乙型肝炎病毒前C区和核心启动子区变异与基因型的关系及其临床意义

HBV变异率高,病毒本身又有不同的基因型和基因亚型,不同的基因型对目前使用的抗病毒药物的疗效不同.在亚洲地区,感染的HBV基因型主要是B和C型[1].实验表明,感染HBV B基因型较C基因型更易发生HBeAg血清学转换[2],而感染C基因型的肝脏炎性损伤比B基因型重[2-3],且发生肝细胞癌的风险也较高[4].     

泉州地区慢性重型肝炎患者乙型肝炎病毒基因型及亚型分布特点

目前已知,HBV被分为A～H 8种基因型,由于在同一基因型病毒株之间还存在着一定的差异,故依据全基因序列异质性>4%且<8%的原则,进一步将基因型分为不同亚型,如B型分为B1(Bj)、B2(Ba)、B3(Ba)、B4(Ba)等亚型,C型分为C1(Cs)、C2(Ce)、C3、C4、C5等亚型,在基因型亚型之间也存在着地域分布及临床差异[1-3].泉州地区HBV感染引起慢性重型肝炎的基因型以B型为主,其次为C型,亦存在一定比例的B/C基因型混合感染[4].为进一步明确泉州地区重型肝炎HBV基因型、基因亚型的分布特点,我们对慢性重型肝炎患者进行HBV S基因测序,通过HBV S基因进化树图验证了HBV基因型、区分HBV基因亚型.     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型与肝细胞癌的关系

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型与肝细胞癌(HCC)相关性的病毒分子基础.方法 应用PCR-RFLP法或测序法测定回顾性随机配对的124例HBsAg阳性HCC患者和124例慢性HBV感染者的HBV基因型;比较HCC患者中不同HBV基因型的临床资料;检测HBV的HBx、Enh2与Bcp基因序列的变异.结果 慢性HBV感染者中HBV基因型B型占62.1%,C型占37.9%,HCC患者中基因B型占41.5%,C型占58.5%,未见其他基因型.基因B、C型的HCC患者平均年龄均在50岁左右.在≤35岁的HCC患者,感染的HBV以B型为主;在36～50岁组中, C型比例明显大于B型;而在50岁以上组中二者无明显差别.感染HBV基因B型HCC患者的血清总胆红素水平高于C型[分别为(56.3±79.5)μmol/L和(23.7±18.3) μmol/L,P=0.015];感染C型者HBeAg阳性率高于B型(分别为34.1%和9.74%,P=0.024);所有发生肝外转移的HCC患者的HBV基因型均为B型.在整个HBx、Enh2与Bcp区,基因B、C型HBV株氨基酸水平变异无明显差别.70.0%基因B型和96.2%C型HBV株发生nt1762/1764的双位点变异.此外,在反式激活区和增强子II区,B型HBV的基因变异明显,C型HBV株共有64个氨基酸发生热点变异,而B型HBV株仅有23个氨基酸发生热点变异.结论 福建省HCC患者HBV基因型以C型为主.C型HBV株在反式激活区的基因变异较大,这可能与感染C型HBV株者更易发生HCC有关.感染基因B型HBV的HCC患者较易发生肝外转移的现象值得进一步探讨.     

乙型肝炎病毒基因分型及其临床意义

目的了解慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者HBV基因分型及其对慢性肝病的影响,为制定针对不同HBV基因型抗病毒的个体化方案提供分子病毒学依据。方法临床确诊的慢性乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎肝硬化及肝癌患者314例,采用RDB法对HBV进行基因分型检测。结果山西地区的200例慢性乙型肝炎患者所感染的HBV均为B和C基因型,分别占56%、26%,并存在混合感染(17%);C与B基因型患者相比,血清病毒载量高、肝脏损伤严重;混合感染的患者与单一基因型感染者相比病毒载量更高、肝损伤更严重;肝硬化患者感染的HBV主要为C基因型及B、C混合感染,且肝损害严重、病毒复制率高;肝癌患者中C基因型感染占42.19%,B、C混合感染占37.5%,B基因型感染可能与年轻患者肝癌的发生有关。结论B基因型HBV感染与C基因型及混合感染相比,病毒载量低、肝损害轻,但年轻患者应监测肝癌的发生;C基因型及混合感染的患者预后较差,肝硬化、肝癌发生率高,应进行积极有效的治疗,防止严重肝病发生。     

肝癌患者血清HBV基因型、外膜大蛋白定量检测的临床意义

目的探讨血清乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型及HBV外膜大蛋白(LHBs)水平与肝细胞癌的关系。方法对61例肝癌、65例慢性活动性乙型肝炎患者及10例HBV携带者的血清HBV基因型、HBV LHBs进行检测。结果136例中,B基因型56例(41.0%),C基因型76例(55.9%),B、C混合型1例(0.7%),B、D混合型3例(2.2%);随病情加重,C基因型比例增加;不同基因型HBV感染的肝癌患者间HBV DNA、HBV LHBs水平存在明显差异;慢性活动性肝炎患者二者无统计学差异。结论本地区HBV以B、C基因型为主,不同基因型HBV感染在肝癌的发生中可能存在不同机制。     

乙肝病毒基因型与肝脏病理改变的关系

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒基因型与慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏病理变化的关系.方法:应用乙肝病毒型特异性引物采用巢式聚合酶链反应(PCR)和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR),对北京佑安医院住院92例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行乙型肝炎病毒基因型及亚型分析,参照2000年《病毒性肝炎防治方案》对慢性肝炎进行病理分级、分期诊断.结果:92例慢性乙型肝炎患者中HBV基因型分布为B型17例(B2亚型),B/C混合型17例(B2/Ca亚型),C型58例(Ca亚型).17例HBV B型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G3期分别为35.29%,58.82%,5.88%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-3级分别为58.82%,29.41%,11.76%,17例HBV B/C型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G3期35.29%,52.94%,11.76%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-3级23.52%,52.94%,23.52%,58例HBV C型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G4期31.03%,24.14%,36.21%,8.62%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-4级25.86%,39.66%,5.17%,29.31%;HBV三组不同基因型的慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织病理检查有统计学意义(x~2=15.13,P<0.01).HBV B型与B/C型感染患者年龄在21-30岁组58%-76%,31-40岁组17.6%-29.4%,C型感染患者年龄在21-30岁组25%,31-40岁组46.6%,40岁以上有24.24%;不同HBV基因型感染患者的年龄分布有显著性差异(x~2=9.54,P<0.05).结论:慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型中C型比例明显高于B型与B/C型.HBV C型患者肝脏病理变化较B型与B/C型严重.不同HBV基因型感染患者的年龄分布不同.     

湖南省HIV-1和HBV合并感染者中HBV基因亚型流行情况分析

目的调查湖南省艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)和乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)合并感染人群中,HBV基因亚型的流行、分布及其与HIV-1感染进展的关系。方法收集152份湖南省HIV-1、HBV合并感染人群标本,调查患者的临床症状,同时检测乙肝五项指标,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行HBV载量测定及亚型分析。结果 134例检出HBV载量的标本中,B基因型77例(57.46%),C基因型4例(2.99%),B/C基因混合型4例(2.99%),非B非C型11例(8.21%),无法分型的38例(28.36%)。不同基因型按感染途径、HBeAg阳性率及临床表现等方面分组进行比较,均有显著性差异,但与患者性别无关。非B非C亚型的HBV DNA水平显著低于其他各型。结论湖南省HIV和HBV合并感染者中,HBV基因亚型以B亚型为主;尚未发现HBV基因型与HIV感染者性别、死亡率以及病程进展之间的关系;性传播是非B非C型主要的传染途径。     

原发性肝癌患者血清HBV基因型分析

目的了解本地区肝癌病人HBV感染情况和HBV基因型分布及意义。方法对92例肝癌患者进行HBVM和抗-HCV检测并对30例单纯HBV感染者和14例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行了HBV基因型检测。结果92例中单纯HBV感染67例(72.83%),HBV和HCV重叠感染6例(6.5%),单纯HCV感染1例(1.08%);在30例检测的患者中,B基因型20例(66.7%),C基因型9例(30%),F基因型1例(0.3%)。结论在肝癌患者中HBV感染率高达81.4%,说明原发性肝癌的发生与HBV有着非常密切的关系,主要是B和C基因型。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型和亚型分布调查

目的研究慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型和亚型流行情况。方法应用HBV基因型和亚型特异性引物PCR法对北京、长春、大连、西安、石家庄、郑州和合肥7个城市660份HBVDNA阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清进行基因型和亚型分析。结果在660份HBVDNA阳性血清中,B基因型、C基因型和B/C混合感染分别为16.67%(110/660)、74.54%(492/660)和8.79%(58/660);在C基因型中,C1亚型6例(1.22%)、C2亚型473例(96.14%)、C1/C2混合基因亚型13例(2.64%);B基因型均为Ba亚型,B基因型和C基因型混合感染者均为Ba与C2亚型混合感染,未发现其他基因型和基因亚型;不同基因型感染患者HBeAg阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.153);B基因型和C基因型患者之间血清HBVDNA水平差异无统计学意义(6.37±1.62lgcopies/ml对6.29±1.76lgcopies/ml),但均高于B和C基因型混合感染患者(5.25±1.65lgcopies/ml)。结论这7个城市慢性乙型肝炎患者以B基因型和C基因型感染为主,有部分B/C基因型混合感染。HBV亚型以Ba和C2亚型占优势。     

慢性乙型肝炎拉米夫定耐药患者HBV基因型及ALT变化的观察

观察慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗后HBVP基因变异与不同HBV基因型感染及HBV DNA复升水平和转氨酶变化.收集51例慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗52-78周后发生YMDD变异的血清标本,对照组128例未用拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清标本,应用聚合酶链反应方法,测定HBV DNA基因型;用限制性片段长度多态性分析方法(PCR RELP)测定HBV DNA YMDD变异;同时进行HBV DNA定量分析.结果显示51例拉米夫定治疗后HBV DNA基因变异患者以B型和C型为主,分别为10例(19.6%)和39例(76.47%),B C混和型2例(3.92%),未见其它基因型.拉米夫定治疗引起HBVDNAYMDD变异可以发生在不同HBV基因型感染的慢性乙型肝炎患者中,与对照组比较二者没有显著性差异.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.