthetic injection of an infected lid should be done with great caution. Although there are possibilities of corneal endothelial toxicity and endophthalmitis in case of intracameral lidocaine injection through the infected lid, yet proper management may save the patient's vision without complications.     

Ophthalmologic sequelae of thermal burns over ten years at the Alfred Hospital

PURPOSE: To study the ocular outcomes of facial burns over a 10-year period at the Alfred Hospital; in particular, to investigate the impact of 3 variables (grading of burn, use of prophylactic ocular surface lubrication, and timing of ophthalmologic referral) on the requirements for eyelid surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients admitted to the Alfred Hospital (from October 1990 to October 2000) after thermal burns with facial, eyelid, and ocular involvement. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were identified with facial burns involving the lids or eyes, having been admitted over a 10-year period. Of these 66, 7 died of complications of the burns and 12 required eye or eyelid surgery. Of those patients treated with prophylactic ocular surface lubrication, the rate of ocular surgery was 18.4% as opposed to 30% when no prophylaxis was used. The higher the percentage of total burn, the later the referral was made. Of those with severe eyelid burns, 100% had eyelid surgery and 50% of moderate burns had eyelid surgery. Sixty percent of moderate eyelid burns that required surgery did not receive prophylaxis. Thirty-four of 66 patients had acute corneal involvement, but only 3 eyes of 118 had long-term corneal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The requirement for eyelid surgery was closely related to the severity of the eyelid burn. The presence of an acute corneal burn with epithelial loss was not a poor prognosticator. The use of prophylactic ocular surface lubrication may provide early corneal protection, thereby minimizing ulceration in patients who may otherwise have required surgery, especially in those with mild to moderate exposure. Prompt ophthalmologic examination and the early use of prophylactic ocular surface lubrication for the cornea are associated with less need for eyelid surgery in patients with moderate eyelid burns.     

新鲜羊膜移植治疗急性期眼化学伤的临床观察

目的：观察新鲜羊膜移植治疗急性期眼化学伤的临床疗效。
　　方法：回顾性分析我院急性期眼化学伤患者25例36眼的临床资料,采用新鲜羊膜移植观察术后羊膜溶解时间、角膜上皮及透明度恢复、视力恢复及并发症情况。
　　结果：随访3~6mo,矫正视力均有不同程度的提高或保持不变(100%)。31眼(86%)羊膜在2 wk 内溶解。33眼(92%)角膜上皮在4wk内完全愈合,3眼(8%)角膜上皮持续缺损,Ⅱ期需行角膜缘干细胞移植或角膜移植术。角膜缘有不同程度的新生血管10眼(28%),角膜基质有不同程度的混浊6眼(17%),晚期发生睑球粘连1眼(3%)。
　　结论：新鲜羊膜移植是目前治疗急性期眼化学伤较为理想的手术方法,早期羊膜移植对于恢复视力,重建眼表,降低伤后并发症具有明显疗效。同时,由于新鲜羊膜具有来源广泛、取材简单、使用方便等优点,非常适合在基层医院使用。     

Reverse ptosis-induced corneal steepening and decreased vision after LASIK surgery

PURPOSE: To report a patient with a past history of LASIK who had decreased vision and induced corneal steepening after lower eyelid ptosis. Surgical correction of lower eyelid ptosis decreased the corneal steepening and improved visual acuity. METHODS: Interventional case report. RESULTS: A 37-year-old woman had a history of bilateral LASIK, childhood strabismus surgery, and multiple surgeries to release scarring and improve motility in her left eye. Last surgery to release scar tissue resulted in reverse ptosis (lower eyelid ptosis) and decreased visual acuity from induced corneal steepening. Correction of lower eyelid ptosis by reinsertion of the retractor complex resulted in decreasing corneal steepening, improved visual acuity, and good anatomic position of the lower eyelid. CONCLUSION: Lower eyelid ptosis may induce corneal steepening and decreased vision after LASIK. Surgical correction of ptosis can decrease the extent of steepening and improve visual acuity.     

原发性先天性青光眼儿童的视力分析

目的：评估原发性先天性青光眼（PCG）患儿抗青光眼术后眼压控制后的视力状况并分析视力损害的 影响因素。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。收集2017年6月至2018年2月在中山眼科中心接受青光眼 手术治疗后眼压控制（眼压≤21 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）的45例（72眼）PCG患儿的详细资料, 包括性别、年龄、受累眼别、发病年龄、术前眼压/角膜直径/眼轴、首次手术年龄、手术类型/次数、 术前及末次随访使用降眼压药情况、视力、末次随访杯盘比及视网膜神经纤维层厚度、眼部伴随疾 病等。按末次随访的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）将患眼分为3组：较好组（≥0.4）、中等组（0.3～0.1）和 较差组（<0.1）。采用t检验、χ2 检验和多因素Logistic回归分析视力损害（≤0.3）的危险因素。结果： 45例患儿在末次随访时的BCVA（logMAR）为0.61±0.60,较好组、中等组及较差组分别占54%、 35%和11%;等效球镜度为（-4.07±4.94）D,近视眼占50%。末次随访最常见的眼部伴随疾病是角 膜混浊（36%）。发病年龄、术前用降眼压药数、首次手术年龄、手术次数及角膜混浊与视力预后相 关（P<0.1）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示多次手术（OR=6.252,95%CI：1.174～33.285,P=0.032）是抗青光眼术后视力预后差的主要危险因素。结论：经手术治疗眼压控制的PCG患眼约50%可获得较 好的视力;多次手术是影响PCG患儿术后视力的主要危险因素。早期发现并尽早手术控制眼压,术 后治疗伴随症状并及时矫正屈光不正,有可能降低PCG患儿严重视力损害的发生率。     

Congenital trigeminal anesthesia in two siblings and their long-term follow-up

PURPOSE: To alert ophthalmologists to congenital trigeminal anesthesia as a cause of corneal scarring and amblyopia and its effective treatment with tarsorrhaphies. METHODS: Case reports. A 2-month-old infant presented with bilateral corneal erosions and complete corneal anesthesia. Her sister presented at age 3 years with a corneal ulcer and corneal hypoesthesia (sensation markedly decreased). The father and paternal grandmother of the siblings also had corneal hypoesthesia. RESULTS: Further investigation of the infant revealed bilateral hearing loss, swallowing difficulties, and decreased sensation in the trigeminal nerve distribution. A diagnosis of congenital trigeminal anesthesia was made. The corneal erosions of the patient resolved with bilateral two-thirds width tarsorrhaphies. The girl continues to do well now at 10 years of age with ocular lubrication and superficial corneal scar removal. Her older sister initially required antibiotic ointment for her corneal ulcer but now requires only ocular lubrication for congenital trigeminal anesthesia. CONCLUSION: This study describes the earliest reported use of tarsorrhaphies in an infant with congenital trigeminal anesthesia. The presence of this condition in her sister and relatives makes it one of the few reports of congenital trigeminal anesthesia in more than two generations. Early recognition of this condition is essential in the preservation of useful vision.     

眼睑缝合术加小牛血去蛋白提取物治疗营养不良性角膜溃疡

目的:观察眼睑缝合术联合小牛血去蛋白提取物眼用凝胶治疗营养不良性角膜溃疡的临床疗效。方法:选用我院眼科门诊2008-12/2010-12角膜溃疡患者22例22眼,使用眼睑缝合术联合小牛血蛋白提取物眼用凝胶对角膜溃疡的愈合及视力的提高进行疗效分析。结果:治疗1mo后,角膜愈合情况:痊愈18眼(81%),有效4眼(19%)。术后视力较术前有明显提高。结论:眼睑缝合术联合小牛血去蛋白提取物眼用凝胶治疗营养不良性角膜溃疡,具有溃疡愈合率高,且能有效提高视力的作用。     

Corneal ulcer caused by a wooden foreign body in the upper eyelid 6 months after minor injury

PURPOSE: To describe a case of a wooden foreign body in the upper eyelid that remained asymptomatic for 6 months. CASE REPORT: A 9-year-old boy was presented with moderate upper lid swelling. Medical history was positive for trauma with a wooden stick 6 months ago. At first, the condition resolved under local antibiotic treatment. Three weeks later, the inflammation recurred and a corneal ulcer developed. Examination under general anesthesia revealed a wooden foreign body which had remained in the upper eyelid since the first injury. CONCLUSION: Organic foreign bodies in the eyelid can remain asymptomatic for a long period of time and can play a role in periocular inflammation. In case of doubt, children and other less cooperative patients should be examined under general anesthesia.     

The maximal Hughes procedure

PURPOSE: To describe the use of oblique medial and lateral periosteal flaps with the Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap for the repair of maximal defects of the lower eyelid. METHODS: A small prospective case series of eight patients requiring lower eyelid reconstruction following with maximal defect of the lower eyelid. The patients underwent a Hughes tarsoconjunctival advancement combined with oblique medial and lateral periosteal flaps, and were assessed for aesthetic outcome and surgical complications. RESULTS: All patients had uncomplicated surgery. Outcomes assessed included corneal protection, eye closure, lower eyelid retraction, complications, and patient satisfaction. Eyelid contour and protection was excellent in all patients. Postoperatively, one patient had mild lower eyelid retraction, and in a second patient, medial ectropion with mild lower eyelid retraction developed that required subsequent revision. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal Hughes procedure is a safe and effective procedure that may be performed with patients under local anesthesia and may avoid the need for more extensive techniques for surgical repair of maximal defects of the lower eyelid.     

Supportive care of facial nerve palsy with temporary external eyelid weights.

BACKGROUND: Patients with facial nerve palsy can have many ocular complications. Lagophthalmos, or poor eyelid closure, and loss of blink secondary to lack of nerve supply to the orbicularis oculi, can lead to exposure keratopathy, corneal breakdown, ulcers, and even perforation. Management of patients should be directed toward the severity of ocular findings and ranges from supportive care to surgical reanimation and soft tissue repositioning. Patients with facial nerve palsy who present at earlier stages can benefit from conservative treatment. Use of temporary external eyelid weights can help restore a functional blink mechanism and prevent corneal decompensation. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old patient with lagophthalmos secondary to left facial nerve palsy after surgical excision of an acoustic neuroma was treated with a temporary external eyelid weight. CONCLUSION: Temporary external eyelid weights are part of the armamentarium in the supportive care of patients with lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy secondary to facial nerve palsy. They are most useful in patients who have temporary paralysis or as a bridge until further surgery can be performed.     

儿童先天性双行睫矫正术的疗效观察

目的：观察睑缘后唇灰线切开联合毛囊根部摘除术矫正儿童先天性双行睫的临床疗效。

方法：收集1990-09/2015-10我院收治的先天性双行睫患者8例13眼,在全身麻醉或局部麻醉下行睑缘后唇灰线切开联合毛囊根部摘除术。术后随访3mo～5a,观察患者预后情况。

结果：术后48h,所有患者伤口已愈合,不影响活动。术后随访观察,所有患者双行睫均完全矫正,睑缘无畸形和手术瘢痕形成,睑缘灰线切口处愈合平整; 眼睑前缘不受手术干扰,未发现眼睑内外翻及倒睫; 睑缘后唇锐利平整,保持角度与眼球表面接触,无内外翻及导泪异常,无残存睫毛,无刺激症状,角膜表面浸润恢复。

结论：睑缘后唇灰线切开联合毛囊根部摘除术矫正儿童先天性双行睫疗效确切,复发率低,符合眼睑生理功能与外观要求,且手术操作简便。     

Prospective analysis of changes in corneal topography after upper eyelid surgery

PURPOSE: Some patients note a decrease in visual acuity in the operated eye after eyelid surgery. Although, the most common cause for this change is dry eye syndrome, it has been hypothesized that the symptom of blurred vision may result from a change in the corneal curvature. The study was conducted to determine if there is a change in corneal curvature after upper eyelid surgery. METHODS: Standard keratometry and corneal videokeratography (CVK) were performed 1 and 3 months after blepharoplasty (18 lids) and ptosis repair (24 lids). Pre- and postoperative images from CVK data were digitally subtracted for quantitative evaluation. RESULTS: After ptosis repair, the average dioptric change as measured by keratometry and by CVK was approximately 0.60 diopters (D); of note, nearly 30% of these patients showed transient astigmatic changes greater than 1.00 D; After blepharoplasty, the average dioptric change as measured by keratometry and by CVK was approximately 0.55 D; of note, only 11% of patients showed astigmatic changes greater than 1.00 D. CONCLUSION: Repositioning of the upper eyelid after ptosis repair or blepharoplasty may result in visually significant astigmatic changes in the central and peripheral cornea and may alter the patient's spectacle or contact lens correction.     

Bilateral lagophthalmos in lepromatous leprosy. Case report

CASE REPORT: A case of bilateral facial palsy with paralytic ectropion, lagophthalmos and corneal damage secondary to corneal exposure in a long-standing patient with lepromatous leprosy is presented. Correction of paralytic ectropion was performed by medial cantoplasty, tarsal strip and Medpor lower eyelid spacer implantation. Lagophthalmos was corrected by gold weight implant in the upper tarsus. DISCUSSION: Ocular findings in leprosy appear in 72% of patients. Facial nerve palsy occurs in 3-19.8%, being bilateral in 5%. In long standing cases with corneal complications secondary to exposure, surgical treatment is required.     

Blepharoptosis-induced superior keratoconus

PURPOSE: This clinical case report demonstrates blepharoptosis-induced corneal steepening and its subsequent resolution after blepharoptosis surgery. METHODS: A 62-year-old man complaining of blurred vision without apparent cause on clinical examination underwent keratometry and computerized corneal topography, which revealed superior corneal steepening in both eyes. Bilateral upper eyelid blepharoptosis surgery was performed. RESULTS: Three months after blepharoptosis surgery, repeat computerized corneal topography revealed normal corneal contours with improved vision in both eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Blepharoptosis is a common condition that may induce superior corneal ectasia that is not evident by manifest refraction, slit-lamp examination, or keratometry. Computerized corneal topography can help detect such subtle corneal abnormalities and guide therapy.     

Hypertrophic eyelid conjunctival scar. A tarsal keloid

The clinicopathologic case of a 53-year-old female patient with an abnormal tumor growing on the mucous part of the superior right eyelid is reported. The patient was operated on for ten years ago and a whitish mass slowly developed on the conjunctival face of the eyelid disturbing the use of corneal lenses. It was hard, painless and had the shape of a flat mushroom. The removal was performed under local anesthesia and allowed us to resect a hard and fibrous lesion. Histopathology showed that the lesion was made of a fibrous tissue organized like a hypertrophic scar. Surgical treatment of chalazion is frequent and rarely gives rise to abnormal scarring.     

Chalazion as a cause of decreased vision after LASIK.

PURPOSE: To describe a post-LASIK patient with decreased vision and a chalazion of the upper eyelid. METHODS: A 46-year-old man was referred with decreased vision of 1 month's duration. He underwent bilateral uncomplicated LASIK for myopic astigmatism 1.5 years and bilateral enhancements 1 year previously. He had 20/20 uncorrected vision in both eyes after those procedures. He developed a chalazion of his right central upper eyelid 1 month prior with simultaneous blurring of vision. On our examination, his uncorrected visual acuity was 20/60 in the right eye. Complete eye examination including refraction, computerized corneal topography, and pachymetry were done. RESULTS: With a manifest refraction of +1.25 +0.50x80, the visual acuity in the right eye improved to 20/20. Computerized corneal topography revealed circular central corneal flattening in both eyes, much greater in the right eye than the left eye. The location of the chalazion with the right eye closed corresponded to the area of central corneal flattening. The central power from the corneal topography was 39.4 D OD and 40.8 D OS. He was diagnosed as having acquired hyperopia associated with chalazion-induced central corneal flattening of the right eye. Chalazion-induced hyperopic change on topography disappeared, and his uncorrected vision improved to 20/20 in the left eye as the chalazion resolved completely. CONCLUSION: In post-LASIK patients with decreased vision and topography changes late after surgery, periocular masses should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Decreased corneal thickness and rigidity after LASIK might be a predisposing factor to external compression-induced curvature changes.     

Post-septal upper eyelid loading for treatment of exposure keratopathy secondary to non-cicatricial lagophthalmos

Exposure keratopathy may result in ocular surface dryness, pain, corneal ulceration and loss of vision. Upper eyelid loading is an effective surgical treatment for paralytic lagophthalmos but has been criticised for complications of implant exposure and poor cosmesis. We therefore reviewed the safety and efficacy of our technique of upper eyelid post-septal loading for exposure keratopathy in this context. A retrospective case notes analysis was undertaken of 38 patients who had upper eyelid loading, all with post-septal weight placement, for correction of lagophthalmos. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, outcomes and complications were analysed. The mean age of all patients was 59.6 years. Exposure keratopathy was secondary to facial nerve paralysis in all but two patients, with tumor excision being the commonest underlying aetiology (63.8%). The mean implant weight used was 1.4 grams. Pre-operatively, all 38 patients had ocular discomfort despite maximal use of lubricating eye drops but post-operatively, 29 patients (76.3%) were comfortable without any such drops. Mean lagophthalmos on blink and gentle closure improved from 7.42mm and 5.47mm pre-operatively to 2.18mm and 1.18mm post-operatively (p < 0.001). Similarly, before surgery all patients had some corneal staining but after surgery 37 patients (97.4%) had none. The gold weight was removed in four patients (10.5%), due to chronic inflammation in three and due to mild astigmatism in one. No patient had exposure of the weight and one patient had a ptosis repair 6 months after surgery. Upper eyelid loading was effective in reducing both signs and symptoms of exposure keratopathy related to lagophthalmos in our series. Patients were very satisfied with the surgical outcome and complications related to exposure and cosmesis were very rare.