大鼠高眼压模型中热休克蛋白27抗体及视网膜神经节细胞凋亡的研究

背景 青光眼是一组以视网膜神经节细胞( RGCs)慢性丢失为特征的常见致盲性眼病.目前青光眼的发病机制尚不完全清楚,热休克蛋白27 (HSP27)抗体可能与青光眼视神经病变有关系. 目的 通过建立大鼠高眼压模型,检测血清中HSP27抗体的表达及RGCs的凋亡,了解HSP27抗体与眼压及RGCs凋亡的关系.方法 将51只Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法随机分为高眼压组34只和伪手术对照组17只,均取右眼为实验眼,左眼为对照眼.采用双极水下电凝器电凝高眼压组大鼠右眼巩膜表面3组静脉,建立高眼压动物模型.伪手术对照组大鼠右眼只剪开上方球结膜,不做电凝.分别于术后1、2、4、6、8周处死高眼压组大鼠6、6、6、8、8只,伪手术对照组大鼠3、3、3、4、4只.处死前测大鼠双眼眼压,并收集血清1 ml测定大鼠血清HSP27抗体.10只大鼠(2个组各时间点各1只)实验眼剥离视网膜,经匀浆后提取视网膜蛋白质用于Western blot分析.摘除剩余41只大鼠双侧眼球,制作石蜡切片.TUNEL法检测视网膜组织切片中RGCs的凋亡情况.结果 大鼠造模后3d,1、2、4、6、8周实验眼眼压较术前均明显增高,各时间点的总体比较差异有统计学意义( F=318.502,P＜0.01),但伪手术对照组手术前后眼压变化差异无统计学意义(F=2.076,P＞0.05).高眼压组大鼠实验眼视网膜HSP27蛋白水平与伪手术对照组大鼠实验眼比较均有升高.高眼压组大鼠术后1、2、4、6、8周血清中HSP27抗体各时间点总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=154.221,P＜0.01),随着造模时间的延长,血清HSP27抗体呈逐渐升高的趋势,而伪手术对照组手术前后HSP27抗体的变化差异无统计学意义( F=0.422,P＞0.05).高眼压组造模后实验眼不同时间点RGCs凋亡阳性细胞率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=856.12,P＜0.05).高眼压组不同时间点RGCs凋亡阳性细胞率均较伪手术对照组高(P＜0.05).结论 随着眼压的升高以及高眼压持续时间的延长,大鼠血清中的HSP27抗体水平逐渐升高,视网膜在高眼压状态下HSP27表达上调.逐渐升高的HSP27抗体水平与RGCs凋亡增加的趋势一致.     

玻璃体腔注射大麻素HU-211治疗鼠青光眼视神经损伤的研究

目的：评价玻璃体腔内注射大麻素HU-211对大鼠青光眼模型视神经的保护作用,为青光眼视神经损伤治疗提供实验依据。

方法：采用电凝巩膜表面静脉法制作大鼠青光眼模型18眼,随机分为3组：A组分别隔日一次玻璃体腔注射1mg/0.1mL大麻素HU-211,B组隔日一次玻璃体腔注射0.1mL生理盐水,C组为高眼压组。随机选6只对侧眼为空白对照组,每日观察眼压变化情况,用药4wk后处死大鼠,视网膜冰冻切片,HE染色通过视网膜神经元的密度变化评估大鼠慢性高眼压模型视网膜神经元的损伤程度。

结果： B组的凋亡程度及RGC的损伤程度明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论： 玻璃体腔注射大麻素(HU-211)对大鼠青光眼模型视神经视网膜有明显的保护作用。     

灯盏细辛对大鼠慢性高眼压模型视神经损伤保护的实验研究

目的:建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型,观察灯盏细辛(Erigeronbrevicapas hand mass,EBHM)对眼压升高诱导视神经损伤的保护作用。方法:选用健康成年Wistar大鼠90只,分为3组。用波长为532nm的氪离子黄绿激光光凝第1和第2组大鼠双眼小梁网,建立大鼠高眼压模型。在眼压升高后1wk开始用EBHM对第2组大鼠15mg/100g肌肉注射,行视神经保护性治疗。第1组作为光凝对照组,第3组大鼠作为正常对照组。在第9wk同时处死3组大鼠做全视网膜铺片,1%甲苯氨蓝染色,记数平均视网膜神经节细胞(retinalganglion cells,RGCs)密度。结果:所有光凝眼眼压均中等程度升高,光凝前眼压为14.70±3.2mmHg;光凝后第3,6,9wk眼压分别为27.25±4.75,28.75±6.24,25.47±5.60mmHg,与光凝前比较,差别有显著性(P<0.05)。经视网膜铺片甲苯胺蓝染色,视网膜RGCs密度值(个/mm2)为:第1组1654±136,第2组2135±125,第3组2516±196。第2组大鼠视网膜RGCs密度值与第1和第3组大鼠RGCs密度值比较,差别有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:光凝大鼠小梁网成功建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型,光凝眼眼压中等程度升高,RGC密度降低;EBHM能够部分保护大鼠慢性高眼压诱导的视神经损害。     

缺氧诱导因子1α在慢性高眼压下大鼠视网膜中的表达

目的了解缺氧诱导因子1((hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)在实验性慢性高眼压大鼠视网膜中的表达并探讨其在青光眼视网膜损伤中的作用。方法60只大鼠随机分为假手术对照组;高眼压3d组;高眼压7d组;高眼压14d组;高眼压21d组;高眼压28d组。浅层巩膜静脉烧灼法制成慢性高眼压模型,通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法和蛋白印迹法(Western-blot)研究HIF-1在慢性高眼压下不同时段视网膜中的表达情况。结果HIF-1αmRNA和蛋白在高眼压的视网膜表达较正常视网膜明显提高(P<0.05)。高眼压后7天达到高峰,可维持28天。结论HIF-1参与了慢性高眼压的视网膜的损伤的信号转导过程,为青光眼视神经损伤的缺氧学说提供了直接证据。     

实验性大鼠青光眼模型诱导热休克蛋白27的表达

目的 测定热休克蛋白（HSP）家族中HSP27、HSP70和HSP90在正常和实验性大鼠青光眼模型视网膜中的蛋白质水平，探索其与青光眼视神经病变的潜在关系。设计 实验性研究。研究对象 60只Wistar大鼠。方法 将60只大鼠随机分为高眼压组（30只），假手术对照组（30只），右眼为实验眼，左眼为对照眼。采用双极电凝器电凝巩膜表面3组静脉，建立高眼压模型，用Tonopen眼压计检测眼压，每周2次，取眼压在27～35mmHg的大鼠进行研究。在眼压升高第10、20和60天处死大鼠，匀浆提取视网膜蛋白质用于Western印迹分析，并用β-actin校正点样误差。主要指标 眼压、Western印迹分析。结果 Western印迹分析显示。在眼压升高第10、20及60天，视网膜HSP27的蛋白质水平平均为对照组的197％。在实验眼视网膜内未观察到HSP70、HSP90蛋白质水平的变化。结论 在高眼压状态下大鼠视网膜HSP27上调，而HSP70和HSP90无变化。HSP27为眼压升高导致的特定基因改变，其持续过度表达可能与青光眼视神经病变有关。     

藏红花素与灯盏细辛对慢性高眼压模型大鼠视神经保护作用的比较

背景 青光眼视神经损害的主要机制是视觉神经元的凋亡和视网膜血液供应的减少,灯盏细辛已证实对高眼压大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)和视神经有保护作用.研究发现,藏红花提取物具有抗炎、抑制神经元凋亡和调节血流等作用,但其能否保护青光眼患者的RGCs尚不清楚. 目的 探讨藏红花素对慢性高眼压模型大鼠视神经的保护作用.方法 采用随机数字表法将32只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型对照组、灯盏细辛组、藏红花素组,每组8只,均以右眼为实验眼.模型对照组、灯盏细辛组、藏红花素组大鼠采用巩膜静脉烧灼法建立慢性高眼压模型;假手术组大鼠仅剪开结膜,灯盏细辛组和藏红花素组大鼠于术前30 rmin和术后每日分别腹腔内注射灯盏细辛注射液150 mg/kg(0.5 ml)和藏红花素20 mg/kg(0.5 ml),共给药4周,假手术组和模型对照组大鼠以同样的方式注射0.5 ml生理盐水.各组大鼠均于术前和术后1d、3d、1周、2周、3周、4周测量眼压.术后4周制备大鼠眼球及视神经标本,采用苏木精-伊红染色法测定视网膜厚度;采用TUNEL染色法计数RGCs凋亡数量;采用透射电子显微镜观察各组大鼠视神经轴突超微结构的变化;采用Western blot法检测视网膜中bcl-2和bax蛋白的表达.结果 模型对照组、灯盏细辛组和藏红花素组大鼠造模和干预后不同时间点眼压均明显高于假手术组,造模后不同时间点大鼠的眼压值均明显高于造模前,各组大鼠在造模前后不同时间点眼压值的变化差异均有统计学意义(F分组=169.079,P=0.000;F时间=50.505,P=0.000).假手术组、模型对照组、灯盏细辛组和藏红花素组大鼠视网膜厚度分别为(192.72±4.28)、(165.15±3.89)、(177.75±3.35)和(182.48±4.12) μm,藏红花素组大鼠视网膜厚度值明显低于假手术组而高于模型对照组和灯盏细辛组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).假手术组、模型对照组、灯盏细辛组和藏红花素组大鼠RGCs凋亡率分别为(2.58±1.33)％、(42.10±4.71)％、(28.34±2.96)％和(19.95±2.93)％,藏红花素组大鼠RGCs凋亡率明显低于模型对照组和灯盏细辛组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).藏红花素组大鼠视神经有髓纤维数量和bcl-2/bax值均明显高于模型对照组和灯盏细辛组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 藏红花素可抑制RGCs凋亡和视神经纤维的变性,对慢性高眼压大鼠视网膜神经细胞发挥保护作用,其对视神经的保护作用强于灯盏细辛.     

雷公藤甲素在慢性青光眼大鼠模型中对视网膜神经节细胞的保护

背景青光眼是一种以视神经损害为病理特点的常见致盲性眼病。目前,通过延缓或阻止病程的进展而保护视神经是青光眼研究的热点。目的研究中药雷公藤的有效提取成分雷公藤甲素对慢性青光眼大鼠模型视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用。方法选用清洁级Wistar雌性大鼠80只,采用房水释放联合激光房角光凝法建立慢性青光眼大鼠模型。右眼为激光眼,左眼为对照眼。激光光凝前3d起每日雷公藤甲素组大鼠腹腔给予雷公藤甲素5μg／kg直至处死,生理盐水组以同样的方式给予等量生理盐水。于术前,术后1、3、5d,1周及此后每周用Tono—PenXL眼压计监测眼压。激光光凝术后1、2、4、8周制作大鼠眼球视网膜铺片并行Nissl染色,对RGCs进行定量检测。结果激光眼术后1d眼压较术前增高,术后1周达高峰,持续约3周,4周时眼压恢复正常;对照眼各时间点眼压值与术前相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后各时间点雷公藤甲素组激光眼与生理盐水组激光眼间眼压的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。生理盐水组激光眼术后1周RGCs数量开始减少,术后4～8周RGCs存活数量明显下降;与生理盐水组激光眼相比,各时间点雷公藤甲素组激光眼RGCs数量明显增多,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。雷公藤甲素组激光眼与其对照眼相比,各时间点RGCs数目的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论雷公藤甲素能防止慢性青光眼大鼠模型的RGCs损伤,对RGCs具有保护作用,该作用并不依赖于眼压的下降,这可能为青光眼的治疗提出新思路。     

光相干断层扫描连续监测大鼠慢性高眼压模型视盘神经纤维厚度变化

目的:用光相干断层扫描（OCT）连续观测大鼠慢性高眼压模型视 盘神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度的变化。 方法:选用Wistar大鼠48只，随机分为3组，每组16只鼠32只眼 ，右眼为激光光凝眼，左眼为对照眼。用波长为532 nm氩激光在全麻下光凝右眼小梁网，引 起眼压 慢性、中等程度升高并观测眼压变化。眼压升高后第3、6、9周时用OCT做视盘线性扫描， 计算机自动测量视盘RNFL厚度，然后处死大鼠，将每组8只大鼠右眼做光学切片行组织学 测量RNFL厚度，将另外8只大鼠右眼做全视网膜铺片甲苯胺蓝染色，记数视网膜神经元细胞 密度，将结果进行比较分析。 结果:激光光凝后大鼠眼压缓慢、中等程 度升高，在第3、6、9 周时光凝眼眼压分别比对照眼眼压为显著升高，差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。 OCT检查结果显示在3、6、9周时大鼠光凝眼视盘RNFL厚度分别小于对照眼，差 异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。处死大鼠后组织学测量RNFL厚度，在3、6、9周时，光 凝眼为（64.38±6.54）、（51.47±6.4）、（42.10±6.10）μm，对照眼厚度为（76.23±6.78）、（78.64±6.15）、（77.64±6.63）μm。将两种方法测 得RNF L厚度值进行回归分析，两者变化趋势一致，相关系数(R=0.932，P＜0.001)。全视网 膜铺片甲胺蓝染色结果显示两组视网膜神经元细胞（RGC）密度值差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0 5）。 结论:激光光凝大鼠小梁可以成功建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型；OCT对大鼠慢性高眼压模型视盘RNFL厚度的测量与 在光学显微镜下的测量值变化趋势一致，相关性好；OCT可以连续活体监测大鼠慢性高眼压 模型视盘神经纤维厚度变化，从而了解大鼠青光眼视神经病变的进展。     

慢性高眼压模型鼠视网膜神经节细胞及视神经中9位丝氨酸磷酸化糖原合酶激酶3β的表达变化

目的 观察慢性高眼压模型鼠视网膜神经节细胞(retina ganglion cells,RGCs)和视神经中9位丝氨酸磷酸化糖原合酶激酶3β[p-GSK3β(ser9)]的表达变化,探讨GSK3β是否在慢性高眼压RGCs及视神经退行性病变中发挥作用.方法 取健康SD大鼠30只,随机分为3组:模型对照组、慢性高眼压模型2周组、慢性高眼压模型4周组,每组10只.取大鼠右眼,采用巩膜上静脉结扎并烧灼法建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型.分别于造模后2周和4周取5只大鼠眼球行冰冻切片,尼氏染色观察RGCs数目,免疫荧光染色观察RGCs和视神经中p-GSK3β(ser9)的变化;各组取另外5只大鼠眼视网膜,Western blot检测p-GSK3β(ser9)及总-GSK3β的表达.结果 造模前3组大鼠右眼眼压差异无统计学意义(P=0.89);造模后3组间眼压差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),慢性高眼压模型2周组和4周组眼压与模型对照组比较明显升高,分别升高了59.13％和26.93％,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜O.01).视网膜尼氏染色RGCs计数发现模型对照组RGCs数为(149±12)个,慢性高眼压模型2周组和4周组RGCs数较模型对照组明显减少,分别为(120±10)个和(86±7)个,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05);且4周组比2周组进一步减少(P＜0.01).慢性高眼压模型2周组和4周组视网膜中p-GSK3β(ser9)阳性着色,同模型对照组相比,其RGCs层及视神经中p-GSK3β(ser9)染色荧光减弱;4周组较模型对照组减弱更明显.与模型对照组相比,慢性高眼压模型2周组和4周组视网膜中总-GSK3β的表达差异无统计学意义(F=0.24,P=0.79);而3组间p-GSK3β(ser9)表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),与模型对照组相比,慢性高眼压模型2周组和4周组视网膜中p-GSK3β(ser9)分别减少了19.89％和36.46％(均为P ＜0.05).慢性高眼压模型4周组比2周组视网膜中p-GSK3β(ser9)表达持续减少,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 慢性高眼压模型鼠RGCs数目减少,RGCs和视神经中p-GSK3β(ser9)表达减少,推测p-GSK3β(ser9)表达变化可能参与了慢性高眼压模型鼠RGCs及视神经退行性病变.     

Characteristics of Optic Nerve Damage Induced by Chronic Intraocular Hypertension in Rat

Purpose:To set up the Sharma‘s chronic intraocular hypertension model and investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as the optic nerve damage of this model in rat.Methods :The operations of the chronic intraocular hypertension model were performed as described by Sharma in 60 male Lewis albino rats. IOP was measured using the TonoPen XL immediately after surgery and then at 5 day, 2 week or 4 week intervals. Cresyl violet staining of whole-mounted retinas was used to label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),then RGCs were counted. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) staining was performed in the semi-thin cross sections of optic nerve of rat, in order to know whether the axons of optic nerve were degenerated or not.Results:There were 47 rats with higher IOP after the episcleral veins cauterized in 60 rats. The ratio of elevated IOP was 78.3%. The IOPs were stable in 4 weeks. After cresyl violet staining, the RGCs loss was 11.0% and 11.3% was found in the central and peripheral retina respectively after 2 weeks of increased IOP. After 4 weeks of increased IOP, the loss of RGCs was 17% for the central retina and 24.6% for the peripheral retina. In the retinas without higher IOP, there was no loss of RGCs. PPD staining showed that optic nerve of rat with about 5.3% damage of axons located at the superior temporal region. Region of affected optic nerve 1 mm posterior to the globe by light microscope showed evidence of damaged axons with axonal swelling and myelin debris.Conclusion:Sharma‘s chronic intraocular hypertension model is a reproducible and effective glaucoma model, which mimics human glaucoma with chronically elevation IOP and induced RGCs loss and damage of optic nerve.     

制作慢性高眼压动物模型的一种新方法--水下电凝巩膜表面静脉法

目的研究慢性高眼压动物模型的制作方法.方法选择20只健康Wistar大鼠,雌雄不限,随机分为高眼压组(10只)和sham对照(假手术)组(10只).高眼压组采用电凝鼠巩膜表面至少三组静脉及角膜缘周围血管,减少房水静脉回流升高眼压,而sham对照组只剪开球结膜,未进行巩膜表面静脉以及角膜缘周围血管电凝.分别于术后1,2,3,4及8wk测大鼠双眼压,结果进行统计学分析.结果高眼压组右眼术后眼压明显升高.术后1wk眼压(30.35±4.98)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),术后1～8wk间眼压基本稳定.术后各时间点高眼压组右眼眼压与术前、左眼及sham对照组右、左眼间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论采用电凝鼠巩膜表面至少三组静脉及角膜缘周围血管,减少房水静脉回流能成功复制慢性高眼压动物模型.     

A new method of duplication of the chronic intraocular hypertension model: underwater electrocoagulation

To study the experimental method of inducing the chronic intraocular hypertension in rat eyes. · METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into ocular hypertension and sham control groups. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was raised by electrocoagulating at least 3 episcleral and limbal veins on the right eye of each rat in ocular hypertension group and its contralateral eye was used as control. At 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 week after the electrocoagulation of the veins, IOP were measured. · RESULTS: The treatment of electrocoagulation caused a significant IOP increase of the right eyes over the baseline, over the contralateral eyes, and over the sham control eyes (repeated measures ANOVA, P <0.001). At 1 week, IOP was 30.12±5.18mmHg, and maintained the high IOP up to 8 weeks. · CONCLUSION: The chronic intraocular hypertension model could be successfully created by electrocoagulating three or more episcleral and limbal veins.     

大鼠急性高眼压模型视网膜组织中HSP60的表达及功能

目的:探讨HSP60(热休克蛋白60)在大鼠急性青光眼模型视网膜组织中的表达及其与血清中相应抗体的关系。方法:将SD大鼠70只随机分为高眼压组60只,正常对照组10只。大鼠全身及表面麻醉后,将一盛有等渗的生理盐水的储容器相连的7号针头于3∶00位的角膜缘处刺入前房,提升储容器的高度,使眼内压达到110mmHg,但不超过150mmHg,观察大鼠眼前段变白,且视网膜色白,未见红色反光时即为视网膜缺血,缺血1h后再灌注,并于再灌注后2,6,12,24,72,168h将大鼠麻醉过量致死,处死前测眼压,抽血2mL,供酶联免疫吸附测定使用,分析视网膜组织内HSP60抗原产生的血清中相应抗体水平。并立即取出眼球,同时对鼠眼视网膜组织进行石蜡切片,采用免疫组化法检测视网膜组织中HSP60的表达及分布情况,并对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果:急性高眼压诱导的视网膜缺血/再灌注组眼压明显升高,视网膜组织中的HSP60阳性表达率在术后各时间点,高眼压组与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=97.21,40.72,83.85,95.82,48.63及44.37,均P<0.01)。神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)中HSP60阳性表达随着眼压升高及高眼压持续时间延长逐渐增强,且视网膜神经纤维层中也出现较明显的HSP60阳性表达。结论:HSP60表达增强可能在急性高眼压所致的视神经病变中具有重要作用。     

Temporary elevation of the intraocular pressure by cauterization of vortex and episcleral veins in rats causes functional deficits in the retina and optic nerve

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual function in rats with chronic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Chronic ocular hypertension was induced in the left eye of 14 adult Brown Norway rats by cauterizing 3 vortex veins and 2 major episcleral veins; the right eye served as a non-operated control. A control group (n=5) was sham operated on the left eye. Prior to surgery, the IOP was measured with a Tonopen, the pupil light reflex (PLR) evaluated with a custom-made computerized pupillometer and electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded simultaneously from both eyes post surgically: IOP was measured on weeks 1, 3, 5 and 8 post-operatively, pupil light reflexes on weeks 1, 4 and 8 post-operatively, and ERGs on weeks 4 and 8 post-operatively. Sixty five days postoperatively, rats were euthanized and optic nerves and eye globes were prepared for histological analysis. RESULTS: Seven days after surgery 5/14 rats developed significant elevation of the IOP in operated eyes (control eyes: 25.1+/-0.5mmHg; operated eyes: 34.1+/-0.6mmHg; mean+/-SEM; p=0.0004; Paired t-test). Elevation of the IOP was sustained at 3 (p=0.002) and 5 (p=0.007) weeks postoperatively. However, IOP values did not significantly differ between control and operated eyes 8 weeks postoperatively (p=0.192, Paired t-test). Sham operated animals showed no elevation of the IOP 7 days postoperatively. When the ratio between consensual and direct PLR (PLR(ratio)=consensual/direct PLR; pupil of unoperated eye recorded) was examined in rats which developed elevation of the IOP, preoperative values were 92.2+/-4% (mean+/-SEM), 1 week postoperatively 65+/-4% (significantly different from preoperative values, p<0.05 Repeated Measures ANOVA with Dunnett's Multiple Comparison test, n=5), 4 weeks postoperatively 60.6+/-3.2% (p<0.01, n=5). By 8 weeks postoperatively, pupil responses had essentially recovered 75.4+/-6.9% (p>0.05, n=5). Rats whose IOP values did not rise after surgery and sham operated rats did not develop pupil deficits 4 weeks postoperatively. Rats with elevated IOP displayed a significant decrease in ERG amplitudes in operated eyes at 4 weeks (a-wave(operated)/a-wave(control) (a-wave ratio)=42+/-14% (mean+/-SEM); b-wave(operated)/b-wave(control) (b-wave ratio)=43+/-16%) but not at 8 weeks postoperatively (a-wave ratio=88+/-8.4%; b-wave ratio=82.9+/-9%). Sham operated and rats whose IOP values remained non-elevated after surgery did not develop ERG deficits 4 weeks after surgery. Histological analysis did not reveal any damage in the eyes of animals with elevated intraocular ocular pressure with the exception of one rat, which still had ERG and pupil deficits at the end of experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Development of ERG and PLR deficits are proportional to the elevation of the IOP in the rat model of chronic ocular hypertension. Functional monitoring of the ERG and PLR are useful objective techniques for the detection of retina and optic nerve deficits.     

Visual-field loss with optic nerve drusen and ocular hypertension: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patients with optic nerve drusen are often asymptomatic and free of visual symptoms. However, ocular complications such as visual-field defects may develop. This article presents the case of a patient with optic nerve drusen, ocular hypertension, and a visual-field defect. The diagnosis and management of patients with such findings will be presented. CASE REPORT: A 75-year-old man came to the eye clinic with a history of being treated for glaucoma. On examination, optic nerve drusen were found in both eyes. Subsequent testing revealed ocular hypertension and a visual-field defect that could be related to either optic nerve drusen or glaucoma. After re-establishment of baseline intraocular pressures (IOP) and re-initiation of treatment, the patient is being monitored for IOP control and visual-field progression. CONCLUSION: Optic nerve drusen and glaucoma can both cause visual-field defects. When a patient manifests optic nerve drusen, ocular hypertension, and visual-field defects, a diagnostic and management dilemma exists. Regardless of the etiology for the field defects, a treatment regimen designed to reduce the intraocular pressure to a level that potentially reduces the risk of ocular sequelae is recommended.     

恒河猴慢性高眼压模型视乳头和视神经纤维损伤模式

目的观察恒河猴慢性高眼压模型与开角型青光眼患者的视乳头和视神经纤维损伤模式是否一致。方法实验研究。采用眼科多波长激光仪光凝恒河猴（12眼）的小梁网以破坏小梁网功能使眼压升高，建立恒河猴慢性高眼压模型。术前和术后每周行眼压、眼底照相、视乳头参数和视神经纤维层厚度检测。结果建模的12眼术前眼压为（16．08±2．02）mmHg，中央角膜厚度为（489．17±17．82）μm，眼轴为（20．32±0．84）mm。12只用于诱导建模的恒河猴眼，经3～4次激光光凝，11眼被成功诱导。27周平均眼压为（30．32±14．59）mmHg，眼压波动幅度为（8．19±7．45）mmHg。光学相关断层扫描成像显示整个盘沿面积从（1．67±0．44）mm2减小到（0．43±0．34）mm2。平均视神经纤维从（97．92±6．79）μm减少到（64．46±17．44）μm。结论恒河猴慢性高眼压性模型模拟了人类高眼压／开角型青光眼发病机制和过程，在视杯对高眼压的反应、视杯可逆性缩小、视神经纤维损伤现象等方面一致，是开展高眼压性视乳头和视神经纤维层损伤研究理想的动物模型。     

大鼠实验性慢性高眼压对视网膜神经节细胞的损伤

目的:制作高眼压大鼠模型,观察高眼压对视神经的损害。方法:成年Wistar雄性大鼠65只,烧灼右眼上方2支和外侧1支巩膜上静脉,建立慢性高眼压模型。左眼作为对照眼。对造模成功的,分别于造模后1d,1,2,3,4,6,8,10wk各摘除6只大鼠双眼。在取出眼球前24h,用Fluoro-gold进行视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)逆行性染色,做视网膜铺片计数RGC,观察不同时段高眼压对RGC的影响。结果:右眼巩膜上静脉烧灼后各时间点造模眼平均眼压分别为42.2±1.8mmHg,37.9±2.3mmHg,36.1±2.0mmHg,33.6±2.2mmHg,32.2±2.4mmHg,30.1±2.0mmHg,30.5±2.1mmHg和27.6±1.3mmHg。术后各时间点的成模率分别为80.0%,76.9%,74.5%,71.7%,63.8%,56.1%,42.9%,41.4%。成模率和成模眼的眼压随时间延长呈下降趋势。实验组和对照组的RGC密度在早期(巩膜上静脉烧灼术后3wk内)没有显著差别。造模后4wk高眼压组RGC密度明显低于对照组(P<0.05),随着时间的推移差别越来越显著。结论:巩膜上静脉烧灼法能诱导出持续的肯定的大鼠慢性高眼压模型,成模眼的眼压和随时间而下降。高眼压持续的时间越长,RGC的损失越多。