注射用阿奇霉素的生物利用度研究

目的　研究比较国产注射用阿奇霉素与进口样品的绝对生物利用度。方法　采取静滴、肌注给药 ,以微生物检定法 ,测定给予进口样品和供试样品的各 10名健康志愿者血中阿奇霉素的浓度 ,经 3P87程序拟合 ,计算药物动力学参数。结果　单剂量静滴及肌注阿奇霉素 5 0 0mg后血药浓度 时间曲线 ,两样品均分别符合恒速静滴的二室模型和有滞后时间的一级吸收的二室模型。肌注滞后时间 (tlag)国产样品和进口样品分别为 0 30 8± 0 0 2 7h和 0 318± 0 0 14h。进口样品静滴和肌注达峰时间 (tmax)分别为 1 10 0± 0 0 74h和 1 4 2 5± 0 0 84h、峰浓度 (Cmax)分别为 3 5 74± 0 5 72mg·L-1和 3 14 4± 0 6 12mg·L-1;血药浓度 时间曲线下面积 (AUC0 ∞)分别为 2 5 896± 4 2 2 1mg·h·L-1及 2 4 135± 3 2 14mg·h·L-1。清除率 (CL)分别为 2 7 32 1±3 4 85L·h-1及 2 4 0 83± 4 2 12L·h-1,绝对生物利用度 (F)为 93 2 0 % ;国产样品静滴和肌注达峰时间 (tmax)分别为 1 2 0 0± 0 0 84h和 1 5 0 5± 0 4 5 2h、峰浓度 (Cmax)分别为 3 4 78± 0 4 89mg·L-1和 3 0 87± 3 5 2 1mg·L-1;血药浓度 时间曲线下面积 (AUC0 ∞)分别为 2 8 92± 3 2 13mg·h·L-1及 2 7 0 4 0± 3 884mg·h·L-1。清除     

阿奇霉素分散片人体相对生物利用度及药动学

目的:研究受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂人体相对生物利用度及药动学.方法:20名健康受试者自身交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500 mg,定时取血,用微生物法测定血药浓度.结果:受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂的血药浓度-时间曲线基本一致,符合一级吸收二房室模型.受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期t1/2β:(36.1±7.8)h,(39.9±10.3)h;Tmx:(2.4±0.5)h,(2.4±0.5)h;Cmax:(413.0±72.5)μg·L-1,(404.0±69.5)μg·L-1.药动学参数经配对t检验,P＞0.05,差异均无显著性.两种制剂的药时曲线下面积AUC0→t平均值分别为:受试制剂分散片(9 806±1 308)μg·L-1·h-1,参比制剂(9 949±1 395)μg·L-1·h-1;受试制剂分散片的相对生物利用度为:(99.0±9.0)%.结论:统计学结果表明,受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂生物等效.     

阿奇霉素片剂的人体生物等效性

目的评价单剂量口服2种阿奇霉素片剂后的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法20名男性健康受试者随机分成2组,采用自身对照交叉给药的方式,单剂量口服2种阿奇霉素片剂500 mg,采用HPLC-MS法测定血药浓度;计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。结果20名受试者口服阿奇霉素试验制剂和参比制剂后的药动学参数分别为:tmax (1．9±0．4)、(2．1±0．5)h;ρmax(382．67±94．96)、(390．00±57．80)μg·L-1;t1/2(48．40±7．92)、(47．08±7．66)h;AUC0→144h (3 525．31±949．10)、(3708．13±1 085．98)μg·h·L-1;AUG0→∞(3 894．86±1138．13)、(4 054．76±1 238．47)μg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(97．4±16．5)％。结论2种片剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素干混悬剂在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素干混悬剂的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者18名,随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量口服试验及对照制剂500mg,间隔期为2周。用微生物法测定血浆中阿奇霉素浓度。计算两者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:单剂量口服试验及对照制剂的Cmax分别为(836±219)μg·L-1和(868±210)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2．3±0．5)h和(2．3±0．6)h;AUC(0-144h)分别为(5 355．3±1 612．2)μg·h·L-1和(5 349．0±916．5)μg·h·L-1。以AUC(0-144h)计算试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(101．4±27．9)％。结论:两制剂在单剂量下具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素谷氨酸冻干粉针剂的研制和其在动物体内的毒性以及在健康人体内的药物动力学研究

目的通过在动物体内进行急性肝、肾毒性安全性评价,筛选出适合注射用的阿奇霉素盐型并研究最终选定的阿奇霉素盐型在健康人体内的药物动力学。方法通过大鼠体内急性肝、肾毒性试验,将8种阿奇霉素盐型谷氨酸盐、枸橼酸盐、盐酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸二氢盐、乳糖酸盐、酒石酸盐和天冬氨酸盐,分别经大鼠尾静脉静注,连续给药14天,每天给药一次,每次给药剂量为10 mg,观察给药后肝、肾功能生化指标的变化。采用自身对照交叉给药方法,分别静滴、肌注500 mg阿奇霉素谷氨酸冻干粉针剂,以微生物检测方法,测定12名健康志愿者血中的阿奇霉素浓度,经3P87程序拟合,计算人体内的动物动力学参数。结果与其他阿奇霉素盐注射剂相比,注射谷氨酸阿奇霉素的肝、肾毒性较轻。将谷氨酸阿奇霉素冻干粉针剂分别静滴和肌注后,其血药浓度—时间曲线下面积(AUC0 -120 h)分别为21·47 ±1·57 h·μg·mL-1及19·36 ±2·44 h·μg·mL-1,肌肉注射的生物利用度为92·6%。结论通过动物实验筛选出了谷氨酸阿奇霉素,该盐适合制成注射用阿奇霉素制剂,药动学研究阐明了谷氨酸阿奇霉素的药物动力学特征,为其临床应用打下了基础。     

布洛芬混悬液与片剂人体生物等效性研究

目的 :通过对布洛芬混悬液人体内药物动力学及生物利用度研究 ,评价该制剂与片剂的生物等效性。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法测定 18名健康男性志愿者自身交叉单剂量口服布洛芬混悬液和布洛芬片剂 4 0 0mg的经时血药浓度。药 时曲线数据经 3P87药物动力学计算程序处理 ,计算主要药物动力学参数以及受试制剂的生物利用度 ,同时评价 2种制剂的生物等效性。结果 :受试制剂和参比制剂的吸收速率常数 (Ka)分别为 (1 6 5± 1 4 6 )h-1和 (0 70± 0 2 5 )h-1;消除半衰期 (T1/ 2 )分别为 (1 89± 0 32 )h和 (1 92± 0 38)h ;峰浓度 (cmax)分别为 (5 2 6 2± 14 2 1) μg·mL-1和 (42 4 3± 10 6 2 ) μg·mL-1;达峰时间 (tmax)分别为 (1 5 5± 0 70 )h和 (2 6 8± 0 86 )h ;药 时曲线下面积 (AUC0→∞)分别为 (2 4 2 0 3± 35 70 ) μg·h·mL-1和 (2 37 0 4± 39 6 3) μg·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度 (F)为 (10 2 81± 11 4 5 ) %。经统计学处理 ,2种制剂的Ka ,cmax,tmax有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;布洛芬混悬液吸收迅速 ,T1/ 2 ,AUC0→∞ 无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :布洛芬混悬液与片剂具有生物等效性     

阿奇霉素肠溶片人体生物等效性研究

目的旨在研究由石家庄欧意药业有限公司生产的阿奇霉素肠溶片的人体生物等效性。方法采用3×3交叉设计,将24例健康男性受试者随机分为三组,口服受试制剂（阿奇霉素肠溶片）、参比制剂（阿奇霉素片）或静脉注射参比制剂（注射用阿奇霉素）500mg,采用HPLC—MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件测定血药浓度参数,进行生物等效性评价。结果受试药物阿奇霉素肠溶片、对照药物阿奇霉素片和注射用阿奇霉素主要药动学参数AUC072分别为6030 1126ng·h／ml、6142 1295ng·h／ml和12359 2295ng·h／ml;AUC0分别为6575 1274ng·h／ml、6656 1519ng·h／ml和14967 2870ng·h／ml。Cmax分别为610 167ng／ml、608 163ng／ml和3451 450ng／ml;Tmax分别为2．420．70h、2．270．68h和0．930．12h;结论阿奇霉素肠溶片与参比制剂阿奇霉素片比较,相对生物利用度为99．4％±14．3％,两者具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素对老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者茶碱药动学的影响

采用高效液相色谱法测定9名慢性阻塞性肺病患者口服茶碱缓释片3d后及加服阿奇霉素3d后茶碱血药浓度，拟合药动学参数；结果显示：患者合用阿奇霉素3d后，茶碱平均稳态血药浓度升高1．44±0．25mg·L-1，Cmax较用阿奇霉素前高，分别为10．5±2．1mg·L-1和12．5±2．1mg·L-1（P＜0．05）；其它药动学参数无明显改变（P＞0．05）。     

阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂在正常人体内的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将24名男性健康志愿受试者随机分为3组,分别单次口服1 g阿奇霉素供试制剂与参比制剂。采用HPLC法测定阿奇霉素血药浓度。用DAS药动学程序处理试验数据,并对试验结果进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果:阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂供试品和参比品的药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0→T))分别为:(23.27±4.52)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.33±5.76)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.31±7.70)μg·h·ml~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别是(31.25±5.13)μg·h·ml~(-1),(30.59±6.54)μg·h·ml~(-1),(29.78±8.15)μg·h·ml~(-1);达峰时间(t_(max))分别为:(2.17±0.38)h,(2.03±0.55)h,(2.21±0.48)h;达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为:(1.260±0.109)μg·ml~(-1),(1.310±0.138)μg·ml~(-1),(1.298±0.087)μg·ml~(-1)。阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的相对生物利...     

注射用阿奇霉素的生物利用度研究

目的 研究比较国产注射用阿奇霉素与进口样品的绝对生物利用度。方法 采取静滴、肌注给药,以微生物检定法,测定给予进口样品和供试样品的各10名健康志愿者血中阿奇霉素的浓度,经3P87程序拟合,计算药物动力学参数。结果 单剂量静滴及肌注阿奇霉素500mg后血药浓度时间曲线,两样品均分别符合恒速静滴的二室模型和有滞后时间的一级吸收的二室模型。肌注滞后时间(t_lag)国产样品和进口样品分别为0.308±0.027h和0.318±0.014h。进口样品静滴和肌注达峰时间(相似文献   

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.