逆行胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

ＥＲＣＰ对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。３２例梗阻性黄疸做逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ），与Ｂ超和ＣＴ进行对比，探讨对其定位与病因的诊断价值。结果：恶性胆道梗阻１８例（５６．３％），良性梗阻１４例（４３．７％）。ＥＲＣＰ、Ｂ超及ＣＴ定位诊断率分别为９３．７％、８７．５％与８１．３％，三者比较差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；病因诊断率分别为９０．６％、６２．５％与５６．３％，ＥＲＣＰ与Ｂ超和ＣＴ比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；误诊率分别为９．４％、９．４％与３．１％，三者比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＥＲＣＰ对梗阻性黄疸的病因诊断率明显优于Ｂ超和ＣＴ，对梗阻性黄疸是一种安全且不可缺少的诊断方法。     

CT,B超,PTC对梗阻性黄疸的诊断比

本文对１７９例梗阻性黄疸的三种影像学诊断进行比较（ＰＴＣ１０３例，Ｂ超１７９例，ＣＴ１０４例），ＣＴ采用平扫，增强，动态扫描对诊断梗阻性黄疸的准确性达９８％，为最有效的方法，８５例恶性梗阻的定性诊与病理符合率依次为ＣＴ８８．１％，Ｂ超６２．３％，ＰＴＣ５５．６％Ｐ〈０．０１，ＣＴ占优势，９４例良性梗阻符合率为ＰＴＣ９４．７％，ＣＴ９１．９％，Ｂ超８９．３％，Ｐ〉０．０５，三者之间无显著性差异。     

ERCP对梗阻性黄疸病因的诊断价值

自１９９０年至１９９７年９月我们对梗阻性黄疸患者行经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查,并与Ｂ超、ＣＴ对比,探讨ＥＲＣＰ对梗阻性黄疸病因的诊断价值。材料与方法一、一般资料：本组６７例中男４７例,女２０例;年龄２４～６７岁,平均５１．３４岁。胆红素定...     

诊断为肝炎的梗阻性黄疸95例原因分析

目的分析引起梗阻性黄疸的常见原因．方法根据临床特征、相关实验室报告、Ｂ超和ＣＴ之影像学检查对我科于１９８７－１９９５年的８年间确诊的９５例梗阻性黄疸进行了病因分析．结果梗阻性黄疸９５例中，５３例为良性梗阻（５５８％），４２例为恶性梗阻（４４２％）．良性梗阻中以胆结石、胆虫症和胆道感染居多（７７３％），恶性梗阻中以胰腺癌、肝外胆管癌和胆囊癌居多（６４２％）．恶性梗阻的平均发病年龄（４７６岁）比良性梗阻（３４３岁）大．Ｂ超对良性梗阻的阳性率为９０５％（４８／５３），恶性梗阻为９５２％（４０／４２）．ＣＴ对良性和恶性梗阻分别为８２９％（３４／４１）和９３３％（２８／３０）．结论临床特征、相关实验室检查、Ｂ超和ＣＴ检查能满足梗阻性黄疸诊断的需要．     

ERCP对肝外胆管癌的诊断价值

目的对手术病理证实的３１例肝外胆管癌进行回顾性分析．方法３１例患者均行胰胆管造影，并和Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查进行对照．结果上段胆管癌１６例，下段胆管癌１３例，中上段胆管癌２例．１例为横纹肌肉瘤，２例为腺瘤癌变，其余均为腺癌．ＥＲＣＰ成功２８例（９０３％），Ｂ超诊断符合率为８０７％，而ＣＴ显示梗阻８５０％，能明确病因者仅７００％．结论ＥＲＣＰ在早期诊断肝外胆管癌方面明显优于Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查，并能清晰地显示胆道系统的全貌，对治疗及手术方案选择有重要价值．     

经内镜胆管引流术375例评价

为评价经内镜胆管引流术在梗阻性黄疸、急性化脓性胆管炎等疾病中的应用效果，在１４１６例次逆行性胰胆管造影检查（ＥＲＣＰ）中，发现有胆道梗阻、胆道感染或为预防胆道感染即时行经内镜胆管引流术３７５例。结果成功３６２例，成功率为９６．５％；其中鼻胆管引流（ＥＮＢＤ）２２５例，塑料内支撑管引流（ＥＲＢＤ）９１例，金属支架引流（ＥＭＢＥ）４６例；其疗效满意率分别为９１．６％、９１．２％、９７．８％。早期胆管炎发生率分别为０．９％、５．５％、２．２％。结果提示经内镜胆管引流术是减除梗阻性黄疸、治疗急性化脓性胆管炎、预防ＥＲ－ＣＰ后感染和防止结石嵌顿安全而且有效的方法。     

ST/HR斜率对冠心病的诊断价值

目的：分析 Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率对冠心病（ Ｃ Ｈ Ｄ）的诊断价值。方法：应用 Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率计算机自动分析系统与运动介入单光子发射型计算机断层摄影术（ Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ）心肌显像同时进行,检测 ６０ 例临床怀疑 Ｃ Ｈ Ｄ 患者,并对 ３０ 例健康正常人进行了 Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率检测。结果：① Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率与 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 心肌显像二者结果有良好的相关性（ ｒ＝ ０．５８, Ｐ ＜ ０．００５）,符合率为８０％ 。 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 阳性者其斜率值高于 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 阴性者及正常人群（均 Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）。②若以 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 为标准, Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率与普通运动试验诊断 Ｃ Ｈ Ｄ 的敏感性分别为８１．６％ 和７３．９％ （ Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）,特异性分别为７７．３％ 和４５．５％ （ Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）。以正常人为标准, Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率与普通运动试验的特异性分别为９３．３％ 和７０．０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）。③ Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 显示 ２ 个以上节段心肌缺血者,其斜率值明显高于单一节段缺血者（ Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）。结论： Ｓ Ｔ／ Ｈ Ｒ 斜率对诊断 Ｃ Ｈ Ｄ 有重要价值,其特异性明显高于普通运动试验,可作为评价心肌缺血范围的参考。     

超声内镜对壶腹癌的诊断价值

报告超声内镜（ＥＵＳ）对１４例壶腹癌的诊断正确率、图象特征及术前进展度的诊断。结果表明：①ＥＵＳ对壶腹癌的病灶显示率为１００．０％，诊断正确率为７８．６％，高于体表超声和ＣＴ（Ｐ＜０．０５），与逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。②壶腹癌ＥＵＳ表现呈低回声占８１．８％，高回声占１８．２％。③ＥＵＳ对术前壶腹癌的十二指肠壁、胆总管、胰管、胰头的浸润以及淋巴结转移诊断的正确率分别为８３．３％，６６．７％，５０．０％，３３．３％和１００．０％。     

老年人红细胞膜唾液酸含量与红细胞免疫功能的相关性

目的探讨老年人红细胞膜唾液酸（ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ）与红细胞免疫功能的相关性。方法采用Ｂｉａｌｓｃｈｅ试剂法检测ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ，Ｆ－８８３６化学比色法检测血浆唾液酸（Ｐ－ＳＡ），红细胞免疫粘附试验观察红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率（ＲＲＣＦ）。结果老年急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）组和脑梗塞（ＡＣＩ）组的ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ分别为３０．８±４．３和３１．３±４．４μｇＮＡＮＡ／ｍｇ膜蛋白，ＲＲＣＦ分别为１６．７％±３．５％和１６．０％±３．６％，均低于老年对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１或０．０５），老年对照组均低于非老年对照组（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＡＭＩ和ＡＣＩ患者的Ｐ－ＳＡ分别为２．４±０．４和２．４±０．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，均高于老年对照组（均为Ｐ＜０．０５），老年对照组则高于非老年对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。老年患者和老年对照组的ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ与ＲＲＣＦ均呈正相关，而ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ与Ｐ－ＳＡ均呈负相关。结论老年人红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率降低与ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ代谢障碍有关。     

梗阻性黄疸内毒素血症与细胞免疫功能的关系

目的研究梗阻性黄疸免疫功能及其与内毒素血症的相关性．方法检测２８例梗阻性黄疸患者及２０例健康对照者血清内毒素，Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ的水平．结果梗阻性黄疸患者血清内毒素和ＳＩＬ２Ｒ水平较对照组明显升高（４７０ｎｇ／Ｌ±１１３ｎｇ／Ｌ和７２５ｋＵ／Ｌ±２０１ｋＵ／Ｌｖｓ２８４ｎｇ／Ｌ±１０３ｎｇ／Ｌ和３２４ｋＵ／Ｌ±１１６ｋＵ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜００１），Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显降低（５０４％±３３％和２９９％±３８％ｖｓ６３８％±４４％和３８３％±２８％，Ｐ＜００１；１２２±０３２ｖｓ１４３±０３７，Ｐ＜００５），同时亦发现梗阻性黄疸内毒素血症组较非内毒素血症组ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４水平明显减低，ＳＩＬ２Ｒ水平明显升高（４７４％±５１％和２７６％±５２％和８６７ｋＵ／Ｌ±２３１ｋＵ／Ｌｖｓ５２３％±５２％和３１２％±４３％和６７４ｋＵ／Ｌ±１８９ｋＵ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜００５）．相关分析显示血清内毒素水平与血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ水平呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０８５１７，Ｐ＜００１）．结论梗阻性黄疸时内毒素血症与免疫功能状态密切相关．     

ERCP在不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的临床应用

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在经常规检查不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法收集经B超、cT和,或MRCP检查诊断不明原因胆胰疾病或肝外胆管梗阻病人45例,男28例,女17例,年龄21—80岁,均行ERCP术。结果45例病人行ERCP术,其中42例诊断为胆道微结石（Biliary microlithiasis,BML）,42例均行乳头扩张术／EST4-胆道取石术;3例为胆总管下端炎性狭窄而行胆道内支架植入术;1例ERCP取石术后并发轻症胰腺炎,经内科保守治疗后痊愈,l例因腹痛再发行胆囊切除术,其余患者经ERCP治疗后腹痛、黄疸均缓解。结论BML是不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的主要原因,ERCP是不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸安全、有效的诊断及治疗手段。     

Fascioliasis: a report of five cases presenting with common bile duct obstruction

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Fasciola hepatica. It is rarely seen with icterus caused by obstruction of the common bile duct. We report five patients with obstructive jaundice due to Fasciola hepatica, who were diagnosed and managed with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All cases were admitted to hospital with complaints of icterus and pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; their biochemical values were interpreted as obstructive jaundice. Ultrasound and computer tomography (CT) revealed biliary dilatation in the common bile duct, but did not help to clarify the differential diagnosis. ERCP showed the presence of Fasciola hepatica in the common bile duct. After removing the flukes, the symptoms disappeared and the biochemical values returned to normal. Biliary fascioliasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. This report confirms the diagnostic and therapeutic role of ERCP in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by biliary fascioliasis.     

低位梗阻性黄疸的影像与内镜诊断价值探讨

目的探讨影像与内镜检查在低位梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值及科学组合与合理应用。方法回顾分析57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者的病因及体表超声（US）、cT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP和EUS等诊断结果,总结各检查方法在低位梗阻性黄疸诊断中的适应证和诊断价值。结果57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者中,良性梗阻42例,其中胆总管结石38例,胆总管蛔虫1例,胆道术后良性狭窄2例,胰头部慢性胰腺炎1例;恶性梗阻15例,其中胰头癌11例,壶腹癌4例。US、CT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP、EUS对低位梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确率分别为71．93％（41／57）、88．00％（22／25）、94．59％（35／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）;定性诊断准确率分别为63．16％（36／57）、80．00％（20／25）、83．78％（31／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）。结论良性病变是低位梗阻性黄疸的主要原因,但恶性病变并不少见,影像或内镜检查对于明确诊断至关重要,策略性、程序性选择应用各种检查方法,尤为必要。     

Nonoperative imaging techniques in suspected biliary tract obstruction

Evaluation of suspected biliary tract obstruction is a common clinical problem. Clinical data such as history, physical examination, and laboratory tests can accurately identify up to 90% of patients whose jaundice is caused by extrahepatic obstruction. However, complete assessment of extrahepatic obstruction often requires the use of various imaging modalities to confirm the presence, level, and cause of obstruction, and to aid in treatment plan. In the present summary, the literature on competing technologies including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography (PTC), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), helical CT (hCT) and helical CT cholangiography (hCTC) with regards to diagnostic performance characteristics, technical success, safety, and cost-effectiveness is reviewed. Patients with obstructive jaundice secondary to choledocholithiasis or pancreaticobiliary malignancies are the primary focus of this review. Algorithms for the management of suspected obstructive jaundice are put forward based on current evidence. Published data suggest an increasing role for EUS and other noninvasive imaging techniques such as MRCP, and hCT following an initial transabdominal ultrasound in the assessment of patients with suspected biliary obstruction to select candidates for surgery or therapeutic ERCP. The management of patients with a suspected pancreaticobiliary condition ultimately is dependent on local expertise, availability, cost, and the multidisciplinary collaboration between radiologists, surgeons, and gastroenterologists.     

结合EPCP与螺旋CT三维成像对阻塞性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：探讨对阻塞性黄疸更精确的影像学诊断方法。方法：对４５名怀疑有阻塞性黄疸的病人,行常规ＥＲＣＰ检查,退镜后立即进行螺旋ＣＴ扫描。将螺旋ＣＴ三维成像显示胆管阻塞的原因、位置和程度与ＥＲＣＰ的检查结果相比较。结果：４５名病人中,螺旋ＣＴ胆管造影显示了３０名病人有胆管阻塞,没有假阳性或假阴性病例。胆管阻塞的原因有：胆管结石２４例、胆管癌３例、胆管狭窄３例。ＥＲＣＰ与螺旋ＣＴ胆管造影均能对２４例胆管结     

ERCP and Stent Therapy for Progressive Jaundice in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Which Patients Benefit, Which Patients Don't?)

Jaundice in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) canbe due to biliary obstruction. Endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be both diagnosticand therapeutic. Biliary stenting can relieve jaundice and allow further chemotherapy, but atadditional expense and potential morbidity. We sought todetermine whether CT scan or ultrasound (US) couldidentify which patients with HCC and jaundice wouldbenefit from endoscopic stenting. We retrospectivelyanalyzed 26 patients with HCC and jaundice who underwentERCP after CT or US. We compared biliary dilation on CTor US with the dominant biliary stricture seen on ERCP, and with response to biliary stenting.Eleven of 26 patients had dominant biliary stricture onERCP; 11 underwent stenting. Six of 11 (55%) stentedpatients had a significant decline in bilirubin; three became eligible for further chemotherapy.All six responders to stenting had biliary dilation onprior CT or US. Procedure-related complications occurredin 1/11 (9%) who underwent stent placement. In conclusion, in selected patients, stentingcan safely relieve jaundice and allow subsequentchemotherapy. CT or US accurately predicted lesions thatresponded to stenting. ERCP and stenting provided no benefit in the absence of biliary dilationon CT or US.     

Fasciola hepatica: A cause of Obstructive Jaundice in an Elderly Man From Iran

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Fasciola hepatica. Humans can become accidental hosts of this parasite by ingesting contaminated drinking water or plants in endemic area. The north of Iran is one of the regions. This disease is rarely seen with jaundice caused by obstruction of the biliary tree. We report a case of human fascioliasis with obstructive jaundice who was diagnosed using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This report confirms the diagnostic role of ERCP in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by biliary fascioliasis.     

Differentiation between benign and malignant hilar obstructions using laboratory and radiological investigations: a prospective study

Background: Preoperative determination of the aetiology of bile duct strictures at the hilum is difficult. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory parameters and imaging modalities in differentiating between benign and malignant causes of hilar biliary obstruction. Patients and methods: Fifty-eight patients (26 men) with a history of obstructive jaundice and liver function tests (LFTs) and ultrasound suggestive of biliary obstruction at the hilum were studied. They were evaluated by tumour marker assay (CA19–9), CT and MRI/MRCP. A single experienced radiologist, blinded to the results of other tests, evaluated the imaging. The final diagnosis was made either from histology of the resected specimen, operative findings or image-guided biopsy in inoperable patients. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for each laboratory parameter to determine optimal diagnostic cut-off to predict malignant biliary stricture (MBS). Results: In all, 34 patients had a benign and 24 had malignant aetiology. The mean age of benign patients was 38 years compared with 54 years for MBS. Forty-seven patients were treated with surgery while 11 had ERCP/PTC and stenting. The ROC curve showed that preoperative bilirubin level >8.4 mg/dl (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 70%), alkaline phosphatase level >478 IU (sensitivity 63%, specificity 49%) and CA19–9 levels >100 U/L (sensitivity 45.8%, specificity 88.2%) for predicting MBS. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI/MRCP (87.5%, 85.3%, 82.7%, respectively) was marginally superior to CT (79.2%, 79.4%, 79.3%, respectively). Conclusions: Patients with a bilirubin level of >8.4 mg% and CA19–9 level >100 U/L were more likely to have malignant aetiology. MRI/MRCP was a better imaging modality than CT.